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  1. Article ; Online: Unseen overlap between fishing vessels and top predators in the northeast Pacific.

    Welch, Heather / Clavelle, Tyler / White, Timothy D / Cimino, Megan A / Kroodsma, David / Hazen, Elliott L

    Science advances

    2024  Volume 10, Issue 10, Page(s) eadl5528

    Abstract: Accurate assessments of human-wildlife risk associated with industrial fishing are critical for the conservation of marine top predators. Automatic Identification System (AIS) data provide a means of mapping fishing and estimating human-wildlife risk; ... ...

    Abstract Accurate assessments of human-wildlife risk associated with industrial fishing are critical for the conservation of marine top predators. Automatic Identification System (AIS) data provide a means of mapping fishing and estimating human-wildlife risk; however, risk can be obscured by gaps in the AIS record due to technical issues and intentional disabling. We assessed the extent to which unseen fishing vessel activity due to AIS gaps obscured estimates of overlap between fishing vessel activity and 14 marine predators including sharks, tunas, mammals, seabirds, and critically endangered leatherback turtles. Among vessels equipped with AIS in the northeast Pacific, up to 24% of total predator overlap with fishing vessel activity was unseen, and up to 36% was unseen for some individual species. Waters near 10°N had high unseen overlap with sharks yet low reported shark catch, revealing potential discrepancies in self-reported datasets. Accounting for unseen fishing vessel activity illuminates hidden human-wildlife risk, demonstrating challenges and solutions for transparent and sustainable marine fisheries.
    MeSH term(s) Humans ; Animals ; Hunting ; Animals, Wild ; Fisheries ; Industry ; Self Report ; Sharks ; Mammals
    Language English
    Publishing date 2024-03-06
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 2810933-8
    ISSN 2375-2548 ; 2375-2548
    ISSN (online) 2375-2548
    ISSN 2375-2548
    DOI 10.1126/sciadv.adl5528
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  2. Article ; Online: Submesoscale coupling of krill and whales revealed by aggregative Lagrangian coherent structures.

    Fahlbusch, James A / Cade, David E / Hazen, Elliott L / Elliott, Meredith L / Saenz, Benjamin T / Goldbogen, Jeremy A / Jahncke, Jaime

    Proceedings. Biological sciences

    2024  Volume 291, Issue 2017, Page(s) 20232461

    Abstract: In the marine environment, dynamic physical processes shape biological productivity and predator-prey interactions across multiple scales. Identifying pathways of physical-biological coupling is fundamental to understand the functioning of marine ... ...

    Abstract In the marine environment, dynamic physical processes shape biological productivity and predator-prey interactions across multiple scales. Identifying pathways of physical-biological coupling is fundamental to understand the functioning of marine ecosystems yet it is challenging because the interactions are difficult to measure. We examined submesoscale (less than 100 km) surface current features using remote sensing techniques alongside ship-based surveys of krill and baleen whale distributions in the California Current System. We found that aggregative surface current features, represented by Lagrangian coherent structures (LCS) integrated over temporal scales between 2 and 10 days, were associated with increased (a) krill density (up to 2.6 times more dense), (b) baleen whale presence (up to 8.3 times more likely) and (c) subsurface seawater density (at depths up to 10 m). The link between physical oceanography, krill density and krill-predator distributions suggests that LCS are important features that drive the flux of energy and nutrients across trophic levels. Our results may help inform dynamic management strategies aimed at reducing large whales ship strikes and help assess the potential impacts of environmental change on this critical ecosystem.
    MeSH term(s) Animals ; Whales ; Ecosystem ; Euphausiacea ; Seawater
    Language English
    Publishing date 2024-02-21
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 209242-6
    ISSN 1471-2954 ; 0080-4649 ; 0962-8452 ; 0950-1193
    ISSN (online) 1471-2954
    ISSN 0080-4649 ; 0962-8452 ; 0950-1193
    DOI 10.1098/rspb.2023.2461
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  3. Article ; Online: Selection of planning unit size in dynamic management strategies to reduce human-wildlife conflict.

    Welch, Heather / Liu, Owen R / Riekkola, Leena / Abrahms, Briana / Hazen, Elliott L / Samhouri, Jameal F

    Conservation biology : the journal of the Society for Conservation Biology

    2023  , Page(s) e14201

    Abstract: Conservation planning traditionally relies upon static reserves; however, there is increasing emphasis on dynamic management (DM) strategies that are flexible in space and time. Due to its novelty, DM lacks best practices to guide design and ... ...

