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Article: Potential losses of animal-dispersed trees due to selective logging in Amazonian forest concessions

Carvalho, Elildo A.R. / Hawes, Joseph E. / Haugaasen, Torbjørn

Trees, forests and people. 2022 Sept., v. 9

2022

Abstract: Fruits and seeds are key food resources for most Amazonian mammals and birds. Selective logging is an increasingly dominant land use in the region that can deplete these resources over large areas. However, this potential impact remains poorly studied. ... ...

Abstract	Fruits and seeds are key food resources for most Amazonian mammals and birds. Selective logging is an increasingly dominant land use in the region that can deplete these resources over large areas. However, this potential impact remains poorly studied. Here we assess potential losses of animal-dispersed (endozoochorous and synzoochorous) trees resulting from reduced-impact logging in Amazonian forest concessions. We use data from forestry surveys conducted by concession companies that include the location, identity and fate (logged or not) of large (≥ 40 cm diameter at breast height) individual trees within concessions to quantify absolute and relative losses of animal-dispersed trees in the landscape. We found that most individual trees (66%) within concessions belong to animal-dispersed genera. However, despite their predominance these trees were significantly less targeted for logging than abiotically-dispersed trees so that their losses were much lower than expected based on overall harvest intensities. However, at least ten percent of all large animal-dispersed trees were lost from the entire landscape, with site-level (50-ha plots) losses sometimes exceeding one third of all animal-dispersed trees. Results suggest that the relatively low level of logging for animal-dispersed trees can still deplete frugivore resources in selectively logged forests.
Keywords	endozoochory ; forests ; frugivores ; land use ; landscapes ; tree and stand measurements
Language	English
Dates of publication	2022-09
Publishing place	Elsevier B.V.
Document type	Article
ISSN	2666-7193
DOI	10.1016/j.tfp.2022.100316
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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Article: Human-wildlife conflicts with crocodilians, cetaceans and otters in the tropics and subtropics.

Cook, Patrick / Hawes, Joseph E / Campos-Silva, João Vitor / Peres, Carlos A

PeerJ

2022 Volume 9, Page(s) e12688

Abstract: Conservation of freshwater biodiversity and management of human-wildlife conflicts are major conservation challenges globally. Human-wildlife conflict occurs due to attacks on people, depredation of fisheries, damage to fishing equipment and entanglement ...

Abstract	Conservation of freshwater biodiversity and management of human-wildlife conflicts are major conservation challenges globally. Human-wildlife conflict occurs due to attacks on people, depredation of fisheries, damage to fishing equipment and entanglement in nets. Here we review the current literature on conflicts with tropical and subtropical crocodilians, cetaceans and otters in freshwater and brackish habitats. We also present a new multispecies case study of conflicts with four freshwater predators in the Western Amazon: black caiman (
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-01-04
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2703241-3
ISSN	2167-8359
ISSN	2167-8359
DOI	10.7717/peerj.12688
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Article ; Online: High rates of mercury biomagnification in fish from Amazonian floodplain-lake food webs.

Nyholt, Kelsey / Jardine, Timothy D / Villamarín, Francisco / Jacobi, Cristina M / Hawes, Joseph E / Campos-Silva, João V / Srayko, Stephen / Magnusson, William E

The Science of the total environment

2022 Volume 833, Page(s) 155161

Abstract: Despite a global phase out of some point sources, mercury (Hg) remains elevated in aquatic food webs, posing health risks for fish-eating consumers. Many tropical regions have fast growing organisms, potentially short food chains, and few industrial ... ...

