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Article ; Online: I was facilitating everybody else's life. And mine had just ground to a halt: the COVID-19 pandemic and its impact on women in the UK

Herten-Crabb, Asha / Wenham, Clare

medRxiv

Abstract: A growing body of research has highlighted the disproportionately negative impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on women globally. This paper contributes to this work by interrogating the lived realities of 64 women in the UK through semi-structured ... ...

Abstract	A growing body of research has highlighted the disproportionately negative impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on women globally. This paper contributes to this work by interrogating the lived realities of 64 women in the UK through semi-structured interviews, undertaken during the first and second periods of lockdown associated with COVID-19 in 2020. Categorising the data by theme and type of gendered disadvantage, this paper explores the normative and policy-imposed constraints experienced by women in 2020, highlighting the role that government can and should proactively play in attending to gender inequalities throughout its COVID-19 response.
Keywords	covid19
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-03-12
Publisher	Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press
Document type	Article ; Online
DOI	10.1101/2021.03.12.21253136
Database	COVID19

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Article: Why WHO needs a feminist economic agenda

Herten-Crabb, Asha Davies Sara E.

The Lancet

Abstract: Minority ethnic status, class, education, and sexuality determine who is represented in unpaid community health-care worker roles 8 The unpaid and low paid labour of women has contributed to profits for private health-care providers and saved the bottom ... ...

Abstract	Minority ethnic status, class, education, and sexuality determine who is represented in unpaid community health-care worker roles 8 The unpaid and low paid labour of women has contributed to profits for private health-care providers and saved the bottom line of health spending in national budgets: capitalism and patriarchy combine to systematically undervalue social reproductive labour—ie, unpaid care roles as women's work 9 Governments’ ability to fund health-care services is dictated by their revenue and fiscal policy space Yet the IMF and the World Bank continue to prioritise austerity measures and “private sector first” strategies that systematically undermine the ability of governments to provide public services and achieve UHC 14,15 Neither institution has linked its rhetoric on promotion of gender equality to the development of a systematic approach for evaluating the implications of its austerity policies on gender inequality, health delivery, or outcomes 16,17 The key funders of the IMF and the World Bank, and those that hold the greatest number of Executive Board votes, are G7 and G20 members A feminist economic approach to health requires that all people at all levels of health-care decision making reorient their notion of wellbeing to include gender equality for women in all their diversities 19 Feminist knowledge informs what we count as costs and savings: the national income saved from women's low wages or volunteerism as health-care workers;20 the benefit to national budgets and health outcomes when there are gender-based violence health-care prevention programmes;21 and the negative burdens carried by health-care workers exposed to violence, harassment, and exploitation when their work is located in unregulated environments, including homes, non-governmental organisations, and provincial health clinics 22 A WHO economic engagement strategy that does not address the social and political determinants of health delivery, resourcing, and decision making risks perpetuating the falsehood that health is a technical enterprise that can be achieved in a silo
Keywords	covid19
Publisher	WHO
Document type	Article
Note	WHO #Covidence: #899686
Database	COVID19

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Article ; Online: Why WHO needs a feminist economic agenda.

Herten-Crabb, Asha / Davies, Sara E

Lancet (London, England)

2020 Volume 395, Issue 10229, Page(s) 1018–1020

MeSH term(s)	Delivery of Health Care/economics ; Female ; Feminism ; Global Health/economics ; Health Policy/economics ; Humans ; Women's Rights/economics ; World Health Organization/economics
Keywords	covid19
Language	English
Publishing date	2020-03-26
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	3306-6
ISSN	1474-547X ; 0023-7507 ; 0140-6736
ISSN (online)	1474-547X
ISSN	0023-7507 ; 0140-6736
DOI	10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30110-0
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Article ; Online: Reconceptualizing successful pandemic preparedness and response: A feminist perspective.

Smith, Julia / Davies, Sara E / Grépin, Karen A / Harman, Sophie / Herten-Crabb, Asha / Murage, Alice / Morgan, Rosemary / Wenham, Clare

Social science & medicine (1982)

2022 Volume 315, Page(s) 115511

Abstract: Pandemic preparedness and COVID-19 response indicators focus on public health outcomes (such as infections, case fatalities, and vaccination rates), health system capacity, and/or the effects of the pandemic on the economy, yet this avoids more political ...

