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Article ; Online: The Impact of an 8-Week Supplementation with Fermented and Non-Fermented Aronia Berry Pulp on Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Individuals with Type 2 Diabetes.

Christiansen, Christine B / Jeppesen, Per B / Hermansen, Kjeld / Gregersen, Søren

2023 Volume 15, Issue 24

Abstract: Aronia berries contain antioxidants that may be health-promoting, e.g., demonstrated positive effects on hypertension and dyslipidaemia. There is a close link between cardiovascular diseases and hypertension and dyslipidaemia, and cardiovascular events ... ...

Abstract	Aronia berries contain antioxidants that may be health-promoting, e.g., demonstrated positive effects on hypertension and dyslipidaemia. There is a close link between cardiovascular diseases and hypertension and dyslipidaemia, and cardiovascular events are the leading cause of death among subjects with type 2 diabetes (T2D). Thus, we investigated the effect of an 8-week supplementation with fermented aronia extract (FAE), non-fermented aronia extract (AE), and placebo on cardiovascular risk factors. Snack bars were produced containing 34 g (37%) aronia extract, or 17 g (21%) wheat bran for placebo, as well as raisins and coconut oil. The study was randomized and blinded with a triple-crossover design. We examined the effects of aronia extracts on blood pressure, adiponectin, and high-sensitive C-reactive protein, and found no effects. After supplementation with placebo, there were significantly higher blood concentrations of total cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, and HDL-cholesterol, with the placebo group showing significantly higher increases in total cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol than the AE group. Furthermore, we observed an increase in HDL-cholesterol in the FAE group and an increase in triglyceride in the AE group. Thus, we assume that the raisins may have increased the participants' cholesterol levels, with both AE and FAE having the potential to prevent this increase.
MeSH term(s)	Humans ; Cardiovascular Diseases/etiology ; Cardiovascular Diseases/prevention & control ; Fruit ; Photinia ; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/complications ; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/drug therapy ; Plant Extracts/pharmacology ; Plant Extracts/therapeutic use ; Risk Factors ; Cholesterol, LDL ; Hypertension/drug therapy ; Cholesterol, HDL ; Dietary Supplements ; Heart Disease Risk Factors ; Dyslipidemias/drug therapy ; Dyslipidemias/complications
Chemical Substances	Plant Extracts ; Cholesterol, LDL ; Cholesterol, HDL
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-12-13
Publishing country	Switzerland
Document type	Randomized Controlled Trial ; Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2518386-2
ISSN	2072-6643 ; 2072-6643
ISSN (online)	2072-6643
ISSN	2072-6643
DOI	10.3390/nu15245094
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Article ; Online: Aronia in the Type 2 Diabetes Treatment Regimen.

Christiansen, Christine B / Jeppesen, Per B / Hermansen, Kjeld / Gregersen, Søren

Nutrients

2023 Volume 15, Issue 19

Abstract: Aronia melanocarpa berries are rich in antioxidants and possess a high antioxidant capacity. Aronia berries have shown potential in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) treatment, and previous studies indicate improvements in glycemia after supplementation. ... ...

Abstract	Aronia melanocarpa berries are rich in antioxidants and possess a high antioxidant capacity. Aronia berries have shown potential in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) treatment, and previous studies indicate improvements in glycemia after supplementation. Unfortunately, the effectiveness of aronia berries is limited by the low bioavailability of aronia, which fermentation could potentially overcome. The objective of this study was to compare the effects of fermented or non-fermented aronia pulp with placebo in subjects with T2DM. This study was a triple-blinded, triple-crossover study with eight-week intervention periods with fermented aronia extract (FAE), non-fermented aronia extract (AE), and placebo. Extracts were incorporated in snack bars with 37% aronia (FAE or AE) or wheat bran (placebo) and 63% raisins and coconut oil. Pre- and post-treatment period, we did fasting blood samples, including hemoglobin A1c, fructosamine, insulin, glucose, glucagon-like peptide-1, glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide (GIP) and glucagon, oral glucose tolerance tests, and anthropometric measurements. Of 36 randomized participants, 23 completed the trial. Aside from a higher increase in GIP after FAE supplementation compared to after placebo supplementation, aronia extracts had no effect. The increase in GIP levels after FAE supplementation may hold potential benefits, but the overall clinical impact remains unclear.
MeSH term(s)	Humans ; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/drug therapy ; Photinia ; Cross-Over Studies ; Antioxidants/therapeutic use ; Antioxidants/pharmacology ; Insulin ; Plant Extracts/therapeutic use ; Plant Extracts/pharmacology
Chemical Substances	Antioxidants ; Insulin ; Plant Extracts
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-09-28
Publishing country	Switzerland
Document type	Randomized Controlled Trial ; Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2518386-2
ISSN	2072-6643 ; 2072-6643
ISSN (online)	2072-6643
ISSN	2072-6643
DOI	10.3390/nu15194188
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Article ; Online: Beneficial glycaemic effects of high-amylose barley bread compared to wheat bread in type 2 diabetes.

