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Article ; Online: Temporal and spatial reference frames in visual working memory are defined by ordinal and relational properties.

Heuer, Anna / Rolfs, Martin

Journal of experimental psychology. Learning, memory, and cognition

2022 Volume 49, Issue 9, Page(s) 1361–1375

Abstract: Natural environments provide a rich spatiotemporal context that allows for visual objects to be differentiated based on different types of information: their absolute or relative spatial or temporal coordinates, or their ordinal positions in a spatial or ...

Abstract	Natural environments provide a rich spatiotemporal context that allows for visual objects to be differentiated based on different types of information: their absolute or relative spatial or temporal coordinates, or their ordinal positions in a spatial or temporal sequence. Here, we investigated which spatial and temporal properties are incidentally encoded along with to-be-remembered features to provide reference frames in visual working memory (VWM). We tested the different possibilities in a spatiotemporal color change-detection task by transforming spatial and/or temporal structures of item presentation at retrieval relative to encoding. More precisely, spatial and/or temporal coordinates were (a) switched, changing the order of items in a spatial or temporal sequence (ordinal transformation); (b) multiplied by different factors, changing interitem distances (relational transformation); or (c) multiplied by a constant factor, expanding or shrinking the entire configuration (global transformation). Such transformations of the external reference frame at retrieval should only interfere with VWM if the internal reference frame relies on the spatial or temporal properties affected by the respective transformation. We found that ordinal and relational transformations of either the spatial or temporal structure impaired performance, whereas global transformations did not. Thus, reference frames appear to be primarily defined by interitem relations-including relative distances between items as well as their order-rather than absolute positions in space or time. These results corroborate and extend previous findings for the spatial domain, and highlight functional similarities of the spatial and temporal dimensions in VWM by revealing the same metrical properties for temporal reference frames. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).
MeSH term(s)	Humans ; Memory, Short-Term ; Mental Recall ; Visual Perception
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-08-29
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	627313-0
ISSN	1939-1285 ; 0278-7393
ISSN (online)	1939-1285
ISSN	0278-7393
DOI	10.1037/xlm0001175
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Article ; Online: A direct comparison of attentional orienting to spatial and temporal positions in visual working memory.

Heuer, Anna / Rolfs, Martin

Psychonomic bulletin & review

2021 Volume 29, Issue 1, Page(s) 182–190

Abstract: Different visual attributes effectively guide attention to specific items in visual working memory (VWM), ensuring that particularly important memory contents are readily available. Predictable temporal structures contribute to this efficient use of VWM: ...

Abstract	Different visual attributes effectively guide attention to specific items in visual working memory (VWM), ensuring that particularly important memory contents are readily available. Predictable temporal structures contribute to this efficient use of VWM: items are prospectively prioritized when they are expected to be needed. Occasionally, however, visual events only gain relevance through their timing after they have passed. We investigated retrospective attentional orienting based on temporal position by directly comparing it with orienting to spatial locations, which is typically considered the most powerful selection mechanism. In a colour-change-detection task, in which items appeared sequentially at different locations, symbolic number cues validly indicated the temporal or spatial location of the upcoming probe item either before encoding (precues; Experiment 1) or during maintenance (retrocues; Experiments 1-3). Temporal and spatial cues were physically identical and only differed in their mapping onto either temporal or spatial positions. Predictive cues yielded cueing benefits (i.e., higher accuracy and shorter reaction times) as compared with neutral cues, with larger benefits for precues than for retrocues. Importantly, spatial and temporal cueing benefits did not differ. Equivalent retrocueing benefits were also observed across different cue-probe intervals and irrespective of whether spatial or temporal position was used as retrieval cue, indicating that items were directly bound to temporal position and not prioritized via a space-based mechanism. These findings show that spatial and temporal properties can be used equally well to flexibly prioritise representations held in VWM and they highlight the functional similarities of space and time in VWM.
MeSH term(s)	Cues ; Humans ; Memory, Short-Term ; Reaction Time ; Retrospective Studies ; Visual Perception
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-07-21
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2031311-1
ISSN	1531-5320 ; 1069-9384
ISSN (online)	1531-5320
ISSN	1069-9384
DOI	10.3758/s13423-021-01972-3
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Article ; Online: Incidental encoding of visual information in temporal reference frames in working memory.