    Abstract Conservation planning traditionally relies upon static reserves; however, there is increasing emphasis on dynamic management (DM) strategies that are flexible in space and time. Due to its novelty, DM lacks best practices to guide design and implementation. We assessed the effect of planning unit size in a DM tool designed to reduce entanglement of protected whales in vertical ropes of surface buoys attached to crab traps in the lucrative U.S. Dungeness crab (Metacarcinus magister) fishery. We conducted a retrospective analysis from 2009 to 2019 with modeled distributions of blue (Balaenoptera musculus) and humpback (Megaptera novaeangliae) whales and observed fisheries effort and revenue to evaluate the effect of 7 planning unit sizes on DM tool performance. We measured performance as avoided whale entanglement risk and protected fisheries revenue. Small planning units avoided up to $47 million of revenue loss and reduced entanglement risk by up to 25% compared to the large planning units currently in use by avoiding the incidental closure of areas with low biodiversity value and high fisheries revenue. However, large planning units were less affected by an unprecedented marine heat wave in 2014-2016 and by delays in information on the distributions of whales and the fishery. Our findings suggest that the choice of planning unit size will require decision-makers to navigate multiple socioecological considerations-rather than a one-size-fits-all approach-to separate wildlife from threats under a changing climate.
    Language English
    Publishing date 2023-10-19
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 58735-7
    ISSN 1523-1739 ; 0888-8892
    ISSN (online) 1523-1739
    ISSN 0888-8892
    DOI 10.1111/cobi.14201
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  4. Article ; Online: Plastic ingestion by marine fish is widespread and increasing.

    Savoca, Matthew S / McInturf, Alexandra G / Hazen, Elliott L

    Global change biology

    2021  Volume 27, Issue 10, Page(s) 2188–2199

    Abstract: Plastic pollution has pervaded almost every facet of the biosphere, yet we lack an understanding of consumption risk by marine species at the global scale. To address this, we compile data from research documenting plastic debris ingestion by marine fish, ...

    Abstract Plastic pollution has pervaded almost every facet of the biosphere, yet we lack an understanding of consumption risk by marine species at the global scale. To address this, we compile data from research documenting plastic debris ingestion by marine fish, totaling 171,774 individuals of 555 species. Overall, 386 marine fish species have ingested plastic debris including 210 species of commercial importance. However, 148 species studied had no records of plastic consumption, suggesting that while this evolutionary trap is widespread, it is not yet universal. Across all studies that accounted for microplastics, the incidence rate of plastic ingested by fish was 26%. Over the last decade this incidence has doubled, increasing by 2.4 ± 0.4% per year. This is driven both by increasing detection of smaller sized particles as a result of improved methodologies, as well as an increase in fish consuming plastic. Further, we investigated the role of geographic, ecological, and behavioral factors in the ingestion of plastic across species. These analyses revealed that the abundance of plastic in surface waters was positively correlated to plastic ingestion. Demersal species are more likely to ingest plastic in shallow waters; in contrast, pelagic species were most likely to consume plastic below the mixed layer. Mobile predatory species had the highest likelihood to ingest plastic; similarly, we found a positive relationship between trophic level and plastic ingestion. We also find evidence that surface ingestion-deep sea egestion of microplastics by mesopelagic myctophids is likely a key mechanism for the export of microplastics from the surface ocean to the seafloor, a sink for marine debris. These results elucidate the role of ecology and biogeography underlying plastic ingestion by marine fish and point toward species and regions in urgent need of study.
    MeSH term(s) Animals ; Eating ; Environmental Monitoring ; Fishes ; Humans ; Plastics ; Water Pollutants, Chemical/analysis
    Chemical Substances Plastics ; Water Pollutants, Chemical
    Language English
    Publishing date 2021-02-09
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 1281439-8
    ISSN 1365-2486 ; 1354-1013
    ISSN (online) 1365-2486
    ISSN 1354-1013
    DOI 10.1111/gcb.15533
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  5. Article ; Online: Multistressor global change drivers reduce hatch and viability of Lingcod embryos, a benthic egg layer in the California Current System.

    Willis-Norton, Ellen / Carr, Mark H / Hazen, Elliott L / Kroeker, Kristy J

    Scientific reports

    2022  Volume 12, Issue 1, Page(s) 21987

    Abstract: Early life history stages of marine fishes are often more susceptible to environmental stressors than adult stages. This vulnerability is likely exacerbated for species that lay benthic egg masses bound to substrate because the embryos cannot evade ... ...