Bohl, Mette / Gregersen, Søren / Zhong, Yuyue / Hebelstrup, Kim Henrik / Hermansen, Kjeld

European journal of clinical nutrition

2023 Volume 78, Issue 3, Page(s) 243–250

Abstract: Background: Cereals foods with a high content of dietary fibres or amylose have potential to lower postprandial glucose levels. Optimisation of cereal foods may improve management of type 2 diabetes (T2D).: Methods: We investigated the impact on 4 h ... ...

Abstract	Background: Cereals foods with a high content of dietary fibres or amylose have potential to lower postprandial glucose levels. Optimisation of cereal foods may improve management of type 2 diabetes (T2D). Methods: We investigated the impact on 4 h postprandial glucose responses given as incremental area under curve (iAUC) of bread made of either 50% RNAi-based (genetically modified) amylose-only barley flour (AmOn) (and 50% wheat flour), 50% hulless barley flour (and 50% wheat flour) or 75% hulless barley (and 25% wheat flour) in subjects with T2D compared with 100% wheat flour bread. Design: Twenty adults with T2D were randomly allocated to one of four breads at four separate visits. We measured fasting and 4 h postprandial responses of glucose, insulin, glucagon, triacylglycerol (TG), free fatty acids (FFA), glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and gastric inhibitory polypeptide (GIP). Mixed model ANOVA was used to examine the differences. Results: Bread made from 50% AmOn lowered the 4 h postprandial glucose by 34%, 27%, 23% (P < 0.05) compared with 100% wheat, 50% or 75% hulless barley, respectively. Bread made from 75% hulless barley reduced the postprandial glucose response (iAUC) by 11% (P < 0.05) compared to 100% wheat bread. Postprandial insulin responses (iAUC) were reduced for 50% AmOn compared with 100% wheat and 50% hulless barley and for 75% hulless compared to 50% hulless barley bread (P < 0.05). 4 h postprandial glucagon (tAUC) did not differ between the four bread types (P > 0.05). Lower postprandial GIP (iAUC) was observed after all barley breads compared to 100% wheat (P < 0.05), whereas no difference was seen in postprandial GLP-1. Postprandial TG and FFA (tAUC) were difficult to judge due to differences in fasting values. Conclusions: Bread made by replacing wheat flour with either 50% high-amylose or 75% hulless barley flour lowered postprandial glucose responses compared to 100% wheat bread indicating a beneficial impact on glucose regulation in T2D subjects. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT04646746.
MeSH term(s)	Adult ; Humans ; Glucagon ; Amylose ; Bread/analysis ; Triticum/chemistry ; Hordeum ; Blood Glucose ; Flour ; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 ; Glucagon-Like Peptide 1 ; Insulin ; Glucose ; Gastric Inhibitory Polypeptide ; Edible Grain ; Postprandial Period
Chemical Substances	Glucagon (9007-92-5) ; Amylose (9005-82-7) ; Blood Glucose ; Glucagon-Like Peptide 1 (89750-14-1) ; Insulin ; Glucose (IY9XDZ35W2) ; Gastric Inhibitory Polypeptide (59392-49-3)
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-11-08
Publishing country	England
Document type	Randomized Controlled Trial ; Journal Article
ZDB-ID	639358-5
ISSN	1476-5640 ; 0954-3007
ISSN (online)	1476-5640
ISSN	0954-3007
DOI	10.1038/s41430-023-01364-x
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Article: The Effects of 12-Weeks Whey Protein Supplements on Markers of Bone Turnover in Adults With Abdominal Obesity - A

Fuglsang-Nielsen, Rasmus / Rakvaag, Elin / Vestergaard, Peter / Hermansen, Kjeld / Gregersen, Søren / Starup-Linde, Jakob

Frontiers in endocrinology

2022 Volume 13, Page(s) 832897

Abstract: Background: While osteoporosis is characterized by skeletal fragility due to increased bone turnover and low bone mineral density (BMD), subjects with abdominal obesity and type-2 diabetes have increased risk of bone fractures despite low bone turnover ... ...