Heuer, Anna / Rolfs, Martin

Cognition

2020 Volume 207, Page(s) 104526

Abstract: Visual events are structured in space and time, yet models of visual working memory (VWM) have largely relied on tasks emphasizing spatial aspects. Here, we show that temporal properties of visual events are incidentally encoded along with spatial ... ...

Abstract	Visual events are structured in space and time, yet models of visual working memory (VWM) have largely relied on tasks emphasizing spatial aspects. Here, we show that temporal properties of visual events are incidentally encoded along with spatial properties. In five experiments, participants performed change-detection tasks, in which items had unique spatial and temporal coordinates at encoding. Crucially, neither space nor time was task-relevant. The key manipulation concerned the retrieval context: The test array was identical to the memory array either in its entire spatiotemporal structure, or only its spatial or temporal structure. Removing spatial or temporal information at retrieval resulted in costs, indicating that memory relied on both spatial and temporal context in which items were initially perceived. Encoding of spatiotemporal structure occurred incidentally, not strategically, as it was robust even when the retrieval context was perfectly predictable. However, spatial and temporal inter-item spacings influenced the weighting of spatial and temporal information: It favoured the domain in which items were more widely spaced, facilitating their individuation and, likely, access to representations. Across individuals, the weighting of spatial and temporal information varied substantially, but it remained consistent across sessions, suggesting stable preferences for coding in the spatial or temporal domain. No comparable incidental encoding occurred for other task-irrelevant feature dimensions (size or colour). We propose that temporal structure serves as fundamental a function in VWM as spatial structure, scaffolding events that unfold over time.
MeSH term(s)	Attention ; Humans ; Individuation ; Memory, Short-Term ; Visual Perception
Language	English
Publishing date	2020-12-03
Publishing country	Netherlands
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	1499940-7
ISSN	1873-7838 ; 0010-0277
ISSN (online)	1873-7838
ISSN	0010-0277
DOI	10.1016/j.cognition.2020.104526
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Book ; Thesis: Flexible updating of visual working memory - The joint roles of attention and action

Heuer, Anna

2016

Abstract: In the five contributions of this cumulative dissertation, it is investigated how the updating of visual working memory is accomplished focusing on the role of attention and action. - (1) Heuer, A. & Schubö, A. (2016): The focus of attention in visual ... ...

Title translation	Flexible Aktualisierung des visuellen Arbeitsgedächtnisses - Die Rolle von Aufmerksamkeit und Handeln
Abstract	In the five contributions of this cumulative dissertation, it is investigated how the updating of visual working memory is accomplished focusing on the role of attention and action. - (1) Heuer, A. & Schubö, A. (2016): The focus of attention in visual working memory: Protection of focused representations and its individual variation. PloS ONE, 11, e0154228. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0154228. (2) Heuer, A. & Schubö, A. (2016): Feature-based and spatial attentional selection in visual working memory. Memory & Cognition, 44, 621-632. DOI: 10.3758/s13421-015-0584-5. (3) Heuer, A., Schubö, A. & Crawford, J. D. (2016, submitted): Different cortical mechanisms for spatial vs. feature-based attentional selection in visual working memory. (4) Heuer, A., Crawford, J. D. & Schubö, A. (2016, submitted): Action-relevance induces an attentional weighting of representations in visual working memory. (5) Heuer, A. & Schubö, A. (2016, submitted): Selective weighting of action-related feature dimensions in visual working memory.
Keywords	Agency ; Attention ; Aufmerksamkeit ; Behavior ; Cognitive Processes ; Cues ; Handeln ; Hinweisreize ; Human Information Storage ; Informationsspeicherprozesse beim Menschen ; Intention ; Kognitive Prozesse ; Kurzzeitgedächtnis ; Short Term Memory ; Verhalten
Language	English
Size	163 pp.
Publisher	Universität, Fachbereich Psychologie
Publishing place	Marburg
Document type	Book ; Thesis
Note	Elektronische Publikation im Internet. Kumulative Dissertation
Database	PSYNDEX

