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Article ; Online: Extremely low seasonal prey capture efficiency in a deep-diving whale, the narwhal.

Chambault, Philippine / Blackwell, Susanna B / Heide-Jørgensen, Mads Peter

2023 Volume 19, Issue 2, Page(s) 20220423

Abstract: Successful foraging is essential for individuals to maintain the positive energy balance required for survival and reproduction. Yet, prey capture efficiency is poorly documented in marine apex predators, especially deep-diving mammals. We deployed ... ...

Abstract	Successful foraging is essential for individuals to maintain the positive energy balance required for survival and reproduction. Yet, prey capture efficiency is poorly documented in marine apex predators, especially deep-diving mammals. We deployed acoustic tags and stomach temperature pills in summer to collect concurrent information on presumed foraging activity (through buzz detection) and successful prey captures (through drops in stomach temperature), providing estimates of feeding efficiency in narwhals. Compared to the daily number of buzzes (707 ± 368), the daily rate of feeding events was particularly low in summer (19.8 ± 8.9) and only 8-14% of the foraging dives were successful (i.e. with a detectable prey capture). This extremely low success rate resulted in a very low daily food consumption rate (less than 0.5% of body mass), suggesting that narwhals rely on body reserves accumulated in winter to sustain year-round activities. The expected changes or disappearance of their wintering habitats in response to climate change may therefore have severe fitness consequences for narwhal populations.
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Whales ; Echolocation/physiology ; Seasons ; Predatory Behavior/physiology ; Acoustics ; Feeding Behavior/physiology
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-02-22
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	2135022-X
ISSN	1744-957X ; 1744-9561
ISSN (online)	1744-957X
ISSN	1744-9561
DOI	10.1098/rsbl.2022.0423
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Article ; Online: The nightscape of the Arctic winter shapes the diving behavior of a marine predator.

Chambault, Philippine / Teilmann, Jonas / Tervo, Outi / Sinding, Mikkel Holger S / Heide-Jørgensen, Mads Peter

Scientific reports

2024 Volume 14, Issue 1, Page(s) 3908

Abstract: Predator-prey interactions in marine ecosystems are dynamically influenced by light, as demonstrated by diel vertical migrations of low-trophic level organisms. At high latitudes, the long winter nights can provide foraging opportunities for marine ... ...

Abstract	Predator-prey interactions in marine ecosystems are dynamically influenced by light, as demonstrated by diel vertical migrations of low-trophic level organisms. At high latitudes, the long winter nights can provide foraging opportunities for marine predators targeting vertically migrating prey closer to the surface at night. However, there is limited documentation of such diel patterns in marine predators under extreme light regimes. To address this, we recorded the diving behavior of 17 harbour porpoises just south of the Arctic circle in West Greenland, from summer to winter. Unlike classical diel vertical migration, the porpoises dove 24-37% deeper at night and the frequency of deep dives (> 100 m) increased tenfold as they entered the darkest months. The daily mean depth was negatively correlated with daylength, suggesting an increased diving activity when approaching the polar night. Our findings suggest a light-mediated strategy in which harbour porpoises would either target (i) benthic prey, (ii) pelagic prey migrating seasonally towards the seafloor, or (iii) vertically migrating prey that may be otherwise inaccessible in deeper waters at night, therefore maximizing feeding activity during extended periods of darkness. Extreme light regimes observed at high latitudes are therefore critical in structuring pelagic communities and food webs.
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Ecosystem ; Phocoena ; Diving ; Seasons ; Arctic Regions ; Predatory Behavior ; Feeding Behavior
Language	English
Publishing date	2024-02-16
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2615211-3
ISSN	2045-2322 ; 2045-2322
ISSN (online)	2045-2322
ISSN	2045-2322
DOI	10.1038/s41598-024-53953-w
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Article ; Online: Strange attractor of a narwhal (Monodon monoceros).

Podolskiy, Evgeny A / Heide-Jørgensen, Mads Peter

PLoS computational biology

2022 Volume 18, Issue 9, Page(s) e1010432

Abstract: Detecting structures within the continuous diving behavior of marine animals is challenging, and no universal framework is available. We captured such diverse structures using chaos theory. By applying time-delay embedding to exceptionally long dive ... ...

