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Article ; Online: An investigation of body mass distributional changes in Australia, 1995-2017/18.

Vijayasivajie, Anushiya / Mukhopadhaya, Pundarik / Heaton, Chris

2023 Volume 50, Page(s) 101270

Abstract: This study investigates changes in the distribution of body mass for adult Australians between 1995 and 2017/18. Using three nationally representative health surveys, we first apply the parametric generalised entropy (GE) class of inequality indices to ... ...

Abstract	This study investigates changes in the distribution of body mass for adult Australians between 1995 and 2017/18. Using three nationally representative health surveys, we first apply the parametric generalised entropy (GE) class of inequality indices to measure the level of disparity in the body mass distribution. Results from the GE measure reveal that, while growth of body mass inequality is a population-wide experience, demographic and socio-economic factors explain only a modest portion of total inequality. We then apply the relative distributions (RD) method to garner richer insights on changes to the body mass distribution. The non-parametric RD method reveals growth in the proportion of adult Australians falling into the upper deciles of the body mass distribution since 1995. Then, hypothetically keeping the shape of the distribution unchanged, we discern that body mass increases across all deciles of the distribution (location effect) is an important contributor to the observed distributional change. After removing the location effect, however, we find a non-trivial role for distributional shape changes (growth of the proportion of adults at the upper and lower parts of the distribution as the proportion in the middle diminish). While our findings support current policy directions that target the population as a whole, factors driving shape changes to the body mass distribution also need consideration when designing anti-obesity campaigns, especially when aimed at women.
MeSH term(s)	Adult ; Humans ; Female ; Australia/epidemiology ; Obesity/epidemiology ; Health Surveys ; Body Mass Index
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-07-01
Publishing country	Netherlands
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2099749-8
ISSN	1873-6130 ; 1570-677X
ISSN (online)	1873-6130
ISSN	1570-677X
DOI	10.1016/j.ehb.2023.101270
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Book ; Online: Leveraging External Knowledge Resources to Enable Domain-Specific Comprehension

Sengupta, Saptarshi / Heaton, Connor / Mitra, Prasenjit / Sarkar, Soumalya

2024

Abstract: Machine Reading Comprehension (MRC) has been a long-standing problem in NLP and, with the recent introduction of the BERT family of transformer based language models, it has come a long way to getting solved. Unfortunately, however, when BERT variants ... ...

Abstract	Machine Reading Comprehension (MRC) has been a long-standing problem in NLP and, with the recent introduction of the BERT family of transformer based language models, it has come a long way to getting solved. Unfortunately, however, when BERT variants trained on general text corpora are applied to domain-specific text, their performance inevitably degrades on account of the domain shift i.e. genre/subject matter discrepancy between the training and downstream application data. Knowledge graphs act as reservoirs for either open or closed domain information and prior studies have shown that they can be used to improve the performance of general-purpose transformers in domain-specific applications. Building on existing work, we introduce a method using Multi-Layer Perceptrons (MLPs) for aligning and integrating embeddings extracted from knowledge graphs with the embeddings spaces of pre-trained language models (LMs). We fuse the aligned embeddings with open-domain LMs BERT and RoBERTa, and fine-tune them for two MRC tasks namely span detection (COVID-QA) and multiple-choice questions (PubMedQA). On the COVID-QA dataset, we see that our approach allows these models to perform similar to their domain-specific counterparts, Bio/Sci-BERT, as evidenced by the Exact Match (EM) metric. With regards to PubMedQA, we observe an overall improvement in accuracy while the F1 stays relatively the same over the domain-specific models.
Keywords	Computer Science - Computation and Language
Subject code	400
Publishing date	2024-01-15
Publishing country	us
Document type	Book ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: Exploring the problem of determining human age from fingermarks using MALDI MS-machine learning combined approaches.

Bury, C S / Heaton, C / Cole, L / McColm, R / Francese, S

Analytical methods : advancing methods and applications

2022 Volume 14, Issue 8, Page(s) 789–797

Abstract: For over a century fingerprints have been predominantly used as a means of biometric identification. Notwithstanding, the unique pattern of lines that can contribute to identifying a suspect is made up of molecules originating from touch chemistry ( ... ...