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Article ; Online: Impaired disengagement of attention from computer-related stimuli in Internet Gaming Disorder: Behavioral and electrophysiological evidence.

Heuer, Anna / Mennig, Manuel / Schubö, Anna / Barke, Antonia

Journal of behavioral addictions

2021 Volume 10, Issue 1, Page(s) 77–87

Abstract: Background and aims: Attentional biases contribute to the maintenance of addictive behaviors. For the problematic use of online gaming - recognized as Internet Gaming Disorder (IGD) - first evidence points to a bias towards in-game stimuli. This study ... ...

Abstract	Background and aims: Attentional biases contribute to the maintenance of addictive behaviors. For the problematic use of online gaming - recognized as Internet Gaming Disorder (IGD) - first evidence points to a bias towards in-game stimuli. This study aimed to provide behavioral and electrophysiological evidence for a generalized bias towards computer-related stimuli, and to identify the specific attentional processes contributing to this bias: facilitated attention deployment, impaired disengagement or failed suppression. Method: Twenty participants with IGD and 23 casual gamers performed a visual search task with photographs of real-world objects. Either the target or a to-be-ignored distractor was addiction-relevant (computer-related), whereas all other items were addiction-irrelevant (related to cars or sport). Event-related potential components associated with facilitated attentional deployment to the target (NT), its post-selection processing (SPCN), and suppression of irrelevant information (PD) were analyzed. Results: Unlike casual gamers, gamers with IGD exhibited prolonged reaction times and increased SPCN amplitudes for computer-related stimuli, reflecting their continued attentional processing. At the individual level, larger SPCN amplitudes were associated with longer delays in reaction time. Discussion and conclusions: This pattern of results indicates that the disengagement of attention from computer-related stimuli is impaired in IGD. More generally, our findings demonstrate that conditioning processes occur in IGD, and thus open up new avenues for treatment.
MeSH term(s)	Adult ; Attentional Bias ; Computers ; Electroencephalography ; Electrophysiological Phenomena ; Evoked Potentials ; Female ; Humans ; Internet Addiction Disorder/psychology ; Male ; Reaction Time ; Video Games/psychology ; Young Adult
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-01-08
Publishing country	Hungary
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2817933-X
ISSN	2063-5303 ; 2063-5303
ISSN (online)	2063-5303
ISSN	2063-5303
DOI	10.1556/2006.2020.00100
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Article ; Online: Cueing distraction: electrophysiological evidence for anticipatory active suppression of distractor location.

Heuer, Anna / Schubö, Anna

Psychological research

2019 Volume 84, Issue 8, Page(s) 2111–2121

Abstract: It is well known that processing at upcoming target locations can be facilitated, but mixed results have been obtained regarding the inhibition of irrelevant locations when advance information about distractors is available on a trial-to-trial basis. ... ...

Abstract	It is well known that processing at upcoming target locations can be facilitated, but mixed results have been obtained regarding the inhibition of irrelevant locations when advance information about distractors is available on a trial-to-trial basis. Here, we provide electrophysiological evidence that distractor locations can be anticipatorily suppressed. In an additional singleton search task, distractor cues were presented before the search display, which were either fully predictive or non-predictive of the location of the upcoming salient colour distractor. The P
MeSH term(s)	Adult ; Attention/physiology ; Cues ; Evoked Potentials/physiology ; Female ; Humans ; Individuality ; Inhibition, Psychological ; Male ; Reaction Time/physiology ; Young Adult
Language	English
Publishing date	2019-06-14
Publishing country	Germany
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	1463034-5
ISSN	1430-2772 ; 0340-0727
ISSN (online)	1430-2772
ISSN	0340-0727
DOI	10.1007/s00426-019-01211-4
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Article ; Online: Separate and combined effects of action relevance and motivational value on visual working memory.