Abstract	Despite a global phase out of some point sources, mercury (Hg) remains elevated in aquatic food webs, posing health risks for fish-eating consumers. Many tropical regions have fast growing organisms, potentially short food chains, and few industrial point sources, suggesting low Hg baselines and low rates of trophic magnification with limited risk to people. Nevertheless, insufficient work on food-web Hg has been undertaken in the tropics and fish consumption is high in some regions. We studied Hg concentrations in fishes from floodplain lakes of the Juruá River, Amazonas, Brazil with three objectives: 1) determine rates of Hg trophic magnification, 2) assess whether Hg concentrations are high enough to impact humans eating fish, and 3) determine whether there are seasonal differences in fish Hg concentrations. A total of 377 fish-muscle samples were collected from 12 floodplain lakes during the low-water (September 2018) and falling-water (June 2019) seasons and analysed for total Hg and stable nitrogen (N) isotopes. The average trophic magnification factor (increase per trophic level) was 10.1 in the low-water season and 5.4 in the falling-water season, both well above the global average for freshwaters. This high rate of trophic magnification, coupled with higher-than-expected Hg concentrations in herbivorous species, led to high concentrations (up to 17.6 ng/g dry weight) in predatory pirarucu and piranha. Nearly 70% of all samples had Hg concentrations above the recommended human-consumption guidelines. Average concentrations were 42% higher in the low-water season than the falling-water season, but differences varied by species. Since Hg concentrations are higher than expected and fish consumption in this region is high, future research should focus on Hg exposure for human populations here and in other tropical-rainforest regions, even in the absence of local point sources of Hg.
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Bioaccumulation ; Environmental Monitoring ; Fishes ; Food Chain ; Humans ; Lakes ; Mercury/analysis ; Water/analysis ; Water Pollutants, Chemical/analysis
Chemical Substances	Water Pollutants, Chemical ; Water (059QF0KO0R) ; Mercury (FXS1BY2PGL)
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-04-11
Publishing country	Netherlands
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	121506-1
ISSN	1879-1026 ; 0048-9697
ISSN (online)	1879-1026
ISSN	0048-9697
DOI	10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.155161
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Article: Structure and Composition of Terra Firme and Seasonally Flooded Várzea Forests in the Western Brazilian Amazon

Bredin, Yennie K / Hawes, Joseph E / Peres, Carlos A / Haugaasen, Torbjørn

Forests. 2020 Dec. 18, v. 11, no. 12

2020

Abstract: Research Highlights: Rare, or sparsely distributed, species drive the floristic diversity of upland, terra firme and seasonally flooded forests in the central Juruá—a remote and hitherto floristically poorly known area in the Brazilian Amazon. Background ...

Abstract	Research Highlights: Rare, or sparsely distributed, species drive the floristic diversity of upland, terra firme and seasonally flooded forests in the central Juruá—a remote and hitherto floristically poorly known area in the Brazilian Amazon. Background and Objectives: Floristic inventories are critical for modelling and understanding the role of Amazonian forests in climate regulation, for sustainable management of forest resources and efficient conservation planning. Yet, detailed information about the often complex spatial distributions of many Amazonian woody plants is limited. Here, we provide information about forest structure and species composition from a remote terra firme forest and an adjacent floodplain forest in the western Brazilian Amazon. More specifically, we ask (1) how floristically different are the terra firme and floodplain forests? and (2) how variable is species composition within the same forest type? Materials and Methods: Between September 2016 and October 2017, we inventoried 97 plots (each 0.1 ha; 100 × 10 m) placed at least 800 m apart, with 46 plots in terra firme forest and 51 in seasonally flooded forest. We included all trees, hemi-epiphytes and palms with diameter at breast height (dbh) > 10 cm and woody lianas > 5 cm dbh. We examine forest structure, family- and species-level floristic composition and species diversity within and between forest types using family and species importance values, rarefaction curves and dissimilarity matrices. Results: Terra firme forest and seasonally flooded forest woody plant communities differ both in structure and species composition, which was highly variable within forest types. Many species were shared between terra firme and seasonally flooded forests, but most species were forest type-specific. Whereas species richness was greatest in the terra firme forest, floodplain species richness was among the highest regionally. Conclusions: Floodplain forests are a crucial complement to terra firme forests in terms of Amazonian woody plant diversity.
Keywords	area ; botanical composition ; climate ; complement ; floodplains ; forest resources ; forest types ; highlands ; information ; lianas ; materials ; models ; objectives ; planning ; plant communities ; research ; spatial distribution ; species richness ; tree and stand measurements ; trees ; woody plants ; Amazonia
Language	English
Dates of publication	2020-1218
Publishing place	Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
Document type	Article
Note	NAL-light
ZDB-ID	2527081-3
ISSN	1999-4907
ISSN	1999-4907
DOI	10.3390/f11121361
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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Article: High rates of mercury biomagnification in fish from Amazonian floodplain-lake food webs

Nyholt, Kelsey / Jardine, Timothy D. / Villamarín, Francisco / Jacobi, Cristina M. / Hawes, Joseph E. / Campos-Silva, João V. / Srayko, Stephen / Magnusson, William E.