Abstract	Background: While osteoporosis is characterized by skeletal fragility due to increased bone turnover and low bone mineral density (BMD), subjects with abdominal obesity and type-2 diabetes have increased risk of bone fractures despite low bone turnover and increased BMD. Diets with increased protein content are reported to increase bone turnover in healthy adults and may be a point of interest in preserving bone strength in subjects with abdominal obesity and/or type-2 diabetes. Methods: We examined the effect of 12-weeks dietary intervention on bone turnover in 64 adults with abdominal obesity using data from the MERITS trial. The trial was a randomized, controlled, double blinded study in which participants were allocated to receive either 60 g/d of whey protein hydrolysate or maltodextrin in combination with either high (30 g/d) or low dietary fiber intake (10 g/d). Primarily, we assessed changes in plasma markers of bone turnover Procollagen type 1 N-terminal propeptide (p1NP), C-terminal telopeptide type-1 collagen (CTX), and parathyroid hormone (PTH) within the four intervention groups. In addition, we measured u-calcium and u-carbamide excretion, 25(OH)D, and BMD by whole body DXA scans. Finally, we compared changes in insulin resistance (Homeostasis-model assessment of insulin resistance, HOMA-IR) with changes in bone turnover markers.The trial was registered at www.clinicaltrials.gov as NCT02931630. Results: Sixty-four subjects were included in the study. We did not find any effect of twelve weeks of high protein or high fiber intake on plasma levels of P1NP or CTX. There was a nonsignificant positive association between protein intake and PTH levels (p=0.06). U-calcium and u-carbamide increased in both protein groups. There was a positive association between change in HOMA-IR and PTH (p=0.042), while changes in P1NP and CTX did not associate to changes in HOMA-IR. Conclusion: Twelve weeks of increased whey protein intake in subjects with abdominal obesity did not affect markers of bone turnover significantly, although tended to increase PTH levels. Dietary fiber intake did not affect bone turnover. We report a positive association between change in HOMA-IR and PTH supporting a hypothesis of insulin resistance as a potential key factor in the expanding field of bone fragility in T2D subjects.
MeSH term(s)	Adult ; Biomarkers ; Bone Remodeling ; Calcium/metabolism ; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 ; Dietary Fiber/pharmacology ; Humans ; Insulin Resistance ; Obesity ; Obesity, Abdominal/complications ; Parathyroid Hormone ; Urea/pharmacology ; Whey Proteins/pharmacology
Chemical Substances	Biomarkers ; Dietary Fiber ; Parathyroid Hormone ; Whey Proteins ; Urea (8W8T17847W) ; Calcium (SY7Q814VUP)
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-03-29
Publishing country	Switzerland
Document type	Journal Article ; Randomized Controlled Trial
ZDB-ID	2592084-4
ISSN	1664-2392
ISSN	1664-2392
DOI	10.3389/fendo.2022.832897
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Article ; Online: Effects of

Christiansen, Christine B / Mellbye, Fredrik B / Hermansen, Kjeld / Jeppesen, Per B / Gregersen, Søren

The review of diabetic studies : RDS

2022 Volume 18, Issue 2, Page(s) 76–92

Abstract: OBJECTIVES: ...

Abstract	OBJECTIVES:
MeSH term(s)	Blood Glucose ; Cardiovascular Diseases/etiology ; Cardiovascular Diseases/prevention & control ; Cholesterol ; Cholesterol, HDL ; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 ; Humans ; Photinia ; Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic
Chemical Substances	Blood Glucose ; Cholesterol, HDL ; Cholesterol (97C5T2UQ7J)
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-07-13
Publishing country	Singapore
Document type	Journal Article ; Systematic Review ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	2168938-6
ISSN	1614-0575 ; 1613-6071
ISSN (online)	1614-0575
ISSN	1613-6071
DOI	10.1900/RDS.2022.18.76
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Article ; Online: [No title information]

Hermansen, Kjeld / Andersen, Sidse Schoubye / Damgaard, Camilla Trab / Dragsted, Lars Ove / Holm, Lotte / Krogholm, Kirstine Struntze / Olsen, Anja / Tetens, Inge / Tjønneland, Anne

Ugeskrift for laeger

2023 Volume 185, Issue 13

Abstract: The Nordic diet is characterized by a high content of plant-based food and a limited content of animal and processed food. Intervention studies show with moderate evidence that Nordic diet reduces risk factors for cardiovascular diseases (blood pressure, ...