Abstract	Pandemic preparedness and COVID-19 response indicators focus on public health outcomes (such as infections, case fatalities, and vaccination rates), health system capacity, and/or the effects of the pandemic on the economy, yet this avoids more political questions regarding how responses were mobilized. Pandemic preparedness country rankings have been called into question due to their inability to predict COVID-19 response and outcomes, and COVID-19 response indicators have ignored one of the most well documented secondary effects of the pandemic - its disproportionate effects on women. This paper analyzes pandemic preparedness and response indicators from a feminist perspective to understand how indicators might consider the secondary effects of the pandemic on women and other equity deserving groups. Following a discussion of the tensions that exist between feminist methodologies and the reliance on indicators by policymakers in preparing and responding to health emergencies, we assess the strengths and weakness of current pandemic preparedness and COVID-19 response indicators. The risk with existing pandemic preparedness and response indicators is that they give only limited attention to secondary effects of pandemics and inequities in terms of who is disproportionately affected. There is an urgent need to reconceptualize what 'successful' pandemic preparedness and response entails, moving beyond epidemiological and economic measurements. We suggest how efforts to design COVID response indicators on gender inclusion could inform pandemic preparedness and associated indicators.
MeSH term(s)	Female ; Humans ; Pandemics/prevention & control ; COVID-19/epidemiology ; COVID-19/prevention & control
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-11-07
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	4766-1
ISSN	1873-5347 ; 0037-7856 ; 0277-9536
ISSN (online)	1873-5347
ISSN	0037-7856 ; 0277-9536
DOI	10.1016/j.socscimed.2022.115511
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Article ; Online: Travel restrictions and infectious disease outbreaks.

Vaidya, Ria / Herten-Crabb, Asha / Spencer, Julia / Moon, Suerie / Lillywhite, Louis

Journal of travel medicine

2020 Volume 27, Issue 3

Abstract: Background: A key purpose of the International Health Regulations (IHR) is to prevent unwarranted interruptions to trade and travel during large and/or transnational infectious disease outbreaks. Nevertheless, such outbreaks continue to disrupt the ... ...

Abstract	Background: A key purpose of the International Health Regulations (IHR) is to prevent unwarranted interruptions to trade and travel during large and/or transnational infectious disease outbreaks. Nevertheless, such outbreaks continue to disrupt the travel industry. This aspect of the IHR has received little attention in the academic literature despite its considerable impact on affected States and commercial activity. This article outlines the challenges and gaps in knowledge regarding the relationship between outbreaks and the travel sector and discusses the opportunities for further research and policy work to overcome these challenges. Methodology: We conducted a literature review on the relationship between outbreaks and travel restrictions, with a particular focus on the 2014-16 Ebola epidemic in West Africa. This review was complemented by an expert roundtable at Chatham House and further supported by case studies and qualitative interviews. Results: Numerous travel stakeholders are affected by, and affect, large-scale infectious disease outbreaks. These stakeholders react in different ways: peer pressure plays an important role for both governments and the travel sector, and the reactions of the media and public influence and are influenced by these stakeholders. While various data sources on travel are available, and World Health Organization is mandated to work with States, there is no recognized coordinating body to disseminate timely, consistent, reliable and authoritative information and best practices to all stakeholders. Conclusion: This article highlights the interdependent relationship between various travel stakeholders. The reasons for interruption of travel during the 2014-16 Ebola outbreak were complex, with decisions by States only partly contributing to the cessation. Decisions by non-state actors, particularly the travel industry itself, contributed significantly and were based on a variety of factors. Further research, analysis and policy development are required to mitigate the health and economic consequences of infectious disease outbreaks. Any further research will also need to take account of COVID-19 travel-related issues.
MeSH term(s)	Africa, Western ; Aircraft ; Betacoronavirus ; COVID-19 ; Communicable Disease Control/methods ; Communication ; Coronavirus Infections ; Decision Making ; Disease Outbreaks/prevention & control ; Hemorrhagic Fever, Ebola/epidemiology ; Hemorrhagic Fever, Ebola/history ; History, 21st Century ; Humans ; Industry ; Mass Media ; Pandemics ; Pneumonia, Viral ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Travel
Keywords	covid19
Language	English
Publishing date	2020-04-16
Publishing country	England
Document type	Historical Article ; Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	1212504-0
ISSN	1708-8305 ; 1195-1982
ISSN (online)	1708-8305
ISSN	1195-1982
DOI	10.1093/jtm/taaa050
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Article ; Online: COVID-19 vaccines and women's security.