Heuer, Anna / Schubö, Anna

Journal of vision

2018 Volume 18, Issue 5, Page(s) 14

Abstract: Visual working memory contents can be selectively weighted according to differences in their task-relevance. In the present study, we examined the influence of two more indirect selection biases established by a concurrent task or learned reward ... ...

Abstract	Visual working memory contents can be selectively weighted according to differences in their task-relevance. In the present study, we examined the influence of two more indirect selection biases established by a concurrent task or learned reward associations: action relevance and motivational value. In three experiments, memory performance was assessed with the same color change detection task. Potential action relevance and motivational value were each determined by a specific feature of the memory items (location or shape, respectively) and manipulated orthogonally. Investigated separately (Experiments 1A and 1B), both selection biases modulated visual working memory. In combination (Experiment 2), action relevance and motivational value still each exerted an influence, but not in a fully independent and additive manner. While action relevance impacted performance irrespective of the reward associated with the items, an effect of motivational value was only observed for action-relevant items. These results support the notion that visual working memory is automatically biased as an inherent part of action planning. More generally, these findings highlight the versatile nature of visual working memory: Contents can be flexibly weighted to reflect differences in their importance, taking into account several sources of information.
MeSH term(s)	Adolescent ; Adult ; Association Learning ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Memory, Short-Term/physiology ; Reward ; Visual Perception/physiology ; Young Adult
Language	English
Publishing date	2018--01
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	2106064-2
ISSN	1534-7362 ; 1534-7362
ISSN (online)	1534-7362
ISSN	1534-7362
DOI	10.1167/18.5.14
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Article ; Online: Selective weighting of action-related feature dimensions in visual working memory.

Heuer, Anna / Schubö, Anna

Psychonomic bulletin & review

2017 Volume 24, Issue 4, Page(s) 1129–1134

Abstract: Planning an action primes feature dimensions that are relevant for that particular action, increasing the impact of these dimensions on perceptual processing. Here, we investigated whether action planning also affects the short-term maintenance of visual ...

Abstract	Planning an action primes feature dimensions that are relevant for that particular action, increasing the impact of these dimensions on perceptual processing. Here, we investigated whether action planning also affects the short-term maintenance of visual information. In a combined memory and movement task, participants were to memorize items defined by size or color while preparing either a grasping or a pointing movement. Whereas size is a relevant feature dimension for grasping, color can be used to localize the goal object and guide a pointing movement. The results showed that memory for items defined by size was better during the preparation of a grasping movement than during the preparation of a pointing movement. Conversely, memory for color tended to be better when a pointing movement rather than a grasping movement was being planned. This pattern was not only observed when the memory task was embedded within the preparation period of the movement, but also when the movement to be performed was only indicated during the retention interval of the memory task. These findings reveal that a weighting of information in visual working memory according to action relevance can even be implemented at the representational level during maintenance, demonstrating that our actions continue to influence visual processing beyond the perceptual stage.
MeSH term(s)	Adult ; Color ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Memory, Short-Term ; Movement ; Psychomotor Performance ; Visual Perception ; Young Adult
Language	English
Publishing date	2017-08
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2031311-1
ISSN	1531-5320 ; 1069-9384
ISSN (online)	1531-5320
ISSN	1069-9384
DOI	10.3758/s13423-016-1209-0
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Article: Impaired disengagement of attention from computer-related stimuli in Internet Gaming Disorder