Title translation	The Nordic diet can potentially prevent and treat cardiovascular diseases.
Abstract	The Nordic diet is characterized by a high content of plant-based food and a limited content of animal and processed food. Intervention studies show with moderate evidence that Nordic diet reduces risk factors for cardiovascular diseases (blood pressure, total and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol). Observational studies show with weak evidence that Nordic diet reduces the risk of cardiovascular diseases e.g. stroke and myocardial infarcts and with moderate evidence reduces cardiovascular death. Thus, Nordic diet appears beneficial for cardiovascular health as well as for the climate and the environment, as argued in this review.
MeSH term(s)	Humans ; Cardiovascular Diseases/etiology ; Cardiovascular Diseases/prevention & control ; Diet ; Risk Factors ; Cholesterol, LDL ; Blood Pressure
Chemical Substances	Cholesterol, LDL
Language	Danish
Publishing date	2023-03-30
Publishing country	Denmark
Document type	Review ; English Abstract ; Journal Article
ZDB-ID	124102-3
ISSN	1603-6824 ; 0041-5782
ISSN (online)	1603-6824
ISSN	0041-5782
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Article: A pre-meal of whey proteins induces differential effects on glucose and lipid metabolism in subjects with the metabolic syndrome: a randomised cross-over trial

Bjørnshave, Ann / Hermansen, Kjeld / Holst, Jens Juul

European journal of nutrition. 2019 Mar., v. 58, no. 2

2019

Abstract: PURPOSE: Postprandial lipaemia (PPL), an independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease, is affected by composition and timing of meals. We evaluated if whey proteins (WP) consumed as a pre-meal before a fat-rich meal reduce postprandial triglyceride ...

Abstract	PURPOSE: Postprandial lipaemia (PPL), an independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease, is affected by composition and timing of meals. We evaluated if whey proteins (WP) consumed as a pre-meal before a fat-rich meal reduce postprandial triglyceride (TG) and apolipoprotein B-48 (ApoB-48) responses in subjects with the metabolic syndrome (MeS). METHODS: An acute, randomised, cross-over trial was conducted. 20 subjects with MeS consumed a pre-meal of 0, 10 or 20 g WP 15 min prior to a fat-rich meal. The responses of TG and ApoB-48 were assessed. We also analysed postprandial responses of free fatty acids (FFA), glucose, insulin, glucagon, glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1), glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide (GIP) and paracetamol (reflecting gastric emptying rates). RESULTS: WP pre-meal did not alter the TG or ApoB-48 responses. In contrast, the insulin response was more pronounced after a pre-meal of 20 g WP than with 10 g WP (P = 0.0005) and placebo (P < 0.0001). Likewise, the postprandial glucagon response was greater with a pre-meal of 20 g WP than with 10 g WP (P < 0.0001) and 0 g WP (P < 0.0001). A pre-meal with 20 g of WP generated lower glucose (P = 0.0148) and S-paracetamol responses (P = 0.0003) and a higher GLP-1 response (P = 0.0086) than placebo. However, the pre-meal did not influence responses of GIP, FFA or appetite assessed by a Visual Analog Scale. CONCLUSIONS: Consumption of a WP pre-meal prior to a fat-rich meal did not affect TG and chylomicron responses. In contrast, the WP pre-meal stimulates insulin and glucagon secretion and reduces blood glucose as expected, and delays gastric emptying. Consequently, our study points to a differential impact of a WP pre-meal on lipid and glucose metabolism to a fat-rich meal in subjects with MeS.
Keywords	acetaminophen ; apolipoprotein B-48 ; appetite ; blood glucose ; cardiovascular diseases ; cross-over studies ; free fatty acids ; gastric emptying ; glucagon ; glucagon-like peptide 1 ; glucose ; hyperlipidemia ; insulin ; lipid metabolism ; metabolic syndrome ; placebos ; risk factors ; secretion ; triacylglycerols ; whey protein
Language	English
Dates of publication	2019-03
Size	p. 755-764.
Publishing place	Springer Berlin Heidelberg
Document type	Article
ZDB-ID	1466536-0
ISSN	1436-6215 ; 1436-6207
ISSN (online)	1436-6215
ISSN	1436-6207
DOI	10.1007/s00394-018-1684-3
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Article ; Online: A pre-meal of whey proteins induces differential effects on glucose and lipid metabolism in subjects with the metabolic syndrome: a randomised cross-over trial.

