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Article ; Online: African swine fever virus NAM P1/95 is a mixture of genotype I and genotype VIII viruses.

Goatley, Lynnette C / Freimanis, Graham L / Tennakoon, Chandana / Bastos, Armanda / Heath, Livio / Netherton, Christopher L

Microbiology resource announcements

2024 Volume 13, Issue 4, Page(s) e0006724

Abstract: African swine fever virus causes a lethal hemorrhagic disease of domestic pigs. The NAM P1/1995 isolate was originally described ... ...

Abstract	African swine fever virus causes a lethal hemorrhagic disease of domestic pigs. The NAM P1/1995 isolate was originally described as
Language	English
Publishing date	2024-03-25
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ISSN	2576-098X
ISSN (online)	2576-098X
DOI	10.1128/mra.00067-24
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Article ; Online: Phylogenomic characterization of historic lumpy skin disease virus isolates from South Africa.

van Schalkwyk, Antoinette / Kara, Pravesh / Heath, Livio

Archives of virology

2022 Volume 167, Issue 10, Page(s) 2063–2070

Abstract: The poxvirus lumpy skin disease virus (LSDV) is the causative agent of the vexatious lumpy skin disease, which predominantly affects cattle and water buffalo. It has been endemic to South Africa since the 1950s, and in 1960, a live attenuated vaccine was ...

Abstract	The poxvirus lumpy skin disease virus (LSDV) is the causative agent of the vexatious lumpy skin disease, which predominantly affects cattle and water buffalo. It has been endemic to South Africa since the 1950s, and in 1960, a live attenuated vaccine was commercially released for use in the country to mitigate the spread of this transboundary disease. This vaccine (Neethling/vaccine/LW-1959) was generated from serial passages of the prototype lumpy skin disease virus strain Neethling-WC/RSA/1957, which was isolated in 1957 from an outbreak in the Western Cape province of South Africa and was subsequently used to prove the infectious nature of the virus and the resulting disease in cattle. In this study, we determined the complete genome sequence of the LSDV prototype strain Neethling-WC/RSA/1957, as well as three other LSDV isolates from the 1950s, one wild-type isolate from the 1970s, and a commercial vaccine produced in 1988 (LW-1959). Phylogenomic analysis showed that all six sequences were in cluster 1.1, along with previous sequences of the vaccine strain, the oldest known isolate (LSDV/Haden/RSA/1954), and virulent viruses isolated in the 1990s from South Africa. Seven single-nucleotide polymorphisms were identified between the Neethling-WC/RSA/1957 strain and the vaccine strain (LW-1959), providing new insights into virus attenuation and possible markers for DIVA assays.
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Cattle ; Disease Outbreaks/veterinary ; Lumpy Skin Disease/epidemiology ; Lumpy skin disease virus ; Phylogeny ; South Africa ; Vaccines, Attenuated
Chemical Substances	Vaccines, Attenuated
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-07-06
Publishing country	Austria
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	7491-3
ISSN	1432-8798 ; 0304-8608
ISSN (online)	1432-8798
ISSN	0304-8608
DOI	10.1007/s00705-022-05515-6
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Article: Phylogenomic characterization of historic lumpy skin disease virus isolates from South Africa

van Schalkwyk, Antoinette / Kara, Pravesh / Heath, Livio

Archives of virology. 2022 Oct., v. 167, no. 10

2022

Abstract	The poxvirus lumpy skin disease virus (LSDV) is the causative agent of the vexatious lumpy skin disease, which predominantly affects cattle and water buffalo. It has been endemic to South Africa since the 1950s, and in 1960, a live attenuated vaccine was commercially released for use in the country to mitigate the spread of this transboundary disease. This vaccine (Neethling/vaccine/LW-1959) was generated from serial passages of the prototype lumpy skin disease virus strain Neethling-WC/RSA/1957, which was isolated in 1957 from an outbreak in the Western Cape province of South Africa and was subsequently used to prove the infectious nature of the virus and the resulting disease in cattle. In this study, we determined the complete genome sequence of the LSDV prototype strain Neethling-WC/RSA/1957, as well as three other LSDV isolates from the 1950s, one wild-type isolate from the 1970s, and a commercial vaccine produced in 1988 (LW-1959). Phylogenomic analysis showed that all six sequences were in cluster 1.1, along with previous sequences of the vaccine strain, the oldest known isolate (LSDV/Haden/RSA/1954), and virulent viruses isolated in the 1990s from South Africa. Seven single-nucleotide polymorphisms were identified between the Neethling-WC/RSA/1957 strain and the vaccine strain (LW-1959), providing new insights into virus attenuation and possible markers for DIVA assays.
Keywords	Lumpy skin disease virus ; buffaloes ; cattle ; etiological agents ; live vaccines ; lumpy skin disease ; nucleotide sequences ; prototypes ; virology ; virulence ; viruses ; South Africa
Language	English
Dates of publication	2022-10
Size	p. 2063-2070.
Publishing place	Springer Vienna
Document type	Article
ZDB-ID	7491-3
ISSN	1432-8798 ; 0304-8608
ISSN (online)	1432-8798
ISSN	0304-8608
DOI	10.1007/s00705-022-05515-6
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Article: A Guide to Molecular Characterization of Genotype II African Swine Fever Virus: Essential and Alternative Genome Markers.