Abstract	For over a century fingerprints have been predominantly used as a means of biometric identification. Notwithstanding, the unique pattern of lines that can contribute to identifying a suspect is made up of molecules originating from touch chemistry (contaminants) as well as from within the body. It is the latter class of molecules that could provide additional information about a suspect, such as lifestyle, as well as physiological, pharmacological and pathological states. An example of the physiological state (and semi-biometric information) is the sex of an individual; recent investigations have demonstrated the opportunity to determine the sex of an individual with an 86% accuracy of prediction based on the peptidic/protein profile of their fingerprints. In the study presented here, the first of its kind, a range of supervised learning predictive methods have been evaluated to explore the depth of the issue connected to human age determination from fingermarks exploiting again the differential presence of peptides and small proteins. A number of observations could be made providing (i) an understanding of the more appropriate study design for this kind of investigation, (ii) the most promising prediction model to test within future work and (iii) the deeper issues relating to this type of determination and concerning a mismatch between chronological and biological ages. Particularly resolving point (iii) is crucial to the success in determining the age of an individual from the molecular composition of their fingermark.
MeSH term(s)	Dermatoglyphics ; Humans ; Machine Learning ; Peptides ; Proteins ; Spectrometry, Mass, Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption-Ionization/methods
Chemical Substances	Peptides ; Proteins
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-02-24
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2515210-5
ISSN	1759-9679 ; 1759-9660
ISSN (online)	1759-9679
ISSN	1759-9660
DOI	10.1039/d1ay02002a
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Article ; Online: Non-invasive screening of breast cancer from fingertip smears-a proof of concept study.

Russo, C / Wyld, L / Da Costa Aubreu, M / Bury, C S / Heaton, C / Cole, L M / Francese, S

Scientific reports

2023 Volume 13, Issue 1, Page(s) 1868

Abstract: Breast cancer is a global health issue affecting 2.3 million women per year, causing death in over 600,000. Mammography (and biopsy) is the gold standard for screening and diagnosis. Whilst effective, this test exposes individuals to radiation, has ... ...

Abstract	Breast cancer is a global health issue affecting 2.3 million women per year, causing death in over 600,000. Mammography (and biopsy) is the gold standard for screening and diagnosis. Whilst effective, this test exposes individuals to radiation, has limitations to its sensitivity and specificity and may cause moderate to severe discomfort. Some women may also find this test culturally unacceptable. This proof-of-concept study, combining bottom-up proteomics with Matrix Assisted Laser Desorption Ionisation Mass Spectrometry (MALDI MS) detection, explores the potential for a non-invasive technique for the early detection of breast cancer from fingertip smears. A cohort of 15 women with either benign breast disease (n = 5), early breast cancer (n = 5) or metastatic breast cancer (n = 5) were recruited from a single UK breast unit. Fingertips smears were taken from each patient and from each of the ten digits, either at the time of diagnosis or, for metastatic patients, during active treatment. A number of statistical analyses and machine learning approaches were investigated and applied to the resulting mass spectral dataset. The highest performing predictive method, a 3-class Multilayer Perceptron neural network, yielded an accuracy score of 97.8% when categorising unseen MALDI MS spectra as either the benign, early or metastatic cancer classes. These findings support the need for further research into the use of sweat deposits (in the form of fingertip smears or fingerprints) for non-invasive screening of breast cancer.
MeSH term(s)	Humans ; Female ; Breast Neoplasms/diagnosis ; Breast Neoplasms/pathology ; Proof of Concept Study ; Early Detection of Cancer/methods ; Mammography ; Sensitivity and Specificity
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-02-01
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	2615211-3
ISSN	2045-2322 ; 2045-2322
ISSN (online)	2045-2322
ISSN	2045-2322
DOI	10.1038/s41598-023-29036-7
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Article ; Online: Tracheal Rupture After Tracheostomy Tube Exchange in a Patient With Recurrent Oral Cavity Spindle Cell Carcinoma.

Raskin, Jonathan / Borrelli, Michela / Nasrollahi, Tasha / Heaton, Chase

Ear, nose, & throat journal

2022 Volume 101, Issue 10_suppl, Page(s) 15S–18S

Abstract: Oral Cavity Spindle Cell Carcinoma (OCSCC) is a rare variant of squamous cell carcinoma involving the nasopharynx and oral mucosa. This tumor has a high propensity to invade local structures of the head and neck region, making surgical removal ... ...

Abstract	Oral Cavity Spindle Cell Carcinoma (OCSCC) is a rare variant of squamous cell carcinoma involving the nasopharynx and oral mucosa. This tumor has a high propensity to invade local structures of the head and neck region, making surgical removal challenging and potentially morbid for the patient. Here, we report a case of OCSCC and the complications that were confronted during its surgical resection. Additionally, a review of the literature regarding OCSCC complications and their treatments was performed.
MeSH term(s)	Humans ; Tracheostomy/adverse effects ; Rupture/etiology ; Trachea ; Tracheal Diseases ; Mouth Neoplasms/surgery ; Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/surgery
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-08-26
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Review ; Case Reports ; Journal Article
ZDB-ID	750153-5
ISSN	1942-7522 ; 0145-5613
ISSN (online)	1942-7522
ISSN	0145-5613
DOI	10.1177/01455613221123854
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Article: HPV-associated oropharyngeal cancer.