Bjørnshave, Ann / Holst, Jens Juul / Hermansen, Kjeld

European journal of nutrition

2018 Volume 58, Issue 2, Page(s) 755–764

Abstract: Purpose: Postprandial lipaemia (PPL), an independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease, is affected by composition and timing of meals. We evaluated if whey proteins (WP) consumed as a pre-meal before a fat-rich meal reduce postprandial ... ...

Abstract	Purpose: Postprandial lipaemia (PPL), an independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease, is affected by composition and timing of meals. We evaluated if whey proteins (WP) consumed as a pre-meal before a fat-rich meal reduce postprandial triglyceride (TG) and apolipoprotein B-48 (ApoB-48) responses in subjects with the metabolic syndrome (MeS). Methods: An acute, randomised, cross-over trial was conducted. 20 subjects with MeS consumed a pre-meal of 0, 10 or 20 g WP 15 min prior to a fat-rich meal. The responses of TG and ApoB-48 were assessed. We also analysed postprandial responses of free fatty acids (FFA), glucose, insulin, glucagon, glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1), glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide (GIP) and paracetamol (reflecting gastric emptying rates). Results: WP pre-meal did not alter the TG or ApoB-48 responses. In contrast, the insulin response was more pronounced after a pre-meal of 20 g WP than with 10 g WP (P = 0.0005) and placebo (P < 0.0001). Likewise, the postprandial glucagon response was greater with a pre-meal of 20 g WP than with 10 g WP (P < 0.0001) and 0 g WP (P < 0.0001). A pre-meal with 20 g of WP generated lower glucose (P = 0.0148) and S-paracetamol responses (P = 0.0003) and a higher GLP-1 response (P = 0.0086) than placebo. However, the pre-meal did not influence responses of GIP, FFA or appetite assessed by a Visual Analog Scale. Conclusions: Consumption of a WP pre-meal prior to a fat-rich meal did not affect TG and chylomicron responses. In contrast, the WP pre-meal stimulates insulin and glucagon secretion and reduces blood glucose as expected, and delays gastric emptying. Consequently, our study points to a differential impact of a WP pre-meal on lipid and glucose metabolism to a fat-rich meal in subjects with MeS.
MeSH term(s)	Apolipoprotein B-48/blood ; Blood Glucose/metabolism ; Cross-Over Studies ; Feeding Behavior/physiology ; Female ; Humans ; Lipid Metabolism/drug effects ; Lipids/blood ; Male ; Metabolic Syndrome/blood ; Middle Aged ; Postprandial Period ; Triglycerides/blood ; Whey Proteins/administration & dosage ; Whey Proteins/blood ; Whey Proteins/pharmacology
Chemical Substances	Apolipoprotein B-48 ; Blood Glucose ; Lipids ; Triglycerides ; Whey Proteins
Language	English
Publishing date	2018-04-06
Publishing country	Germany
Document type	Journal Article ; Randomized Controlled Trial
ZDB-ID	1466536-0
ISSN	1436-6215 ; 1436-6207
ISSN (online)	1436-6215
ISSN	1436-6207
DOI	10.1007/s00394-018-1684-3
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Article ; Online: Pre-Meal Effect of Whey Proteins on Metabolic Parameters in Subjects with and without Type 2 Diabetes: A Randomized, Crossover Trial.

Bjørnshave, Ann / Holst, Jens Juul / Hermansen, Kjeld

Nutrients

2018 Volume 10, Issue 2

Abstract: Diabetic dyslipidemia with elevated postprandial triglyceride (TG) responses is characteristic in type 2 diabetes (T2D). Diet and meal timing can modify postprandial lipemia (PPL). The impact of a pre-meal of whey proteins (WP) on lipid metabolism is ... ...

