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Book ; Online: Evaluation of WRF-Chem simulated meteorology and aerosols over northern India during the severe pollution episode of 2016

Agarwal, Prerita / Stevenson, David S. / Heal, Mathew R.

eISSN:

2024

Abstract: We use a state-of-the-art regional chemistry transport model (WRF-Chem v4.2.1) to simulate particulate air pollution over northern India during September–November 2016. This period includes a severe air pollution episode marked by exceedingly high levels ...

Abstract	We use a state-of-the-art regional chemistry transport model (WRF-Chem v4.2.1) to simulate particulate air pollution over northern India during September–November 2016. This period includes a severe air pollution episode marked by exceedingly high levels of hourly PM 2.5 (particulate matter having an aerodynamic diameter ≤ 2.5 µ m) during 30 October to 7 November, particularly over the wider Indo-Gangetic Plain (IGP). We provide a comprehensive evaluation of simulated seasonal meteorology (nudged by ERA5 reanalysis products) and aerosol chemistry (PM 2.5 and its black carbon (BC) component) using a range of ground-based, satellite and reanalysis products, with a focus on the November 2016 haze episode. We find the daily and diurnal features in simulated surface temperature show the best agreement followed by relative humidity, with the largest discrepancies being an overestimate of night-time wind speeds (up to 1.5 m s −1 ) confirmed by both ground and radiosonde observations. Upper-air meteorology comparisons with radiosonde observations show excellent model skill in reproducing the vertical temperature gradient ( r >0.9 ). We evaluate modelled PM 2.5 at 20 observation sites across the IGP including eight in Delhi and compare simulated aerosol optical depth (AOD) with data from four AERONET sites. We also compare our model aerosol results with MERRA-2 reanalysis aerosol fields and MODIS satellite AOD. We find that the model captures many features of the observed aerosol distributions but tends to overestimate PM 2.5 during September (by a factor of 2) due to too much dust, and underestimate peak PM 2.5 during the severe episode. Delhi experiences some of the highest daily mean PM 2.5 concentrations within the study region, with dominant components nitrate ( ∼25 %), dust ( ∼25 %), secondary organic aerosols ( ∼20 %) and ammonium ( ∼10 %). Modelled PM 2.5 and BC spatially correlate well with MERRA-2 products across the whole domain. High AOD at 550nm across the IGP is also well predicted by the model ...
Subject code	333
Language	English
Publishing date	2024-02-22
Publishing country	de
Document type	Book ; Online
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Book ; Online: Evaluation of WRF-Chem-simulated meteorology and aerosols over northern India during the severe pollution episode of 2016

Agarwal, Prerita / Stevenson, David S. / Heal, Mathew R.

eISSN: 1680-7324

2024

Abstract	We use a state-of-the-art regional chemistry transport model (WRF-Chem v4.2.1) to simulate particulate air pollution over northern India during September–November 2016. This period includes a severe air pollution episode marked by exceedingly high levels of hourly PM 2.5 (particulate matter having an aerodynamic diameter ≤ 2.5 µ m) during 30 October to 7 November, particularly over the wider Indo-Gangetic Plain (IGP). We provide a comprehensive evaluation of simulated seasonal meteorology (nudged by ERA5 reanalysis products) and aerosol chemistry (PM 2.5 and its black carbon (BC) component) using a range of ground-based, satellite and reanalysis products, with a focus on the November 2016 haze episode. We find the daily and diurnal features in simulated surface temperature show the best agreement followed by relative humidity, with the largest discrepancies being an overestimate of night-time wind speeds (up to 1.5 m s −1 ) confirmed by both ground and radiosonde observations. Upper-air meteorology comparisons with radiosonde observations show excellent model skill in reproducing the vertical temperature gradient ( r >0.9 ). We evaluate modelled PM 2.5 at 20 observation sites across the IGP including eight in Delhi and compare simulated aerosol optical depth (AOD) with data from four AERONET sites. We also compare our model aerosol results with MERRA-2 reanalysis aerosol fields and MODIS satellite AOD. We find that the model captures many features of the observed aerosol distributions but tends to overestimate PM 2.5 during September (by a factor of 2) due to too much dust, and underestimate peak PM 2.5 during the severe episode. Delhi experiences some of the highest daily mean PM 2.5 concentrations within the study region, with dominant components nitrate ( ∼25 %), dust ( ∼25 %), secondary organic aerosols ( ∼20 %) and ammonium ( ∼10 %). Modelled PM 2.5 and BC spatially correlate well with MERRA-2 products across the whole domain. High AOD at 550nm across the IGP is also well predicted by the model ...
Subject code	333
Language	English
Publishing date	2024-02-22
Publishing country	de
Document type	Book ; Online
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Article ; Online: A low-tech, low-cost method to capture point-source ammonia emissions and their potential use as a nitrogen fertiliser.