Heuer, Anna / Mennig, Manuel / Schubö, Anna / Barke, Antonia

Journal of Behavioral Addictions

Behavioral and electrophysiological evidence

2021 Volume 10, Issue 1, Page(s) 77–87

Title translation	Beeinträchtigte Lösung der Aufmerksamkeit von computerbezogenen Reizen bei Internet Gaming Disorder: Verhaltensbezogene und elektrophysiologische Evidenz
Abstract	Background and aims: Attentional biases contribute to the maintenance of addictive behaviors. For the problematic use of online gaming - recognized as Internet Gaming Disorder (IGD) - first evidence points to a bias towards in-game stimuli. This study aimed to provide behavioral and electrophysiological evidence for a generalized bias towards computer-related stimuli, and to identify the specific attentional processes contributing to this bias: facilitated attention deployment, impaired disengagement or failed suppression. Method: Twenty participants with IGD and 23 casual gamers performed a visual search task with photographs of real-world objects. Either the target or a to-be-ignored distractor was addiction-relevant (computer-related), whereas all other items were addiction-irrelevant (related to cars or sport). Event-related potential components associated with facilitated attentional deployment to the target (NT), its post-selection processing (SPCN), and suppression of irrelevant information (PD) were analyzed. Results: Unlike casual gamers, gamers with IGD exhibited prolonged reaction times and increased SPCN amplitudes for computer-related stimuli, reflecting their continued attentional processing. At the individual level, larger SPCN amplitudes were associated with longer delays in reaction time. Discussion and Conclusions: This pattern of results indicates that the disengagement of attention from computer-related stimuli is impaired in IGD. More generally, our findings demonstrate that conditioning processes occur in IGD, and thus open up new avenues for treatment.
Keywords	Attentional Bias ; Aufmerksamkeits-Bias ; Computer Games ; Computerspiele ; Digital Gaming ; Digitales Spielen ; Evoked Potentials ; Evozierte Potenziale ; Internet Addiction ; Internetsucht ; Nonsubstance Related Addictions ; Substanzungebundene Sucht ; Visual Search ; Visuelle Suchprozesse
Language	English
Document type	Article
ZDB-ID	2817933-X
ISSN	2063-5303 ; 2062-5871
ISSN (online)	2063-5303
ISSN	2062-5871
DOI	10.1556/2006.2020.00100
Database	PSYNDEX

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Article ; Online: The Focus of Attention in Visual Working Memory: Protection of Focused Representations and Its Individual Variation.

Heuer, Anna / Schubö, Anna

PloS one

2016 Volume 11, Issue 4, Page(s) e0154228

Abstract: Visual working memory can be modulated according to changes in the cued task relevance of maintained items. Here, we investigated the mechanisms underlying this modulation. In particular, we studied the consequences of attentional selection for selected ... ...

Abstract	Visual working memory can be modulated according to changes in the cued task relevance of maintained items. Here, we investigated the mechanisms underlying this modulation. In particular, we studied the consequences of attentional selection for selected and unselected items, and the role of individual differences in the efficiency with which attention is deployed. To this end, performance in a visual working memory task as well as the CDA/SPCN and the N2pc, ERP components associated with visual working memory and attentional processes, were analysed. Selection during the maintenance stage was manipulated by means of two successively presented retrocues providing spatial information as to which items were most likely to be tested. Results show that attentional selection serves to robustly protect relevant representations in the focus of attention while unselected representations which may become relevant again still remain available. Individuals with larger retrocueing benefits showed higher efficiency of attentional selection, as indicated by the N2pc, and showed stronger maintenance-associated activity (CDA/SPCN). The findings add to converging evidence that focused representations are protected, and highlight the flexibility of visual working memory, in which information can be weighted according its relevance.
MeSH term(s)	Analysis of Variance ; Attention/physiology ; Cues ; Electroencephalography ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Memory, Short-Term/physiology ; Pattern Recognition, Visual/physiology ; Photic Stimulation ; Reaction Time/physiology ; Young Adult
Language	English
Publishing date	2016-04-21
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ISSN	1932-6203
ISSN (online)	1932-6203
DOI	10.1371/journal.pone.0154228
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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