Abstract	Detecting structures within the continuous diving behavior of marine animals is challenging, and no universal framework is available. We captured such diverse structures using chaos theory. By applying time-delay embedding to exceptionally long dive records (83 d) from the narwhal, we reconstructed the state-space portrait. Using measures of chaos, we detected a diurnal pattern and its seasonal modulation, classified data, and found how sea-ice appearance shifts time budgets. There is more near-surface rest but deeper dives at solar noon, and more intense diving during twilight and at night but to shallower depths (likely following squid); sea-ice appearance reduces rest. The introduced geometrical approach is simple to implement and potentially helpful for mapping and labeling long-term behavioral data, identifying differences between individual animals and species, and detecting perturbations.
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Diving ; Rest ; Time ; Whales
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-09-22
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	2193340-6
ISSN	1553-7358 ; 1553-734X
ISSN (online)	1553-7358
ISSN	1553-734X
DOI	10.1371/journal.pcbi.1010432
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Article ; Online: Correction: Understanding narwhal diving behaviour using Hidden Markov Models with dependent state distributions and long range dependence.

Ngô, Manh Cuong / Heide-Jørgensen, Mads Peter / Ditlevsen, Susanne

PLoS computational biology

2022 Volume 18, Issue 8, Page(s) e1010428

Abstract: This corrects the article DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1006425.]. ...

Abstract	[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1006425.].
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-08-05
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Published Erratum
ZDB-ID	2193340-6
ISSN	1553-7358 ; 1553-734X
ISSN (online)	1553-7358
ISSN	1553-734X
DOI	10.1371/journal.pcbi.1010428
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Article: Using quantile regression and relative entropy to assess the period of anomalous behavior of marine mammals following tagging.

Nielsen, Lars Reiter / Tervo, Outi M / Blackwell, Susanna B / Heide-Jørgensen, Mads Peter / Ditlevsen, Susanne

Ecology and evolution

2023 Volume 13, Issue 4, Page(s) e9967

Abstract: Tagging of animals induces a variable stress response which following release will ... ...

Abstract	Tagging of animals induces a variable stress response which following release will obscure
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-04-10
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2635675-2
ISSN	2045-7758
ISSN	2045-7758
DOI	10.1002/ece3.9967
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Article ; Online: Conservation of A-to-I RNA editing in bowhead whale and pig.

Larsen, Knud / Heide-Jørgensen, Mads Peter

PloS one

2021 Volume 16, Issue 12, Page(s) e0260081

Abstract: RNA editing is a post-transcriptional process in which nucleotide changes are introduced into an RNA sequence, many of which can contribute to proteomic sequence variation. The most common type of RNA editing, contributing to nearly 99% of all editing ... ...

Abstract	RNA editing is a post-transcriptional process in which nucleotide changes are introduced into an RNA sequence, many of which can contribute to proteomic sequence variation. The most common type of RNA editing, contributing to nearly 99% of all editing events in RNA, is A-to-I (adenosine-to-inosine) editing mediated by double-stranded RNA-specific adenosine deaminase (ADAR) enzymes. A-to-I editing at 'recoding' sites results in non-synonymous substitutions in protein-coding sequences. Here, we present studies of the conservation of A-to-I editing in selected mRNAs between pigs, bowhead whales, humans and two shark species. All examined mRNAs-NEIL1, COG3, GRIA2, FLNA, FLNB, IGFBP7, AZIN1, BLCAP, GLI1, SON, HTR2C and ADAR2 -showed conservation of A-to-I editing of recoding sites. In addition, novel editing sites were identified in NEIL1 and GLI1 in bowhead whales. The A-to-I editing site of human NEIL1 in position 242 was conserved in the bowhead and porcine homologues. A novel editing site was discovered in Tyr244. Differential editing was detected at the two adenosines in the NEIL1 242 codon in both pig and bowhead NEIL1 mRNAs in various tissues and organs. No conservation of editing of KCNB1 and EEF1A mRNAs was seen in bowhead whales. In silico analyses revealed conservation of five adenosines in ADAR2, some of which are subject to A-to-I editing in bowheads and pigs, and conservation of a regulatory sequence in GRIA2 mRNA that is responsible for recognition of the ADAR editing enzyme.
MeSH term(s)	Adenosine/metabolism ; Animals ; Bowhead Whale/genetics ; DNA Glycosylases/genetics ; Inosine/metabolism ; Peptide Elongation Factor 1/genetics ; RNA Editing ; RNA, Messenger/metabolism ; Shab Potassium Channels/genetics ; Swine/genetics ; Zinc Finger Protein GLI1/genetics
Chemical Substances	Peptide Elongation Factor 1 ; RNA, Messenger ; Shab Potassium Channels ; Zinc Finger Protein GLI1 ; Inosine (5A614L51CT) ; DNA Glycosylases (EC 3.2.2.-) ; Adenosine (K72T3FS567)
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-12-09
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ISSN	1932-6203
ISSN (online)	1932-6203
DOI	10.1371/journal.pone.0260081
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Article ; Online: Narwhal (Monodon monoceros) echolocation click rates to support cue counting passive acoustic density estimation.