Mazloum, Ali / van Schalkwyk, Antoinette / Chernyshev, Roman / Igolkin, Alexey / Heath, Livio / Sprygin, Alexander

Microorganisms

2023 Volume 11, Issue 3

Abstract: African swine fever is a contagious viral disease that has been spreading through Europe and Asia since its initial report from Georgia in 2007. Due to the large genome size of the causative agent, the African swine fever virus (ASFV), the molecular ... ...

Abstract	African swine fever is a contagious viral disease that has been spreading through Europe and Asia since its initial report from Georgia in 2007. Due to the large genome size of the causative agent, the African swine fever virus (ASFV), the molecular epidemiology, and virus evolution are analyzed by employing different markers. Most of these markers originate from single nucleotide polymorphisms or disparities in the copy number of tandem repeat sequences observed during the comparisons of full genome sequences produced from ASFVs isolated during different outbreaks. Therefore, consistent complete genome sequencing and comparative analysis of the sequence data are important to add innovative genomic markers that contribute to the delineation of ASFV phylogeny and molecular epidemiology during active circulation in the field. In this study, the molecular markers currently employed to assess the genotype II ASFVs circulating in Europe and Asia have been outlined. The application of each of these markers to differentiate between ASFVs from related outbreaks is described to implement a guideline to their suitability for analyzing new outbreaks. These markers do not signify the complete repertoire of genomic differences between ASFVs, but will be beneficial when analyzing the first outbreaks in a new region or a large number of samples. Furthermore, new markers must be determined via complete genome sequence analyses for enabling in-depth insights into the molecular epidemiology of ASFV.
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-03-02
Publishing country	Switzerland
Document type	Journal Article ; Review
ZDB-ID	2720891-6
ISSN	2076-2607
ISSN	2076-2607
DOI	10.3390/microorganisms11030642
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Article: Phylogenomic Comparison of Seven African Swine Fever Genotype II Outbreak Viruses (1998-2019) Reveals the Likely African Origin of Georgia 2007/1.

Mthombeni, Rivalani F / Bastos, Armanda D / van Schalkwyk, Antoinette / van Emmenes, Juanita / Heath, Livio

Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland)

2023 Volume 12, Issue 9

Abstract: Since the initial report of African swine fever (ASF) in Kenya in 1921, the disease has predominantly been confined to Africa. However, in 2007, an ASF genotype II virus of unknown provenance was introduced to Georgia. This was followed by its rampant ... ...

Abstract	Since the initial report of African swine fever (ASF) in Kenya in 1921, the disease has predominantly been confined to Africa. However, in 2007, an ASF genotype II virus of unknown provenance was introduced to Georgia. This was followed by its rampant spread to 73 countries, and the disease is now a global threat to pig production, with limited effective treatment and vaccine options. Here, we investigate the origin of Georgia 2007/1 through genome sequencing of three viruses from outbreaks that predated the genotype II introduction to the Caucasus, namely Madagascar (MAD/01/1998), Mozambique (MOZ/01/2005), and Mauritius (MAU/01/2007). In addition, genome sequences were generated for viruses from East African countries historically affected by genotype II (Malawi (MAL/04/2011) and Tanzania (TAN/01/2011)) and newly invaded southern African countries (Zimbabwe (ZIM/2015) and South Africa (RSA/08/2019). Phylogenomic analyses revealed that MOZ/01/2005, MAL/04/2011, ZIM/2015 and RSA/08/2019 share a recent common ancestor with Georgia 2007/1 and that none contain the large (~550 bp) deletion in the
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-09-04
Publishing country	Switzerland
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2695572-6
ISSN	2076-0817
ISSN	2076-0817
DOI	10.3390/pathogens12091129
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Article ; Online: B and T Cell Epitopes of the Incursionary Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus Serotype SAT2 for Vaccine Development.