    Abstract Early life history stages of marine fishes are often more susceptible to environmental stressors than adult stages. This vulnerability is likely exacerbated for species that lay benthic egg masses bound to substrate because the embryos cannot evade locally unfavorable environmental conditions. Lingcod (Ophiodon elongatus), a benthic egg layer, is an ecologically and economically significant predator in the highly-productive California Current System (CCS). We ran a flow-through mesocosm experiment that exposed Lingcod eggs collected from Monterey Bay, CA to conditions we expect to see in the central CCS by the year 2050 and 2100. Exposure to temperature, pH, and dissolved oxygen concentrations projected by the year 2050 halved the successful hatch of Lingcod embryos and significantly reduced the size of day-1 larvae. In the year 2100 treatment, viable hatch plummeted (3% of normal), larvae were undersized (83% of normal), yolk reserves were exhausted (38% of normal), and deformities were widespread (94% of individuals). This experiment is the first to expose marine benthic eggs to future temperature, pH, and dissolved oxygen conditions in concert. Lingcod are a potential indicator species for other benthic egg layers for which global change conditions may significantly diminish recruitment rates.
    MeSH term(s) Animals ; Female ; Pregnancy ; Perciformes ; Fishes ; Larva ; Parturition ; Temperature
    Language English
    Publishing date 2022-12-20
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 2615211-3
    ISSN 2045-2322 ; 2045-2322
    ISSN (online) 2045-2322
    ISSN 2045-2322
    DOI 10.1038/s41598-022-25553-z
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  6. Article ; Online: Retrospective analysis of measures to reduce large whale entanglements in a lucrative commercial fishery

    Riekkola, Leena / Liu, Owen R. / Feist, Blake E. / Forney, Karin A. / Abrahms, Briana / Hazen, Elliott L. / Samhouri, Jameal F.

    Biological Conservation. 2023 Feb., v. 278 p.109880-

    2023  

    Abstract: Recovering marine animal populations and climate-driven shifts in their distributions are colliding with growing ocean use by humans. One such example is the bycatch of whales in commercial fishing, which poses a significant threat to the conservation ... ...

    Abstract Recovering marine animal populations and climate-driven shifts in their distributions are colliding with growing ocean use by humans. One such example is the bycatch of whales in commercial fishing, which poses a significant threat to the conservation and continued recovery of these protected animals and is a major barrier to sustainable fisheries. Long-lasting solutions to this problem need to be robust to variability in ecological dynamics while also addressing socio-cultural and economic concerns. We assessed the efficacy of gear reductions as an entanglement mitigation strategy during 2019 and 2020 in the highly valuable Dungeness crab fishery (Washington State, USA) in terms of changes in the entanglement risk to protected blue and humpback whales, and in terms of economic consequences for the fishery. Using a combination of fishery logbooks, landings data, and whale habitat models, we found that in the two seasons with mandatory crab pot reductions, entanglement risk was reduced by up to 20 % for blue whales, and 78 % for humpback whales, compared to seasons with no regulations. Spatio-temporal variability in the distribution of each whale species was a key factor in determining risk. Importantly, the conservation measure did not have a substantial negative effect on fleet-level fishery performance metrics, despite a reduction in fishing effort. Results indicated that a simple, fixed management strategy achieved the desired conservation goals in an economically sustainable way. Our findings underscore the value of carefully considering the dynamic nature of species' spatial distributions and key social and economic impacts that together determine conservation efficacy.
    Keywords Metacarcinus magister ; Washington (state) ; bycatch ; crab fisheries ; crabs ; economic sustainability ; habitats ; retrospective studies ; risk ; whales ; Conservation ; Fisheries management ; Species distribution shifts ; Whale entanglement
    Language English
    Dates of publication 2023-02
    Publishing place Elsevier Ltd
    Document type Article ; Online
    ISSN 0006-3207
    DOI 10.1016/j.biocon.2022.109880
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  7. Article: Plastic ingestion by marine fish is widespread and increasing

    Savoca, Matthew S / McInturf, Alexandra G / Hazen, Elliott L

    Global change biology. 2021 May, v. 27, no. 10

    2021  

    Abstract: Plastic pollution has pervaded almost every facet of the biosphere, yet we lack an understanding of consumption risk by marine species at the global scale. To address this, we compile data from research documenting plastic debris ingestion by marine fish, ...