Sheedy, Trina / Heaton, Chase

JAAPA : official journal of the American Academy of Physician Assistants

2019 Volume 32, Issue 9, Page(s) 26–31

Abstract: Exposure of the oral cavity and oropharynx to human papillomavirus (HPV) often results in an asymptomatic, transient oral infection that is cleared by the body's immune system; however, a small percentage of these oral infections can persist in a dormant ...

Abstract	Exposure of the oral cavity and oropharynx to human papillomavirus (HPV) often results in an asymptomatic, transient oral infection that is cleared by the body's immune system; however, a small percentage of these oral infections can persist in a dormant state. Depending on the HPV genotype, a persistent oral infection may lead to benign or malignant disease. High-risk HPV types 16 and 18, which cause most cervical and anal cancers, also are the cause of the rising rate of oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) in the United States. This article focuses on the epidemiology, transmission, risk factors, and clinical presentation of HPV-associated oropharyngeal SCC, and provides an update on HPV vaccination in the context of the new head and neck cancer epidemic.
MeSH term(s)	Humans ; Oropharyngeal Neoplasms/epidemiology ; Oropharyngeal Neoplasms/virology ; Papillomavirus Infections/epidemiology ; Papillomavirus Infections/prevention & control ; Papillomavirus Infections/transmission ; Papillomavirus Vaccines/therapeutic use ; Risk Factors ; Squamous Cell Carcinoma of Head and Neck/epidemiology ; Squamous Cell Carcinoma of Head and Neck/virology
Chemical Substances	Papillomavirus Vaccines
Language	English
Publishing date	2019-07-10
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2415226-2
ISSN	0893-7400 ; 1547-1896
ISSN (online)	0893-7400
ISSN	1547-1896
DOI	10.1097/01.JAA.0000578756.52642.cb
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Article ; Online: Differentiation of Body Fluid Stains Using a Portable, Low-Cost Ion Mobility Spectrometry Device-A Pilot Study.

Heaton, Cameron / Clement, Simon / Kelly, Paul F / King, Roberto S P / Reynolds, James C

Molecules (Basel, Switzerland)

2023 Volume 28, Issue 18

Abstract: The identification and recovery of suspected human biofluid evidence can present a bottleneck in the crime scene investigation workflow. Crime Scene Investigators typically deploy one of a number of presumptive enhancement reagents, depending on what ... ...

Abstract	The identification and recovery of suspected human biofluid evidence can present a bottleneck in the crime scene investigation workflow. Crime Scene Investigators typically deploy one of a number of presumptive enhancement reagents, depending on what they perceive an analyte to be; the selection of this reagent is largely based on the context of suspected evidence and their professional experience. Positively identified samples are then recovered to a forensic laboratory where confirmatory testing is carried out by large lab-based instruments, such as through mass-spectrometry-based techniques. This work proposes a proof-of-concept study into the use of a small, robust and portable ion mobility spectrometry device that can analyse samples in situ, detecting, identifying and discriminating commonly encountered body fluids from interferences. This analysis exploits the detection and identification of characteristic volatile organic compounds generated by gentle heating, at ambient temperature and pressure, and categorises samples using machine learning, providing investigators with instant identification. The device is shown to be capable of producing characteristic mobility spectra using a dual micro disc pump configuration which separates blood and urine from three visually similar interferences using an unsupervised PCA model with no misclassified samples. The device has the potential to reduce the need for potentially contaminating and destructive presumptive tests, and address the bottleneck created by the time-consuming and laborious detection, recovery and analysis workflow currently employed.
MeSH term(s)	Humans ; Coloring Agents ; Pilot Projects ; Ion Mobility Spectrometry ; Staining and Labeling ; Body Fluids
Chemical Substances	Coloring Agents
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-09-09
Publishing country	Switzerland
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	1413402-0
ISSN	1420-3049 ; 1431-5165 ; 1420-3049
ISSN (online)	1420-3049
ISSN	1431-5165 ; 1420-3049
DOI	10.3390/molecules28186533
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Book ; Online: Learning To Describe Player Form in The MLB

Heaton, Connor / Mitra, Prasenjit

2021

Abstract: Major League Baseball (MLB) has a storied history of using statistics to better understand and discuss the game of baseball, with an entire discipline of statistics dedicated to the craft, known as sabermetrics. At their core, all sabermetrics seek to ... ...