Li, Qian / Wubshet, Ashenafi Kiros / Wang, Yang / Heath, Livio / Zhang, Jie

Viruses

2023 Volume 15, Issue 3

Abstract: Failure of cross-protection among interserotypes and intratypes of foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) is a big threat to endemic countries and their prevention and control strategies. However, insights into practices relating to the development of a ... ...

Abstract	Failure of cross-protection among interserotypes and intratypes of foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) is a big threat to endemic countries and their prevention and control strategies. However, insights into practices relating to the development of a multi-epitope vaccine appear as a best alternative approach to alleviate the cross-protection-associated problems. In order to facilitate the development of such a vaccine design approach, identification and prediction of the antigenic B and T cell epitopes along with determining the level of immunogenicity are essential bioinformatics steps. These steps are well applied in Eurasian serotypes, but very rare in South African Territories (SAT) Types, particularly in serotype SAT2. For this reason, the available scattered immunogenic information on SAT2 epitopes needs to be organized and clearly understood. Therefore, in this review, we compiled relevant bioinformatic reports about B and T cell epitopes of the incursionary SAT2 FMDV and the promising experimental demonstrations of such designed and developed vaccines against this serotype.
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Antibodies, Neutralizing ; Antibodies, Viral ; Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte ; Foot-and-Mouth Disease/prevention & control ; Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus ; Serogroup ; Vaccine Development ; Viral Vaccines ; Epitopes, B-Lymphocyte
Chemical Substances	Antibodies, Neutralizing ; Antibodies, Viral ; Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte ; Viral Vaccines ; Epitopes, B-Lymphocyte
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-03-21
Publishing country	Switzerland
Document type	Journal Article ; Review ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	2516098-9
ISSN	1999-4915 ; 1999-4915
ISSN (online)	1999-4915
ISSN	1999-4915
DOI	10.3390/v15030797
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Article ; Online: Preliminary validation of a single-spot version of a solid-phase competition ELISA for the detection of southern African territories foot-and-mouth disease serotype exposure in goats

Gobiye, Moses / Fosgate, Geoffrey T. / Heath, Livio / Lazarus, David D. / Seoke, LaToya / Opperman, Pamela A

Small Ruminant Research. 2023 Apr. 20, p.106982-

2023 , Page(s) 106982–

Abstract: The objective of this study was to perform a preliminary validation of a solid-phase competition ELISA (SPCE) in goats exposed to foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) southern African territories (SAT) serotypes through vaccination or experimental ... ...

Abstract	The objective of this study was to perform a preliminary validation of a solid-phase competition ELISA (SPCE) in goats exposed to foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) southern African territories (SAT) serotypes through vaccination or experimental infection. Thirty-nine goats were vaccinated with a FMDV vaccine and 37 subsequently challenged with a SAT1 virus serotype. Blood was collected every 7 days until termination at 14 days post-challenge. Single-spot SAT1 virus serotype SPCE (ss-SPCE) was performed in duplicate at two time points and a half-titration version was performed after a variable time of long-term storage. Coefficient of variation (CV) was calculated and accuracy of the ss-SPCE was estimated relative to a half-titration SPCE log10 titer of 1.6 using mixed-effect logistic regression. Additionally, sensitivity and specificity were estimated based on serological results 14-days post-challenge and at study enrolment, respectively. Three hundred and forty-two serum samples were tested in duplicate on two non-consecutive days. The median (interquartile range (IQR)) CV for the ss-SPCE for SAT1 was 2.1% (0.5, 14.3%) and 2.5% (0.6, 12.8%) for the two testing days, respectively. Median (IQR) inter-assay (different day) CV was 10.6% (2.5, 42.5%). Specificity and sensitivity of the ss-SPCE relative to the log10 titer using a 70% percentage inhibition positive threshold were 83.4% (95% confidence interval, 77.7-87.9) and 95.8% (90.7-98.2), respectively. Specificity was estimated as 100% (92.6, 100) and sensitivity as 97.3% (87.4, 99.9) when only considering serum tested at the beginning and end of the study, respectively. The SAT1 ss-SPCE is repeatable and accurate for determining FMDV serological status in goats.
Keywords	Foot-and-mouth disease virus ; blood serum ; confidence interval ; foot-and-mouth disease ; regression analysis ; research ; serotypes ; small ruminants ; storage time ; vaccination ; vaccines ; viruses ; FMD ; goats ; SAT ; serology ; SPCE ; validation
Language	English
Dates of publication	2023-0420
Publishing place	Elsevier B.V.
Document type	Article ; Online
Note	Pre-press version ; Use and reproduction
ZDB-ID	286928-7
ISSN	0921-4488
ISSN	0921-4488
DOI	10.1016/j.smallrumres.2023.106982
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Article: Review of the Pig-Adapted African Swine Fever Viruses in and Outside Africa.