    Abstract Plastic pollution has pervaded almost every facet of the biosphere, yet we lack an understanding of consumption risk by marine species at the global scale. To address this, we compile data from research documenting plastic debris ingestion by marine fish, totaling 171,774 individuals of 555 species. Overall, 386 marine fish species have ingested plastic debris including 210 species of commercial importance. However, 148 species studied had no records of plastic consumption, suggesting that while this evolutionary trap is widespread, it is not yet universal. Across all studies that accounted for microplastics, the incidence rate of plastic ingested by fish was 26%. Over the last decade this incidence has doubled, increasing by 2.4 ± 0.4% per year. This is driven both by increasing detection of smaller sized particles as a result of improved methodologies, as well as an increase in fish consuming plastic. Further, we investigated the role of geographic, ecological, and behavioral factors in the ingestion of plastic across species. These analyses revealed that the abundance of plastic in surface waters was positively correlated to plastic ingestion. Demersal species are more likely to ingest plastic in shallow waters; in contrast, pelagic species were most likely to consume plastic below the mixed layer. Mobile predatory species had the highest likelihood to ingest plastic; similarly, we found a positive relationship between trophic level and plastic ingestion. We also find evidence that surface ingestion‐deep sea egestion of microplastics by mesopelagic myctophids is likely a key mechanism for the export of microplastics from the surface ocean to the seafloor, a sink for marine debris. These results elucidate the role of ecology and biogeography underlying plastic ingestion by marine fish and point toward species and regions in urgent need of study.
    Keywords biogeography ; biosphere ; exports ; global change ; ingestion ; marine debris ; marine fish ; microplastics ; pollution ; risk ; trophic levels
    Language English
    Dates of publication 2021-05
    Size p. 2188-2199.
    Publishing place John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
    Document type Article
    Note NAL-AP-2-clean ; JOURNAL ARTICLE
    ZDB-ID 1281439-8
    ISSN 1365-2486 ; 1354-1013
    ISSN (online) 1365-2486
    ISSN 1354-1013
    DOI 10.1111/gcb.15533
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  8. Article: Where did they not go? Considerations for generating pseudo-absences for telemetry-based habitat models.

    Hazen, Elliott L / Abrahms, Briana / Brodie, Stephanie / Carroll, Gemma / Welch, Heather / Bograd, Steven J

    Movement ecology

    2021  Volume 9, Issue 1, Page(s) 5

    Abstract: Background: Habitat suitability models give insight into the ecological drivers of species distributions and are increasingly common in management and conservation planning. Telemetry data can be used in habitat models to describe where animals were ... ...

    Abstract Background: Habitat suitability models give insight into the ecological drivers of species distributions and are increasingly common in management and conservation planning. Telemetry data can be used in habitat models to describe where animals were present, however this requires the use of presence-only modeling approaches or the generation of 'pseudo-absences' to simulate locations where animals did not go. To highlight considerations for generating pseudo-absences for telemetry-based habitat models, we explored how different methods of pseudo-absence generation affect model performance across species' movement strategies, model types, and environments.
    Methods: We built habitat models for marine and terrestrial case studies, Northeast Pacific blue whales (Balaenoptera musculus) and African elephants (Loxodonta africana). We tested four pseudo-absence generation methods commonly used in telemetry-based habitat models: (1) background sampling; (2) sampling within a buffer zone around presence locations; (3) correlated random walks beginning at the tag release location; (4) reverse correlated random walks beginning at the last tag location. Habitat models were built using generalised linear mixed models, generalised additive mixed models, and boosted regression trees.
    Results: We found that the separation in environmental niche space between presences and pseudo-absences was the single most important driver of model explanatory power and predictive skill. This result was consistent across marine and terrestrial habitats, two species with vastly different movement syndromes, and three different model types. The best-performing pseudo-absence method depended on which created the greatest environmental separation: background sampling for blue whales and reverse correlated random walks for elephants. However, despite the fact that models with greater environmental separation performed better according to traditional predictive skill metrics, they did not always produce biologically realistic spatial predictions relative to known distributions.
    Conclusions: Habitat model performance may be positively biased in cases where pseudo-absences are sampled from environments that are dissimilar to presences. This emphasizes the need to carefully consider spatial extent of the sampling domain and environmental heterogeneity of pseudo-absence samples when developing habitat models, and highlights the importance of scrutinizing spatial predictions to ensure that habitat models are biologically realistic and fit for modeling objectives.
    Language English
    Publishing date 2021-02-17
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 2724975-X
    ISSN 2051-3933
    ISSN 2051-3933
    DOI 10.1186/s40462-021-00240-2
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  9. Article: Combining high temporal resolution whale distribution and vessel tracking data improves estimates of ship strike risk

    Blondin, Hannah / Abrahms, Briana / Crowder, Larry B / Hazen, Elliott L

    Biological conservation. 2020 Oct., v. 250

    2020  

    Abstract: When assessing harmful human-wildlife interactions, researchers often attempt to calculate the risk that an interaction will occur. However, these analyses often quantify risk based on temporally static or spatially coarse measures of species ... ...