Science of the total environment. 2022 Aug. 10, v. 833

2022

Abstract	Despite a global phase out of some point sources, mercury (Hg) remains elevated in aquatic food webs, posing health risks for fish-eating consumers. Many tropical regions have fast growing organisms, potentially short food chains, and few industrial point sources, suggesting low Hg baselines and low rates of trophic magnification with limited risk to people. Nevertheless, insufficient work on food-web Hg has been undertaken in the tropics and fish consumption is high in some regions. We studied Hg concentrations in fishes from floodplain lakes of the Juruá River, Amazonas, Brazil with three objectives: 1) determine rates of Hg trophic magnification, 2) assess whether Hg concentrations are high enough to impact humans eating fish, and 3) determine whether there are seasonal differences in fish Hg concentrations. A total of 377 fish-muscle samples were collected from 12 floodplain lakes during the low-water (September 2018) and falling-water (June 2019) seasons and analysed for total Hg and stable nitrogen (N) isotopes. The average trophic magnification factor (increase per trophic level) was 10.1 in the low-water season and 5.4 in the falling-water season, both well above the global average for freshwaters. This high rate of trophic magnification, coupled with higher-than-expected Hg concentrations in herbivorous species, led to high concentrations (up to 17.6 ng/g dry weight) in predatory pirarucu and piranha. Nearly 70% of all samples had Hg concentrations above the recommended human-consumption guidelines. Average concentrations were 42% higher in the low-water season than the falling-water season, but differences varied by species. Since Hg concentrations are higher than expected and fish consumption in this region is high, future research should focus on Hg exposure for human populations here and in other tropical-rainforest regions, even in the absence of local point sources of Hg.
Keywords	bioaccumulation ; dry season ; environment ; fish ; fish consumption ; floodplains ; herbivores ; humans ; mercury ; nitrogen ; people ; risk ; rivers ; trophic levels ; wet season ; Brazil
Language	English
Dates of publication	2022-0810
Publishing place	Elsevier B.V.
Document type	Article
ZDB-ID	121506-1
ISSN	1879-1026 ; 0048-9697
ISSN (online)	1879-1026
ISSN	0048-9697
DOI	10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.155161
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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Article: Bait attractiveness changes community metrics in dung beetles (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae).

Bach, Andressa / Mateus, Lúcia A F / Peres, Carlos A / Haugaasen, Torbjørn / Louzada, Julio / Hawes, Joseph E / Azevedo, Renato A / Lucena, Emanuelly F / Ferreira, José Victor A / Vaz-de-Mello, Fernando Z

Ecology and evolution

2023 Volume 13, Issue 4, Page(s) e9975

Abstract: Species relative abundance (SRA) is an essential attribute of biotic communities, which can provide an accurate description of community structure. However, the sampling method used may have a direct influence on SRA quantification, since the use of ... ...

Abstract	Species relative abundance (SRA) is an essential attribute of biotic communities, which can provide an accurate description of community structure. However, the sampling method used may have a direct influence on SRA quantification, since the use of attractants (e.g., baits, light, and pheromones) can introduce additional sources of variation in trap performance. We tested how sampling aided by baits affect community data and therefore alter derived metrics. We tested our hypothesis on dung beetles using data from flight interception traps (FITs) as a baseline to evaluate baited pitfall trap performance. Our objective was to assess the effect of bait attractiveness on estimates of SRA and assemblage metrics when sampled by pitfall traps baited with human feces.Dung beetles were sampled at three
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-04-07
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2635675-2
ISSN	2045-7758
ISSN	2045-7758
DOI	10.1002/ece3.9975
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Article: Zooming into plant-flower visitor networks: an individual trait-based approach.