Penrith, Mary-Louise / Van Heerden, Juanita / Heath, Livio / Abworo, Edward Okoth / Bastos, Armanda D S

Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland)

2022 Volume 11, Issue 10

Abstract: The region in eastern, central and southern Africa (ECSA) where African swine fever (ASF) originated in a sylvatic cycle is home to all ... ...

Abstract	The region in eastern, central and southern Africa (ECSA) where African swine fever (ASF) originated in a sylvatic cycle is home to all the
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-10-16
Publishing country	Switzerland
Document type	Journal Article ; Review
ZDB-ID	2695572-6
ISSN	2076-0817
ISSN	2076-0817
DOI	10.3390/pathogens11101190
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Article: Retrospective Multi-Locus Sequence Analysis of African Swine Fever Viruses by "PACT" Confirms Co-Circulation of Multiple Outbreak Strains in Uganda.

Kabuuka, Tonny / Mulindwa, Henry / Bastos, Armanda D S / van Heerden, Juanita / Heath, Livio / Fasina, Folorunso O

Animals : an open access journal from MDPI

2023 Volume 14, Issue 1

Abstract: African swine fever (ASF) is a haemorrhagic fever of swine that severely constrains pig production, globally. In Uganda, at least 388 outbreaks of ASF were documented from 2001 to 2012. We undertook a retrospective serological and molecular survey of ASF ...

Abstract	African swine fever (ASF) is a haemorrhagic fever of swine that severely constrains pig production, globally. In Uganda, at least 388 outbreaks of ASF were documented from 2001 to 2012. We undertook a retrospective serological and molecular survey of ASF virus (ASFV) using banked samples collected from seven districts (Pallisa, Lira, Abim, Nebbi, Kabarole, Kibaale, and Mukono) of Uganda. Six assays (ELISA for antibody detection, diagnostic
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-12-24
Publishing country	Switzerland
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2606558-7
ISSN	2076-2615
ISSN	2076-2615
DOI	10.3390/ani14010071
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Article ; Online: Optimization of a foot-and-mouth disease virus Southern African Territories-specific solid-phase competitive ELISA for small ruminant serum samples.

Seoke, LaToya / Fosgate, Geoffrey T / Opperman, Pamela A / Malesa, Refiloe P / Lazarus, David D / Sirdar, Mohamed M / Heath, Livio

Journal of veterinary diagnostic investigation : official publication of the American Association of Veterinary Laboratory Diagnosticians, Inc

2023 Volume 36, Issue 2, Page(s) 192–204

Abstract: We optimized and verified a single-spot solid-phase competitive ELISA (ss-SPCE) to detect antibodies against structural proteins of Southern African Territories (SAT) serotypes of foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) in small ruminants. Sera from goats ... ...

Abstract	We optimized and verified a single-spot solid-phase competitive ELISA (ss-SPCE) to detect antibodies against structural proteins of Southern African Territories (SAT) serotypes of foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) in small ruminants. Sera from goats vaccinated and experimentally challenged with a SAT1 FMDV pool were tested in duplicate at 4 dilutions (1:10, 1:15, 1:22.5, 1:33.8) to optimize the assay. To assess the performance of the assay in naturally infected animals, we evaluated 316 goat and sheep field sera collected during active SAT2 outbreaks. Relative to results of the virus neutralization test, the optimal serum dilution and cutoff percentage inhibition (PI) were 1:15 and 50%, respectively. At these values, the Spearman rank correlation coefficient was 0.85 (
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Sheep ; Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus ; Foot-and-Mouth Disease/diagnosis ; Foot-and-Mouth Disease/epidemiology ; Serogroup ; Goats ; Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay/veterinary ; Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay/methods ; Antibodies, Viral ; Goat Diseases/diagnosis ; Goat Diseases/epidemiology ; Sheep Diseases/diagnosis ; Sheep Diseases/epidemiology
Chemical Substances	Antibodies, Viral
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-12-18
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	287603-6
ISSN	1943-4936 ; 1040-6387
ISSN (online)	1943-4936
ISSN	1040-6387
DOI	10.1177/10406387231218202
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