    Abstract When assessing harmful human-wildlife interactions, researchers often attempt to calculate the risk that an interaction will occur. However, these analyses often quantify risk based on temporally static or spatially coarse measures of species distributions and human activity. As a result, risk estimates often do not reflect the dynamic nature of animal movement and anthropogenic uses of the environment. To illustrate the impacts of various temporal resolutions of data, we present a case study of blue whale (Balaenoptera musculus) ship strike risk in the U.S. Southern California Bight by combining predicted daily whale distributions with continuous vessel movement data. This represents the first effort to characterize blue whale ship strike risk by including the most recent high-resolution estimates of eastern Pacific blue whale distribution. We used these data to compare the ship strike risk models at varying temporal resolutions to address the effect of using coarser resolution input data. Our results show that it is critical to account for both dynamic patterns of human activity and species occurrences when assessing the risk of human-wildlife conflict. Analysis based on higher resolutions of potential interactions show greater variability in risk. Coarser resolution data mask variability in risk that may result from patchy conditions of blue whale habitat and/or variations in vessel traffic. We also demonstrate that coarser temporal resolutions lead to overestimations of risk. For highly mobile species subject to human-wildlife interactions such as blue whales, long-term environmental solutions depend on matching ecological data to human activity data at the most appropriate scale.
    Keywords Balaenoptera musculus ; anthropogenic activities ; case studies ; habitats ; human-wildlife relations ; models ; natural resources conservation ; risk ; risk estimate ; traffic ; whales ; California
    Language English
    Dates of publication 2020-10
    Publishing place Elsevier Ltd
    Document type Article
    ISSN 0006-3207
    DOI 10.1016/j.biocon.2020.108757
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  10. Article: Disentangling the biotic and abiotic drivers of emergent migratory behavior using individual-based models

    Dodson, Stephanie / Abrahms, Briana / Bograd, Steven J / Fiechter, Jerome / Hazen, Elliott L

    Ecological modelling. 2020 Sept. 15, v. 432

    2020  

    Abstract: Understanding the drivers of movement, migration and distribution of individuals is important for insight into how species will respond to changing environmental conditions. Both abiotic and biotic factors are thought to influence migratory behavior, but ...

    Abstract Understanding the drivers of movement, migration and distribution of individuals is important for insight into how species will respond to changing environmental conditions. Both abiotic and biotic factors are thought to influence migratory behavior, but their relative roles are difficult to disentangle. For migratory marine predators, both temperature and prey availability have been shown to be significant predictors of space use, though often researchers rely on physical proxies due to the lack of data on dynamic prey fields. We generated spatially explicit individual-based movement models to evaluate the relative roles of abiotic (sea surface temperature; SST) and biotic (prey availability) factors in driving blue whale (Balaenoptera musculus) movement decisions and migratory behavior in the eastern North Pacific. Using output from a lower trophic ecosystem model coupled with a regional ocean circulation model, we parameterized a blue whale movement model that explicitly incorporates prey fields in addition to physical proxies. A model using both SST and prey data reproduced blue whale foraging behavior including realistic timing of latitudinal migrations. SST- and prey-only population models demonstrated important independent effects of each variable. In particular, the SST-only model revealed that warm temperatures limited krill foraging opportunities but failed to drive seasonal foraging patterns, whereas the prey-only model revealed more realistic seasonal and interannual differences in foraging behavior. Our individual-based movement model helps elucidate the mechanisms underlying migration and demonstrates how fine-scale individual decision-making can lead to emergent migratory behavior at the population level. Moreover, determining the relative effects of the physical environment and prey availability on the movement decisions of threatened species is critical to understand how they may respond to changing ocean conditions.
    Keywords Balaenoptera musculus ; biotic factors ; decision making ; ecological models ; environmental factors ; foraging ; krill ; migratory behavior ; predators ; surface water temperature ; threatened species
    Language English
    Dates of publication 2020-0915
    Publishing place Elsevier B.V.
    Document type Article
    ZDB-ID 191971-4
    ISSN 0304-3800
    ISSN 0304-3800
    DOI 10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2020.109225
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