Cowan, Nicholas / Ashwood, Daniel / Drewer, Julia / Toteva, Galina / Heal, Mathew R

PloS one

2024 Volume 19, Issue 1, Page(s) e0296679

Abstract: Rising global energy prices have led to increased costs of nitrogen (N) fertilisers for farmers, but N pollution (losses) from agricultural activities can account for over 50% of the nitrogen applied. This study assesses the feasibility of a low-cost and ...

Abstract	Rising global energy prices have led to increased costs of nitrogen (N) fertilisers for farmers, but N pollution (losses) from agricultural activities can account for over 50% of the nitrogen applied. This study assesses the feasibility of a low-cost and low-tech method of NH3 emission capture from an agricultural point source (chicken manure) using a water column bubbling technique, and its application as a fertiliser to several plant types. Solutions of i) nitric acid (HNO3), ii) calcium nitrate (Ca(NO3)2), iii) a mixture of Ca(NO3)2 and HNO3 and iv) deionised H2O were used to scrub NH3 from air pumped from a storage container containing chicken manure. We conclude that NH3 can be captured from manure using low-tech methods, and that solutions of common fertiliser compounds such as ammonium nitrate and calcium ammonium nitrate can be replicated by binding captured NH3 to solutions of nitrate. Our results suggest that dissolved calcium nitrate is just as effective at scrubbing NH3 from the atmosphere as nitric acid at low concentrations, but could do so at a near neutral pH. For use on common silage grass for livestock feed, all of the captured ammonium solutions significantly increased yields, including the ammonium only solution. However, the aquatic plants (Taxiphyllum Barbieri and Salvinia auriculata) did not respond favourably to a high ratio of NH4+ in solution, and in the case of Salvinia auriculata, the plant was significantly damaged by the ammonium only solution. In conclusion, we highlight that the capture and utilisation of NH3 emissions from point sources is possible using very basic apparatus and that if used correctly, this captured nitrogen can be stored and applied to crops in a variety of forms which could reduce reliance and cost of mineral fertiliser use.
MeSH term(s)	Ammonia/metabolism ; Nitrogen ; Fertilizers ; Nitric Acid ; Manure ; Crops, Agricultural/metabolism ; Nitrates ; Calcium Compounds
Chemical Substances	Ammonia (7664-41-7) ; calcium nitrate (NF52F38N1N) ; Nitrogen (N762921K75) ; Fertilizers ; Nitric Acid (411VRN1TV4) ; Manure ; Nitrates ; Calcium Compounds
Language	English
Publishing date	2024-01-31
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2267670-3
ISSN	1932-6203 ; 1932-6203
ISSN (online)	1932-6203
ISSN	1932-6203
DOI	10.1371/journal.pone.0296679
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Article ; Online: Measurements of methane and nitrous oxide in human breath and the development of UK scale emissions.

Dawson, Ben / Drewer, Julia / Roberts, Toby / Levy, Peter / Heal, Mathew / Cowan, Nicholas

PloS one

2023 Volume 18, Issue 12, Page(s) e0295157

Abstract: Exhaled human breath can contain small, elevated concentrations of methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O), both of which contribute to global warming. These emissions from humans are not well understood and are rarely quantified in global greenhouse gas ... ...