Abstract	Diabetic dyslipidemia with elevated postprandial triglyceride (TG) responses is characteristic in type 2 diabetes (T2D). Diet and meal timing can modify postprandial lipemia (PPL). The impact of a pre-meal of whey proteins (WP) on lipid metabolism is unidentified. We determined whether a WP pre-meal prior to a fat-rich meal influences TG and apolipoprotein B-48 (ApoB-48) responses differentially in patients with and without T2D. Two matched groups of 12 subjects with and without T2D accomplished an acute, randomized, cross-over trial. A pre-meal of WP (20 g) or water (control) was consumed 15 min before a fat-rich meal (supplemented with 20 g WP in case of water pre-meal). Postprandial responses were examined during a 360-min period. A WP pre-meal significantly increased postprandial concentrations of insulin (
MeSH term(s)	Acetaminophen/pharmacokinetics ; Aged ; Apolipoprotein B-48/blood ; Blood Glucose/metabolism ; Cross-Over Studies ; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/metabolism ; Diet ; Fatty Acids, Nonesterified/blood ; Female ; Gastric Emptying ; Gastric Inhibitory Polypeptide/blood ; Glucagon/blood ; Glucagon-Like Peptide 1/blood ; Glycated Hemoglobin A/metabolism ; Humans ; Insulin/blood ; Male ; Meals ; Middle Aged ; Postprandial Period ; Triglycerides/blood ; Whey Proteins/administration & dosage
Chemical Substances	Apolipoprotein B-48 ; Blood Glucose ; Fatty Acids, Nonesterified ; Glycated Hemoglobin A ; Insulin ; Triglycerides ; Whey Proteins ; Acetaminophen (362O9ITL9D) ; Gastric Inhibitory Polypeptide (59392-49-3) ; Glucagon-Like Peptide 1 (89750-14-1) ; Glucagon (9007-92-5)
Language	English
Publishing date	2018-01-25
Publishing country	Switzerland
Document type	Journal Article ; Randomized Controlled Trial
ZDB-ID	2518386-2
ISSN	2072-6643 ; 2072-6643
ISSN (online)	2072-6643
ISSN	2072-6643
DOI	10.3390/nu10020122
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Article: Pre-Meal Effect of Whey Proteins on Metabolic Parameters in Subjects with and without Type 2 Diabetes: A Randomized, Crossover Trial

Bjørnshave, Ann / Hermansen, Kjeld / Holst, Jens Juul

Nutrients. 2018 Jan. 25, v. 10, no. 2

2018

Abstract	Diabetic dyslipidemia with elevated postprandial triglyceride (TG) responses is characteristic in type 2 diabetes (T2D). Diet and meal timing can modify postprandial lipemia (PPL). The impact of a pre-meal of whey proteins (WP) on lipid metabolism is unidentified. We determined whether a WP pre-meal prior to a fat-rich meal influences TG and apolipoprotein B-48 (ApoB-48) responses differentially in patients with and without T2D. Two matched groups of 12 subjects with and without T2D accomplished an acute, randomized, cross-over trial. A pre-meal of WP (20 g) or water (control) was consumed 15 min before a fat-rich meal (supplemented with 20 g WP in case of water pre-meal). Postprandial responses were examined during a 360-min period. A WP pre-meal significantly increased postprandial concentrations of insulin (P < 0.0001), glucagon (P < 0.0001) and glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide (GIP) (P < 0.0001) in subjects with and without T2D. We detected no effects of the WP pre-meal on TG, ApoB-48, or non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA) responses to the fat-rich meal in either group. Paracetamol absorption i.e., gastric emptying was delayed by the WP pre-meal (P = 0.039). In conclusion, the WP pre-meal induced similar hormone and lipid responses in subjects with and without T2D. Thus, the WP pre-meal enhanced insulin, glucagon and GIP responses but did not influence lipid or glucose responses. In addition, we demonstrated that a WP pre-meal reduced gastric emptying in both groups.
Keywords	absorption ; acetaminophen ; apolipoprotein B-48 ; cross-over studies ; free fatty acids ; gastric emptying ; glucagon ; glucose ; hyperlipidemia ; insulin ; lipid metabolism ; noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus ; patients ; triacylglycerols ; whey protein
Language	English
Dates of publication	2018-0125
Publishing place	Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
Document type	Article
ZDB-ID	2518386-2
ISSN	2072-6643
ISSN	2072-6643
DOI	10.3390/nu10020122
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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