Harman, Sophie / Herten-Crabb, Asha / Morgan, Rosemary / Smith, Julia / Wenham, Clare

Lancet (London, England)

2020 Volume 397, Issue 10272, Page(s) 357–358

MeSH term(s)	COVID-19/epidemiology ; COVID-19/prevention & control ; COVID-19 Vaccines ; Female ; Humans ; Women's Health ; Women's Rights
Chemical Substances	COVID-19 Vaccines
Language	English
Publishing date	2020-12-23
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	3306-6
ISSN	1474-547X ; 0023-7507 ; 0140-6736
ISSN (online)	1474-547X
ISSN	0023-7507 ; 0140-6736
DOI	10.1016/S0140-6736(20)32727-6
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Article ; Online: SDG5 "Gender Equality" and the COVID-19 pandemic: A rapid assessment of health system responses in selected upper-middle and high-income countries.

Kuhlmann, Ellen / Lotta, Gabriela / Fernandez, Michelle / Herten-Crabb, Asha / Mac Fehr, Leonie / Maple, Jaimie-Lee / Paina, Ligia / Wenham, Clare / Willis, Karen

Frontiers in public health

2023 Volume 11, Page(s) 1078008

Abstract: Introduction: The COVID-19 pandemic disrupted healthcare and societies, exacerbating existing inequalities for women and girls across every sphere. Our study explores health system responses to gender equality goals during the COVID-19 pandemic and ... ...

Abstract	Introduction: The COVID-19 pandemic disrupted healthcare and societies, exacerbating existing inequalities for women and girls across every sphere. Our study explores health system responses to gender equality goals during the COVID-19 pandemic and inclusion in future policies. Methods: We apply a qualitative comparative approach, drawing on secondary sources and expert information; the data was collected from March-July 2022. Australia, Brazil, Germany, the United Kingdom, and the USA were selected, reflecting upper-middle and high-income countries with established public health and gender policies but different types of healthcare systems and epidemiological and geo-political conditions. Three sub-goals of SDG5 were analyzed: maternity care/reproductive health, gender-based violence, and gender equality/women's leadership. Results: We found similar trends across countries. Pandemic policies strongly cut into women's health, constrained prevention and support services, and weakened reproductive rights, while essential maternity care services were kept open. Intersecting gender inequalities were reinforced, sexual violence increased and women's leadership was weak. All healthcare systems failed to protect women's health and essential public health targets. Yet there were relevant differences in the responses to increased violence and reproductive rights, ranging from some support measures in Australia to an abortion ban in the US. Conclusions: Our study highlights a need for revising pandemic policies through a feminist lens.
MeSH term(s)	Female ; Humans ; Pregnancy ; Women's Rights ; COVID-19 ; Pandemics ; Developed Countries ; Gender Equity ; Maternal Health Services
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-02-03
Publishing country	Switzerland
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2711781-9
ISSN	2296-2565 ; 2296-2565
ISSN (online)	2296-2565
ISSN	2296-2565
DOI	10.3389/fpubh.2023.1078008
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Article ; Online: SDG5 Gender Equality and the COVID-19 pandemic: a rapid assessment of health system responses in selected upper-middle and high-income countries

Kuhlmann, Ellen / Lotta, Gabriela / Fernandez, Michelle / Herten-Crabb, Asha / Fehr, Leonie Mac / Maple, Jaimie-Lee / Paina, Ligia / Wenham, Clare / Willis, Karen

medRxiv

Abstract: The COVID-19 pandemic disrupted healthcare and societies, exacerbating existing inequalities for women and girls across every sphere. Our study explores health system responses to gender equality goals during the COVID-19 pandemic and inclusion in future ...