Abstract	Exhaled human breath can contain small, elevated concentrations of methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O), both of which contribute to global warming. These emissions from humans are not well understood and are rarely quantified in global greenhouse gas inventories. This study investigated emissions of CH4 and N2O in human breath from 104 volunteers in the UK population, to better understand what drives these emissions and to quantify national-scale estimates. A total of 328 breath samples were collected, and age, sex, dietary preference, and smoking habits were recorded for every participant. The percentage of methane producers (MPs) identified in this study was 31%. The percentage of MPs was higher in older age groups with 25% of people under the age of 30 classified as MPs compared to 40% in the 30+ age group. Females (38%) were more likely to be MPs than males (25%), though overall concentrations emitted from both MP groups were similar. All participants were found to emit N2O in breath, though none of the factors investigated explained the differences in emissions. Dietary preference was not found to affect CH4 or N2O emissions from breath in this study. We estimate a total emission of 1.04 (0.86-1.40) Gg of CH4 and 0.069 (0.066-0.072) Gg of N2O in human breath annually in the UK, the equivalent of 53.9 (47.8-60.0) Gg of CO2. In terms of magnitude, these values are approximately 0.05% and 0.1% of the total emissions of CH4 and N2O reported in the UK national greenhouse gas inventories.
MeSH term(s)	Humans ; Aged ; Greenhouse Gases/analysis ; Nitrous Oxide/analysis ; Methane/analysis ; Carbon Dioxide/analysis ; United Kingdom
Chemical Substances	Greenhouse Gases ; Nitrous Oxide (K50XQU1029) ; Methane (OP0UW79H66) ; Carbon Dioxide (142M471B3J)
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-12-13
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2267670-3
ISSN	1932-6203 ; 1932-6203
ISSN (online)	1932-6203
ISSN	1932-6203
DOI	10.1371/journal.pone.0295157
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Article ; Online: Future impacts of O

Macintyre, Helen L / Mitsakou, Christina / Vieno, Massimo / Heal, Mathew R / Heaviside, Clare / Exley, Karen S

Environment international

2023 Volume 178, Page(s) 108046

Abstract: Exposure to ambient ozone ( ... ...

Abstract	Exposure to ambient ozone (O
MeSH term(s)	Humans ; Air Pollutants/adverse effects ; Air Pollutants/analysis ; Particulate Matter/analysis ; Nitrogen Dioxide ; Air Pollution/analysis ; Ozone/analysis ; Nitric Oxide ; Environmental Pollutants ; United Kingdom ; Hospitals ; Environmental Monitoring/methods
Chemical Substances	Air Pollutants ; Particulate Matter ; Nitrogen Dioxide (S7G510RUBH) ; Ozone (66H7ZZK23N) ; Nitric Oxide (31C4KY9ESH) ; Environmental Pollutants
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-06-19
Publishing country	Netherlands
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	554791-x
ISSN	1873-6750 ; 0160-4120
ISSN (online)	1873-6750
ISSN	0160-4120
DOI	10.1016/j.envint.2023.108046
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Article ; Online: Impacts of emissions policies on future UK mortality burdens associated with air pollution.

Macintyre, Helen L / Mitsakou, Christina / Vieno, Massimo / Heal, Mathew R / Heaviside, Clare / Exley, Karen S

Environment international

2023 Volume 174, Page(s) 107862

Abstract: Air pollution is the greatest environmental risk to public health. Future air pollution concentrations are primarily determined by precursor emissions, which are driven by environmental policies relating to climate and air pollution. Detailed health ... ...