Rumeu, Beatriz / Sheath, Danny J / Hawes, Joseph E / Ings, Thomas C

PeerJ

2018 Volume 6, Page(s) e5618

Abstract: Understanding how ecological communities are structured is a major goal in ecology. Ecological networks representing interaction patterns among species have become a powerful tool to capture the mechanisms underlying plant-animal assemblages. However, ... ...

Abstract	Understanding how ecological communities are structured is a major goal in ecology. Ecological networks representing interaction patterns among species have become a powerful tool to capture the mechanisms underlying plant-animal assemblages. However, these networks largely do not account for inter-individual variability and thus may be limiting our development of a clear mechanistic understanding of community structure. In this study, we develop a new individual-trait based approach to examine the importance of individual plant and pollinator functional size traits (pollinator thorax width and plant nectar holder depth) in mutualistic networks. We performed hierarchical cluster analyses to group interacting individuals into classes, according to their similarity in functional size. We then compared the structure of bee-flower networks where nodes represented either species identity or trait sets. The individual trait-based network was almost twice as nested as its species-based equivalent and it had a more symmetric linkage pattern resulting from of a high degree of size-matching. In conclusion, we show that by constructing individual trait-based networks we can reveal important patterns otherwise difficult to observe in species-based networks and thus improve our understanding of community structure. We therefore recommend using both trait-based and species-based approaches together to develop a clearer understanding of the properties of ecological networks.
Language	English
Publishing date	2018-09-17
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2703241-3
ISSN	2167-8359
ISSN	2167-8359
DOI	10.7717/peerj.5618
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Article: Effect of protection status on mammal richness and abundance in Afromontane forests of the Udzungwa Mountains, Tanzania

Jones, Trevor / Hawes, Joseph E / Norton, Guy W / Hawkins, Dawn M

Biological conservation. 2019 Jan., v. 229

2019

Abstract: The effectiveness of Protected Areas (PAs) in reducing hunting pressure on mammal populations in tropical forests has rarely been examined at a community-wide level. In African forests, commercial and subsistence hunting are widespread, but assessments ... ...

Abstract	The effectiveness of Protected Areas (PAs) in reducing hunting pressure on mammal populations in tropical forests has rarely been examined at a community-wide level. In African forests, commercial and subsistence hunting are widespread, but assessments of mammal abundance and distribution patterns are often lacking. We investigated patterns of occupancy and abundance for 27 species of medium- to large-bodied mammals (>2 kg) within Tanzania's Udzungwa Mountains Afromontane forests, a global biodiversity hotspot. We sampled 22 forest sites within 10 forests under varying degrees of protection, elevation, distance to extractive communities, and levels of law enforcement. We sampled 251.7 km of recce line transects during dry seasons (July–November) between September 2007 and July 2010. We found a strong positive effect of protection status on species richness and on encounter rates of the most commonly encountered species. Consistent with the levels of resources and enforcement within each PA category, there was a significant progression in species richness and abundance from Forest Reserves through Nature Reserves to sites within Udzungwa Mountains National Park. Protective status closely reflected levels of disturbance. Snaring activity, and distance to ranger posts were identified as significant predictors of overall species richness and encounter rates for mammal species, including endemics. The species-area relationship for our study species was found to be largely overridden by levels of protection. Our findings demonstrate PA effectiveness in Afromontane forests and reinforce concerns over hunting pressures particularly the threat posed by snares.
Keywords	conservation areas ; dry season ; forest reserves ; law enforcement ; mammals ; mountains ; national parks ; species richness ; tropical forests ; Tanzania
Language	English
Dates of publication	2019-01
Size	p. 78-84.
Publishing place	Elsevier Ltd
Document type	Article
ISSN	0006-3207
DOI	10.1016/j.biocon.2018.11.015
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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Article ; Online: Community-based conservation with formal protection provides large collateral benefits to Amazonian migratory waterbirds.

Campos-Silva, João Vitor / Peres, Carlos A / Hawes, Joseph E / Abrahams, Mark I / Andrade, Paulo C M / Davenport, Lisa

PloS one

2021 Volume 16, Issue 4, Page(s) e0250022

Abstract: Populations of migratory waterbirds are facing dramatic declines worldwide due to illegal hunting, habitat loss and climate change. Conservation strategies to reverse these trends are imperative, especially in tropical developing countries, which almost ... ...