Marques, Carolina S / Marques, Diana A / Blackwell, Susanna B / Heide-Jørgensen, Mads Peter / Malinka, Chloe E / Marques, Tiago A

The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America

2024 Volume 155, Issue 2, Page(s) 891–900

Abstract: Estimating animal abundance is fundamental for effective management and conservation. It is increasingly done by combining passive acoustics with knowledge about rates at which animals produce cues (cue rates). Narwhals (Monodon monoceros) are elusive ... ...

Abstract	Estimating animal abundance is fundamental for effective management and conservation. It is increasingly done by combining passive acoustics with knowledge about rates at which animals produce cues (cue rates). Narwhals (Monodon monoceros) are elusive marine mammals for which passive acoustic density estimation might be plausible, but for which cue rates are lacking. Clicking rates in narwhals were investigated using a dataset from sound and movement tag records collected in August 2013-2016 and 2019 in East Greenland. Clicking rates were quantified for ∼1200 one-second-long systematic random samples from 8 different whales. Generalized additive models were used to model (1) the probability of being in a clicking state versus depth and (2) the clicking rate while in a clicking state, versus time and depth. The probability of being in a clicking state increased with depth, reaching ∼1.0 at ∼500 m, while the number of clicks per second (while in a clicking state) increased with depth. The mean cue production rate, weighted by tag duration, was 1.28 clicks per second (se = 0.13, CV = 0.10). This first cue rate for narwhals may be used for cue counting density estimation, but care should be taken if applying it to other geographical areas or seasons, given sample size, geographical, and temporal limitations.
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Echolocation ; Whales ; Cues ; Acoustics ; Sound ; Vocalization, Animal
Language	English
Publishing date	2024-02-01
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	219231-7
ISSN	1520-8524 ; 0001-4966
ISSN (online)	1520-8524
ISSN	0001-4966
DOI	10.1121/10.0024723
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Article ; Online: Estimating abundance of Eastern Canada-West Greenland bowhead whales using genetic mark-recapture analyses

Biddlecombe, Brooke A. / Ferguson, Steven H. / Heide-Jørgensen, Mads-Peter / Gillis, Darren M. / Watt, Cortney A.

Global Ecology and Conservation. 2023 Sept., v. 45 p.e02524-

2023

Abstract: The Eastern Canada-West Greenland (EC-WG) bowhead whale (Balaena mysticetus) population is widely distributed across the eastern Canadian Arctic and across Baffin Bay to the western coast of Greenland. Their vast distribution makes obtaining population ... ...

Abstract	The Eastern Canada-West Greenland (EC-WG) bowhead whale (Balaena mysticetus) population is widely distributed across the eastern Canadian Arctic and across Baffin Bay to the western coast of Greenland. Their vast distribution makes obtaining population estimates via aerial surveys difficult, as coverage over their entire range is not possible. Genetic mark recapture analyses address this issue, as biopsy samples can be collected at various locales across the EC-WG bowhead whale population's distribution and microsatellites can be analyzed to identify unique individuals. EC-WG bowhead whales were subject to intense commercial whaling pressure between the early 1700 s and early 1900 s, after which a moratorium on commercial whaling was put in place in 1915. We used available genetic samples from EC-WG bowhead whales in mark recapture models to estimate population abundance from 2012 to 2021 to gain insight on population dynamics ∼100 years post commercial whaling. The preferred model, using a Jolly-Seber structure, estimated the total abundance as 5173 individuals (CI: 3436-7788). Since the cessation of commercial whaling, the population has been thought to be rebounding, which is reflected by gradually increasing abundance estimates, from the low hundreds in the 1970 s and 1980 s, to ∼6000 in the early 2000 s, but our present estimate suggests population abundance may be plateauing well below the pre-commercial whaling carrying capacity estimate. This population estimate for EC-WG bowhead whales is required to update the population dynamics for conservation efforts.
Keywords	Balaena mysticetus ; biopsy ; coasts ; mark-recapture studies ; microsatellite repeats ; models ; population dynamics ; species abundance ; Arctic region ; Greenland ; Bowhead ; Mark recapture ; Jolly-Seber ; Cormack Jolly-Seber
Language	English
Dates of publication	2023-09
Publishing place	Elsevier B.V.
Document type	Article ; Online
Note	Use and reproduction
ZDB-ID	2814786-8
ISSN	2351-9894
ISSN	2351-9894
DOI	10.1016/j.gecco.2023.e02524
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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Article ; Online: Sex and size matter: foraging ecology of offshore harbour porpoises in waters around Greenland