Abstract	Air pollution is the greatest environmental risk to public health. Future air pollution concentrations are primarily determined by precursor emissions, which are driven by environmental policies relating to climate and air pollution. Detailed health impact assessments (HIA) are necessary to provide quantitative estimates of the impacts of future air pollution to support decision-makers developing environmental policy and targets. In this study we use high spatial resolution atmospheric chemistry modelling to simulate future air pollution concentrations across the UK for 2030, 2040 and 2050 based on current UK and European policy projections. We combine UK regional population-weighted concentrations with the latest epidemiological relationships to quantify mortality associated with changes in PM
MeSH term(s)	Air Pollutants/adverse effects ; Air Pollutants/analysis ; Nitrogen Dioxide/analysis ; Air Pollution/adverse effects ; Air Pollution/analysis ; Policy ; Particulate Matter/adverse effects ; Particulate Matter/analysis ; United Kingdom/epidemiology ; Environmental Exposure/adverse effects ; Environmental Exposure/analysis
Chemical Substances	Air Pollutants ; Nitrogen Dioxide (S7G510RUBH) ; Particulate Matter
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-03-13
Publishing country	Netherlands
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	554791-x
ISSN	1873-6750 ; 0160-4120
ISSN (online)	1873-6750
ISSN	0160-4120
DOI	10.1016/j.envint.2023.107862
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Article ; Online: Impacts of emissions policies on future UK mortality burdens associated with air pollution

Macintyre, Helen L. / Mitsakou, Christina / Vieno, Massimo / Heal, Mathew R. / Heaviside, Clare / Exley, Karen S.

Environment International. 2023 Apr., v. 174 p.107862-

2023

Abstract	Air pollution is the greatest environmental risk to public health. Future air pollution concentrations are primarily determined by precursor emissions, which are driven by environmental policies relating to climate and air pollution. Detailed health impact assessments (HIA) are necessary to provide quantitative estimates of the impacts of future air pollution to support decision-makers developing environmental policy and targets. In this study we use high spatial resolution atmospheric chemistry modelling to simulate future air pollution concentrations across the UK for 2030, 2040 and 2050 based on current UK and European policy projections. We combine UK regional population-weighted concentrations with the latest epidemiological relationships to quantify mortality associated with changes in PM₂.₅ and NO₂ air pollution. Our HIA suggests that by 2050, population-weighted exposure to PM₂.₅ will reduce by 28% to 36%, and for NO₂ by 35% to 49%, depending on region. The HIA shows that for present day (2018), annual mortality attributable to the effects of long-term exposure to PM₂.₅ and NO₂ is in the range 26,287 – 42,442, and that mortality burdens in future will be substantially reduced, being lower by 31%, 35%, and 37% in 2030, 2040 and 2050 respectively (relative to 2018) assuming no population changes. Including population projections (increases in all regions for 30+ years age group) slightly offsets these health benefits, resulting in reductions of 25%, 27%, and 26% in mortality burdens for 2030, 2040, 2050 respectively. Significant reductions in future mortality burdens are estimated and, importantly for public health, the majority of benefits are achieved early on in the future timeline simulated, though further efforts are likely needed to reduce impacts of air pollution to health.
Keywords	air pollution ; atmospheric chemistry ; chronic exposure ; climate ; decision making ; environment ; environmental policy ; mortality ; public health ; risk ; Air quality ; Health impact assessment ; Emissions ; PM2.5 ; NO2
Language	English
Dates of publication	2023-04
Publishing place	Elsevier Ltd
Document type	Article ; Online
ZDB-ID	554791-x
ISSN	1873-6750 ; 0160-4120
ISSN (online)	1873-6750
ISSN	0160-4120
DOI	10.1016/j.envint.2023.107862
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Article ; Online: The application of carbon-14 analyses to the source apportionment of atmospheric carbonaceous particulate matter: a review.

Heal, Mathew R

Analytical and bioanalytical chemistry

2014 Volume 406, Issue 1, Page(s) 81–98

Abstract: Organic carbon (OC) and elemental carbon (EC) together constitute a substantial proportion of airborne particulate matter (PM). Insight into the sources of this major contributor to PM is important for policies to mitigate the impact of PM on human ... ...