Abstract	The COVID-19 pandemic disrupted healthcare and societies, exacerbating existing inequalities for women and girls across every sphere. Our study explores health system responses to gender equality goals during the COVID-19 pandemic and inclusion in future policies. We apply a qualitative comparative approach, drawing on secondary sources and expert information; material was collected from March-July 2022. Australia, Brazil, Germany, the United Kingdom and USA were selected, reflecting upper-middle and high-income countries with established public health and gender policies but different types of healthcare systems and epidemiological and geo-political conditions. Three sub-goals of SDG5 were analysed: maternity care and reproductive health, gender-based violence, and gender equality and womens leadership. We found similar trends across countries. Pandemic policies strongly cut into womens health, constrained prevention and support services and weakened reproductive rights, while essential maternity care services were kept open. Intersecting gender inequalities were reinforced, sexual violence increased and womens leadership was weak. All healthcare systems failed to protect womens health and essential public health targets. Yet there were relevant differences in the responses to increased violence and reproductive rights, ranging from some support measures in Australia to an abortion ban in the US. Our study highlights a need for revising pandemic policies through a feminist lens.
Keywords	covid19
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-09-15
Publisher	Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press
Document type	Article ; Online
DOI	10.1101/2022.09.09.22279765
Database	COVID19

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Article ; Online: Women are most affected by pandemics - lessons from past outbreaks.

Wenham, Clare / Smith, Julia / Davies, Sara E / Feng, Huiyun / Grépin, Karen A / Harman, Sophie / Herten-Crabb, Asha / Morgan, Rosemary

Nature

2020 Volume 583, Issue 7815, Page(s) 194–198

MeSH term(s)	Abortion, Induced/statistics & numerical data ; COVID-19 ; Coronavirus Infections/economics ; Coronavirus Infections/epidemiology ; Domestic Violence/prevention & control ; Domestic Violence/statistics & numerical data ; Female ; Gender Identity ; Humans ; Internationality ; Male ; Pandemics/economics ; Pneumonia, Viral/economics ; Pneumonia, Viral/epidemiology ; Reproductive Health/statistics & numerical data ; Sex Offenses/statistics & numerical data ; Socioeconomic Factors ; Vulnerable Populations ; Women's Health/statistics & numerical data ; Zika Virus Infection/epidemiology
Keywords	covid19
Language	English
Publishing date	2020-07-08
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	120714-3
ISSN	1476-4687 ; 0028-0836
ISSN (online)	1476-4687
ISSN	0028-0836
DOI	10.1038/d41586-020-02006-z
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Article: Travel restrictions and infectious disease outbreaks

Vaidya, Ria / Herten-Crabb, Asha / Spencer, Julia / Moon, Suerie / Lillywhite, Louis

J. travel med

Abstract: BACKGROUND: A key purpose of the International Health Regulations (IHR) is to prevent unwarranted interruptions to trade and travel during large and/or transnational infectious disease outbreaks. Nevertheless, such outbreaks continue to disrupt the ... ...

Abstract	BACKGROUND: A key purpose of the International Health Regulations (IHR) is to prevent unwarranted interruptions to trade and travel during large and/or transnational infectious disease outbreaks. Nevertheless, such outbreaks continue to disrupt the travel industry. This aspect of the IHR has received little attention in the academic literature despite its considerable impact on affected States and commercial activity. This article outlines the challenges and gaps in knowledge regarding the relationship between outbreaks and the travel sector and discusses the opportunities for further research and policy work to overcome these challenges. METHODOLOGY: We conducted a literature review on the relationship between outbreaks and travel restrictions, with a particular focus on the 2014-16 Ebola epidemic in West Africa. This review was complemented by an expert roundtable at Chatham House and further supported by case studies and qualitative interviews. RESULTS: Numerous travel stakeholders are affected by, and affect, large-scale infectious disease outbreaks. These stakeholders react in different ways: peer pressure plays an important role for both governments and the travel sector, and the reactions of the media and public influence and are influenced by these stakeholders. While various data sources on travel are available, and World Health Organization is mandated to work with States, there is no recognized coordinating body to disseminate timely, consistent, reliable and authoritative information and best practices to all stakeholders. CONCLUSION: This article highlights the interdependent relationship between various travel stakeholders. The reasons for interruption of travel during the 2014-16 Ebola outbreak were complex, with decisions by States only partly contributing to the cessation. Decisions by non-state actors, particularly the travel industry itself, contributed significantly and were based on a variety of factors. Further research, analysis and policy development are required to mitigate the health and economic consequences of infectious disease outbreaks. Any further research will also need to take account of COVID-19 travel-related issues.
Keywords	covid19
Publisher	WHO
Document type	Article
Note	WHO #Covidence: #688204
Database	COVID19

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