Louis, Marie / Routledge, Jennifer / Heide-Jørgensen, Mads-Peter / Szpak, Paul / Lorenzen, Eline D.

Mar Biol. 2022 Nov., v. 169, no. 11 p.140-140

2022

Abstract: Individuals of different sex or age can vary in their prey and habitat resource use due to differences in behaviour, life history, energetic need, or size. Harbour porpoises are small cetaceans that need to feed constantly to meet their high metabolic ... ...

Abstract	Individuals of different sex or age can vary in their prey and habitat resource use due to differences in behaviour, life history, energetic need, or size. Harbour porpoises are small cetaceans that need to feed constantly to meet their high metabolic demands. In West Greenland, the species has a unique offshore, deep-water ecology. Here, we use bone collagen carbon (δ¹³C) and nitrogen (δ¹⁵N) isotope compositions to elucidate sex and size differences in the foraging ecology of harbour porpoises from this region. Female harbour porpoises are larger than males; we find females have a higher trophic level, and δ¹⁵N significantly positively correlates with size for females. This indicates that size may matter in the ability of females to handle larger prey and/or dive deeper to catch higher trophic level prey. The results suggest that females, which also nurse their calves, may be under different ecological constraints than males. We also analysed the harbour porpoise data with available stable isotope data from Greenland populations of belugas and narwhals. We find that harbour porpoises have a lower trophic level than the other species, which is consistent with their smaller body size, and their diet consisting primarily of capelin. Furthermore, harbour porpoises have the largest ecological niche of the three species, in accordance with tagging studies indicating they have a wider range than belugas and narwhals and occur in shelf and deep offshore waters of the sub-arctic and North Atlantic.
Keywords	Mallotus villosus ; Phocoena phocoena ; body size ; carbon ; collagen ; diet ; females ; life history ; niches ; nitrogen ; stable isotopes ; trophic levels ; Greenland
Language	English
Dates of publication	2022-11
Size	p. 140.
Publishing place	Springer Berlin Heidelberg
Document type	Article ; Online
ZDB-ID	1117-4
ISSN	1432-1793 ; 0025-3162
ISSN (online)	1432-1793
ISSN	0025-3162
DOI	10.1007/s00227-022-04123-x
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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Article ; Online: Stuck in a corner: Anthropogenic noise threatens narwhals in their once pristine Arctic habitat.

Tervo, Outi M / Blackwell, Susanna B / Ditlevsen, Susanne / Garde, Eva / Hansen, Rikke G / Samson, Adeline L / Conrad, Alexander S / Heide-Jørgensen, Mads Peter

Science advances

2023 Volume 9, Issue 30, Page(s) eade0440

Abstract: Niche-conservative species are especially susceptible to changes in their environment, and detecting the negative effects of new stressors in their habitats is vital for safeguarding of these species. In the Arctic, human disturbance including marine ... ...

Abstract	Niche-conservative species are especially susceptible to changes in their environment, and detecting the negative effects of new stressors in their habitats is vital for safeguarding of these species. In the Arctic, human disturbance including marine traffic and exploration of resources is increasing rapidly due to climate change-induced reduction of sea ice. Here, we show that the narwhal,
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Humans ; Whales/physiology ; Sound ; Arctic Regions ; Ecosystem ; Ice Cover
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-07-26
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2810933-8
ISSN	2375-2548 ; 2375-2548
ISSN (online)	2375-2548
ISSN	2375-2548
DOI	10.1126/sciadv.ade0440
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