Abstract	Organic carbon (OC) and elemental carbon (EC) together constitute a substantial proportion of airborne particulate matter (PM). Insight into the sources of this major contributor to PM is important for policies to mitigate the impact of PM on human health and climate change. In recent years measurement of the abundance of the radioisotope of carbon ((14)C) in samples of PM by accelerator mass spectrometry has been used to help quantify the relative contributions from sources of fossil carbon and contemporary carbon. This review provides an introduction to the different sources of carbon within PM and the role of (14)C measurements, a description of the preparation of PM samples and of the instrumentation used to quantify (14)C, and a summary of the results and source apportionment methods reported in published studies since 2004. All studies report a sizable fraction of the carbonaceous PM as of non-fossil origin. Even for PM collected in urban locations, the proportions of non-fossil carbon generally exceed 30%; typically the proportion in urban background locations is around 40-60% depending on the local influence of biomass burning. Where values have been measured directly, proportions of non-fossil carbon in EC are lower than in OC, reflecting the greater contribution of fossil-fuel combustion to EC and the generally small sources of contemporary EC. Detailed source apportionment studies point to important contributions from biogenic-derived secondary OC, consistent with other evidence of a ubiquitous presence of heavily oxidized background secondary OC. The review concludes with some comments on current issues and future prospects, including progress towards compound-class and individual-compound-specific (14)C analyses.
MeSH term(s)	Air Pollutants/analysis ; Carbon/analysis ; Carbon Cycle ; Carbon Radioisotopes ; Environmental Monitoring ; Humans ; Mass Spectrometry/instrumentation ; Mass Spectrometry/methods ; Particle Size ; Particulate Matter/analysis ; Reference Standards
Chemical Substances	Air Pollutants ; Carbon Radioisotopes ; Particulate Matter ; Carbon (7440-44-0)
Language	English
Publishing date	2014-01
Publishing country	Germany
Document type	Journal Article ; Review
ZDB-ID	201093-8
ISSN	1618-2650 ; 0016-1152 ; 0372-7920
ISSN (online)	1618-2650
ISSN	0016-1152 ; 0372-7920
DOI	10.1007/s00216-013-7404-1
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Article ; Online: A chronology of ratios between black smoke and PM

Heal, Mathew R / Beverland, Iain J

Environmental health : a global access science source

2017 Volume 16, Issue 1, Page(s) 44

Abstract: Background: For many air pollution epidemiological studies in Europe, 'black smoke' (BS) was the only measurement available to quantify ambient particulate matter (PM), particularly for exposures prior to the mid-1990s when quantification via the PM: ... ...

Abstract	Background: For many air pollution epidemiological studies in Europe, 'black smoke' (BS) was the only measurement available to quantify ambient particulate matter (PM), particularly for exposures prior to the mid-1990s when quantification via the PM Methods: The literature was searched for quantitative information on measured ratios of BS:PM Results: The average BS:PM Conclusions: Application of this analysis to example published CRF
MeSH term(s)	Air Pollutants/analysis ; Air Pollutants/history ; Air Pollution/analysis ; Air Pollution/history ; Environmental Monitoring ; History, 20th Century ; Particle Size ; Particulate Matter/analysis ; Particulate Matter/history ; United Kingdom
Chemical Substances	Air Pollutants ; Particulate Matter
Language	English
Publishing date	2017-05-03
Publishing country	England
Document type	Historical Article ; Journal Article
ISSN	1476-069X
ISSN (online)	1476-069X
DOI	10.1186/s12940-017-0252-2
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Book ; Online: A new assessment of global and regional budgets, fluxes and lifetimes of atmospheric reactive N and S gases and aerosols

Ge, Yao / Vieno, Massimo / Stevenson, David / Wind, Peter / Heal, Mathew

eISSN: 1680-7324

2022

Abstract: We used the EMEP MSC-W model version 4.34 coupled with WRF model version 4.2.2 meteorology to undertake a present-day (2015) global and regional quantification of the concentrations, deposition, budgets, and lifetimes of atmospheric reactive N (N r ) and ...