Abstract	Populations of migratory waterbirds are facing dramatic declines worldwide due to illegal hunting, habitat loss and climate change. Conservation strategies to reverse these trends are imperative, especially in tropical developing countries, which almost invariably allocate insufficient levels of investment for environmental protection. Here, we compared the effectiveness of sustainable-use Protected Areas (PAs) and Community-based Conservation (CBC) arrangements for the conservation of migratory waterbirds that breed on seasonal riverine sandy beaches in Brazilian Amazonia. We modeled local population responses of four migratory waterbird species on 155 beaches along a ~1,600 km section of a major tributary of the Amazon, as a function of community enforcement, official protection status, human pressure and landscape features. We show that 21 community-protected beaches within the study area host more than 80% of all sampled birds. Black Skimmers showed the most dramatic response, with breeding numbers 135-fold larger in CBC arrangements compared to beaches with no official protection status. The same pattern was observed for nesting Large-Billed and Yellow-Billed Terns. For the Near Threatened Orinoco Goose, PA status was the strongest predictor of local population size. These dramatic results demonstrate the value of protected refugia, achieved through the concerted action of participating local communities, to support breeding populations of key waterbird species. This highly-effective and low-cost conservation model can potentially be replicated in other regions of the developing world experiencing increasingly intensive exploitation of riverine natural resources.
MeSH term(s)	Animal Migration/physiology ; Animals ; Biodiversity ; Birds ; Brazil ; Breeding ; Charadriiformes/metabolism ; Charadriiformes/physiology ; Community-Based Participatory Research/methods ; Community-Based Participatory Research/trends ; Conservation of Natural Resources/methods ; Ecosystem ; Humans ; Population Density ; Population Dynamics ; Refugium ; Seasons ; Wetlands
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-04-08
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't ; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.
ISSN	1932-6203
ISSN (online)	1932-6203
DOI	10.1371/journal.pone.0250022
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Article ; Online: Sustainable-use protected areas catalyze enhanced livelihoods in rural Amazonia.

Campos-Silva, João V / Peres, Carlos A / Hawes, Joseph E / Haugaasen, Torbjørn / Freitas, Carolina T / Ladle, Richard J / Lopes, Priscila F M

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

2021 Volume 118, Issue 40

Abstract: Finding new pathways for reconciling socioeconomic well-being and nature sustainability is critically important for contemporary societies, especially in tropical developing countries where sustaining local livelihoods often clashes with biodiversity ... ...

Abstract	Finding new pathways for reconciling socioeconomic well-being and nature sustainability is critically important for contemporary societies, especially in tropical developing countries where sustaining local livelihoods often clashes with biodiversity conservation. Many projects aimed at reconciling the goals of biodiversity conservation and social aspirations within protected areas (PAs) have failed on one or both counts. Here, we investigate the social consequences of living either inside or outside sustainable-use PAs in the Brazilian Amazon, using data from more than 100 local communities along a 2,000-km section of a major Amazonian river. The PAs in this region are now widely viewed as conservation triumphs, having implemented community comanagement of fisheries and recovery of overexploited wildlife populations. We document clear differences in social welfare in communities inside and outside PAs. Specifically, communities inside PAs enjoy better access to health care, education, electricity, basic sanitation, and communication infrastructure. Moreover, living within a PA was the strongest predictor of household wealth, followed by cash-transfer programs and the number of people per household. These collective cobenefits clearly influence life satisfaction, with only 5% of all adult residents inside PAs aspiring to move to urban centers, compared with 58% of adults in unprotected areas. Our results clearly demonstrate that large-scale "win-win" conservation solutions are possible in tropical countries with limited financial and human resources and reinforce the need to genuinely empower local people in integrated conservation-development programs.
MeSH term(s)	Biodiversity ; Brazil ; Conservation of Natural Resources/methods ; Ecosystem ; Humans ; Rivers ; Rural Population ; Socioeconomic Factors
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-03-24
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	209104-5
ISSN	1091-6490 ; 0027-8424
ISSN (online)	1091-6490
ISSN	0027-8424
DOI	10.1073/pnas.2105480118
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