Abstract	Major League Baseball (MLB) has a storied history of using statistics to better understand and discuss the game of baseball, with an entire discipline of statistics dedicated to the craft, known as sabermetrics. At their core, all sabermetrics seek to quantify some aspect of the game, often a specific aspect of a player's skill set - such as a batter's ability to drive in runs (RBI) or a pitcher's ability to keep batters from reaching base (WHIP). While useful, such statistics are fundamentally limited by the fact that they are derived from an account of what happened on the field, not how it happened. As a first step towards alleviating this shortcoming, we present a novel, contrastive learning-based framework for describing player form in the MLB. We use form to refer to the way in which a player has impacted the course of play in their recent appearances. Concretely, a player's form is described by a 72-dimensional vector. By comparing clusters of players resulting from our form representations and those resulting from traditional abermetrics, we demonstrate that our form representations contain information about how players impact the course of play, not present in traditional, publicly available statistics. We believe these embeddings could be utilized to predict both in-game and game-level events, such as the result of an at-bat or the winner of a game.
Keywords	Computer Science - Machine Learning
Subject code	700
Publishing date	2021-09-11
Publishing country	us
Document type	Book ; Online
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Article: Creating a protocol to reduce inpatient falls.

Heaton, Christina

Nursing times

2012 Volume 108, Issue 12, Page(s) 16–18

Abstract: Falls in hospital are a widespread and challenging problem. They cause harm and distress to patients, and are a source of anxiety for nurses and relatives. This article describes how an acute trust in the North West of England improved its service ... ...

Abstract	Falls in hospital are a widespread and challenging problem. They cause harm and distress to patients, and are a source of anxiety for nurses and relatives. This article describes how an acute trust in the North West of England improved its service through staff education and implementing a policy across the trust. The protocol included a falls risk assessment, bedrails risk/benefit assessment and preprinted falls risk assessment care plans. Nurses' knowledge and the quality and completeness of patient documentation improved and, over the three years, falls reduced by a statistically significant 17%.
MeSH term(s)	Accidental Falls/prevention & control ; Accidental Falls/statistics & numerical data ; Humans ; Inpatients/statistics & numerical data ; Nursing Audit/methods ; Nursing Staff, Hospital/standards ; Quality Assurance, Health Care/methods ; Risk Assessment/methods ; Safety Management/standards
Language	English
Publishing date	2012-03
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	391202-4
ISSN	0954-7762 ; 0029-6589
ISSN	0954-7762 ; 0029-6589
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Article: Exploring the problem of determining human age from fingermarks using MALDI MS-machine learning combined approaches

Bury, C. S. / Heaton, C. / Cole, L. / McColm, R. / Francese, S.

Analytical methods. 2022 Feb. 24, v. 14, no. 8

2022

Abstract	For over a century fingerprints have been predominantly used as a means of biometric identification. Notwithstanding, the unique pattern of lines that can contribute to identifying a suspect is made up of molecules originating from touch chemistry (contaminants) as well as from within the body. It is the latter class of molecules that could provide additional information about a suspect, such as lifestyle, as well as physiological, pharmacological and pathological states. An example of the physiological state (and semi-biometric information) is the sex of an individual; recent investigations have demonstrated the opportunity to determine the sex of an individual with an 86% accuracy of prediction based on the peptidic/protein profile of their fingerprints. In the study presented here, the first of its kind, a range of supervised learning predictive methods have been evaluated to explore the depth of the issue connected to human age determination from fingermarks exploiting again the differential presence of peptides and small proteins. A number of observations could be made providing (i) an understanding of the more appropriate study design for this kind of investigation, (ii) the most promising prediction model to test within future work and (iii) the deeper issues relating to this type of determination and concerning a mismatch between chronological and biological ages. Particularly resolving point (iii) is crucial to the success in determining the age of an individual from the molecular composition of their fingermark.
Keywords	age determination ; biometry ; experimental design ; humans ; lifestyle ; models ; peptides ; physiological state ; prediction ; protein composition
Language	English
Dates of publication	2022-0224
Size	p. 789-797.
Publishing place	The Royal Society of Chemistry
Document type	Article
ZDB-ID	2515210-5
ISSN	1759-9679 ; 1759-9660
ISSN (online)	1759-9679
ISSN	1759-9660
DOI	10.1039/d1ay02002a
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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