Abstract	We used the EMEP MSC-W model version 4.34 coupled with WRF model version 4.2.2 meteorology to undertake a present-day (2015) global and regional quantification of the concentrations, deposition, budgets, and lifetimes of atmospheric reactive N (N r ) and S (S r ) species. These are quantities that cannot be derived from measurements alone. In areas with high levels of reduced N r (RDN = NH 3 + NH 4 +), oxidised N r (OXN = NO x + HNO 3 + HONO + N 2 O 5 + NO 3 - + Other OXN species), and oxidised S r (OXS = SO 2 + SO 4 2- ), RDN is predominantly in the form of NH 3 (NH 4 + typically < 20 %), OXN has majority gaseous species composition, and OXS predominantly comprises SO 4 2- except near major SO 2 sources. Most continental regions are now ‘ammonia rich’, and more so than previously, which indicates that whilst reducing NH 3 emissions will decrease RDN concentration it will have small effect on mitigating SIA. South Asia is the most ammonia-rich region. Coastal areas around East Asia, northern Europe, and north-eastern United States are ‘nitrate rich’ where NH 4 NO 3 formation is limited by NH 3 . These locations experience transport of OXN from the adjacent continent and/or direct shipping emissions of NO x but NH 3 concentrations are lower. The least populated continental areas and most marine areas are ‘sulfate rich.’ Deposition of OXN (57.9 TgN yr -1 , 51 %) and RDN (55.5 TgN yr -1 , 49 %) contribute almost equally to total nitrogen deposition. OXS deposition is 50.5 TgS yr -1 . Globally, wet and dry deposition contribute similarly to RDN deposition; for OXN and OXS, wet deposition contributes slightly more. Dry deposition of NH 3 is the largest contributor to RDN deposition in most regions except for Rest of Asia and marine areas where NH 3 emissions are small and RDN deposition is mainly determined by transport and rainout of NH 4 + (rather than rainout of gaseous NH 3 ). Reductions in NH 3 would thus efficiently reduce the deposition of RDN in most continental regions. The two largest contributors to OXN deposition in all regions are HNO 3 and coarse NO 3 - (via both wet and dry deposition). The deposition of fine NO 3 - is only important over East Asia. The tropospheric burden of RDN is 0.75 TgN of which NH 3 and NH 4 + comprise 32 % (0.24 TgN; lifetime = 1.6 days) and 68 % (0.51 TgN; lifetime = 8.9 days), respectively. The lifetime of RDN (4.9–5.2 days) is shorter than that of OXN (7.6–7.7 days), consistent with a total OXN burden (1.20 TgN) almost double that of RDN. The tropospheric burden of OXS is 0.78 TgS with a lifetime of 5.6–5.9 days. Total nitrate burden is 0.58 TgN with fine NO 3 - only constituting 10 % of this total, although fine NO 3 - dominates in eastern China, Europe, and eastern North America. It is important to account for contributions of coarse nitrate to global nitrate budgets. Lifetimes of RDN, OXN, and OXS species vary by a factor of 4 across different continental regions. In East Asia, lifetimes for RDN (2.9–3.0 days), OXN (3.9–4.5 days), and OXS (3.4–3.7 days) are short, whereas lifetimes in Rest of Asia and Africa are about twice as long. South Asia is the largest net exporter of RDN (2.21 TgN yr -1 , 29 % of its annual emission), followed by Euro_Medi region. Despite having the largest RDN emissions and deposition, East Asia has only small net export and is therefore largely responsible for its own RDN pollution. Africa is the largest net exporter of OXN (1.92 TgN yr -1 , 22 %), followed by Euro_Medi (1.61 TgN yr -1 , 26 %). Considerable marine anthropogenic N r and S r pollution is revealed by the large net import of RDN, OXN and OXS to these areas. Our work demonstrates the substantial regional variation in N r and S r budgets and the need for modelling to simulate the chemical and meteorological linkages underpinning atmospheric responses to precursor emissions.
Subject code	290 ; 333
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-03-09
Publishing country	de
Document type	Book ; Online
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