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Article: Cash transfers, migration, and gender norms

Hidrobo, Melissa / Mueller, Valerie / Roy, Shalini

American journal of agricultural economics. 2022 Mar., v. 104, no. 2

2022

Abstract: Although migration remains crucial for economic development, financial constraints may limit individual ability to migrate. A recent literature demonstrates that social protection programs encourage migration; however, how norms shape the migration ... ...

Abstract	Although migration remains crucial for economic development, financial constraints may limit individual ability to migrate. A recent literature demonstrates that social protection programs encourage migration; however, how norms shape the migration decision of women and men are rarely considered. Analysis of 2209 panel households (2014–2016) in Mali suggests that men predominantly move for employment, whereas women move to rural areas for marriage and urban areas for employment. We then test, in the context of a large‐scale randomized controlled trial, how a cash transfer (CT) program in Mali affects the migration patterns of men and women. We find the probability of rural–rural migration among men in beneficiary households increases by 0.9 percentage points (an effect size of 100%), whereas the probability of rural–urban migration among women decreases by 0.2 percentage points (an effect size of 50%). We find no impacts on average women's rural–rural migration or men's rural–urban migration. However, women in less poor beneficiary households are more likely to engage in rural–rural migration as a result of the CT, whereas women in poorer beneficiary households realize no immediate impact. Our findings indicate that the provision of cash potentially fosters investment in profitable endeavors outside of subsistence agriculture for men but may also affect the marital migration of women.
Keywords	agricultural economics ; economic development ; employment ; gender ; marriage ; probability ; public policy ; randomized clinical trials ; rural urban migration ; subsistence farming ; Mali
Language	English
Dates of publication	2022-03
Size	p. 550-568.
Publishing place	Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Document type	Article
Note	JOURNAL ARTICLE
ZDB-ID	218188-5
ISSN	0002-9092
ISSN	0002-9092
DOI	10.1111/ajae.12261
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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Article ; Online: The impacts of cash transfers on mental health and investments

Hidrobo, Melissa / Karachiwalla, Naureen / Roy, Shalini

Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization 216(December 2023): 608-630

Experimental evidence from Mali

2023

Abstract: Stress and cognitive burden associated with poverty constrain decision- making regarding investments in the future, which can in turn perpetuate poverty. We exploit the randomized roll-out of Mali's national cash transfer program to estimate its impact ... ...

Abstract	Stress and cognitive burden associated with poverty constrain decision- making regarding investments in the future, which can in turn perpetuate poverty. We exploit the randomized roll-out of Mali's national cash transfer program to estimate its impact on measures of psychological and emotional well-being, time preferences, and cognitive function among households’ primary decision-makers. We find that receiving transfers reduced decision-makers’ self-reported stress and worry, as well as improved their self-esteem. The program did not affect measures of cognitive function but led to a modest increase in a measure of patience. Consistent with reduced stress, improved self-esteem, and increased patience, the program also increased investments in productive assets. Results suggest that, in addition to cash transfers providing the economic resources to support investments in the future, they may also build psycho-social well-being for supporting these investments. PR IFPRI3; ISI; CRP2; 3 Building Inclusive and Efficient Markets, Trade Systems, and Food Industry; 5 Strengthening Institutions and Governance Poverty, Gender, and Inclusion (PGI); Food and Nutrition Policy; PIM CGIAR Research Program on Policies, Institutions, and Markets (PIM)
Keywords	cash transfers ; decision making ; mental health ; poverty ; stress ; social protection ; D91 Intertemporal Household Choice ; Life Cycle Models and Saving ; I31 General Welfare ; Well-Being ; O12 Microeconomic Analyses of Economic Development
Language	English
Publisher	Elsevier
Publishing country	us
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: Cash transfers, migration, and gender norms

Hidrobo, Melissa / Mueller, Valerie / Roy, Shalini

American Journal of Agricultural Economics 104(2): 550-568

2022

Abstract	Although migration remains crucial for economic development, financial constraints may limit individual ability to migrate. A recent literature demonstrates that social protection programs encourage migration; however, how norms shape the migration decision of women and men are rarely considered. Analysis of 2209 panel households (2014–2016) in Mali suggests that men predominantly move for employment, whereas women move to rural areas for marriage and urban areas for employment. We then test, in the context of a large-scale randomized controlled trial, how a cash transfer (CT) program in Mali affects the migration patterns of men and women. We find the probability of rural–rural migration among men in beneficiary households increases by 0.9 percentage points (an effect size of 100%), whereas the probability of rural–urban migration among women decreases by 0.2 percentage points (an effect size of 50%). We find no impacts on average women's rural–rural migration or men's rural–urban migration. However, women in less poor beneficiary households are more likely to engage in rural–rural migration as a result of the CT, whereas women in poorer beneficiary households realize no immediate impact. Our findings indicate that the provision of cash potentially fosters investment in profitable endeavors outside of subsistence agriculture for men but may also affect the marital migration of women. PR IFPRI3; ISI; IFPRIOA; CRP2; 4 Transforming Agricultural and Rural Economies; G Cross-cutting gender theme PHND; PIM CGIAR Research Program on Policies, Institutions, and Markets (PIM)
Keywords	MALI ; WEST AFRICA ; AFRICA SOUTH OF SAHARA ; AFRICA ; cash transfers ; social protection ; gender ; women ; migration ; rural areas ; urban areas ; households
Language	English
Publisher	Agricultural and Applied Economics Association (AAEA)
Publishing country	us
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Book ; Article ; Online: Schooling impacts of an unconditional cash transfer program in Mali

Sessou, Eric / Hidrobo, Melissa / Roy, Shalini / Huybregts, Lieven

2022

Abstract: In rural West Africa, the rate of out-of-school children is high and delayed entry to primary school is common, particularly for girls. Using the randomized roll-out of an unconditional cash transfer program (Jigisemejiri) in Mali, we examine its impact ... ...

Abstract	In rural West Africa, the rate of out-of-school children is high and delayed entry to primary school is common, particularly for girls. Using the randomized roll-out of an unconditional cash transfer program (Jigisemejiri) in Mali, we examine its impact on child schooling by age and sex. The program leads to significant improvements in schooling outcomes for girls, but not boys. Improvements among girls are especially salient among younger (ages 6–9) and older (ages 15–18) girls. Pathway analysis reveals that the program reduces the time younger girls spend in agricultural work at home and the time older girls spend in domestic work as well as self-employment. Households in the program also spend more on education for older girls in terms of school fees, materials, and transport. Non-PR IFPRI1; CRP2; Women’s Empowerment in Agriculture Index PIM; PHND CGIAR Research Program on Policies, Institutions, and Markets (PIM)
Keywords	MALI ; WEST AFRICA ; AFRICA SOUTH OF SAHARA ; AFRICA ; cash transfers ; child labour ; randomized controlled trials ; education ; girls education ; households ; child schooling
Language	English
Publisher	International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI)
Publishing country	us
Document type	Book ; Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article: Cross-disciplinary intersections between public health and economics in intimate partner violence research.

Ranganathan, Meghna / Heise, Lori / Peterman, Amber / Roy, Shalini / Hidrobo, Melissa

SSM - population health

2021 Volume 14, Page(s) 100822

Abstract: Research on intimate partner violence (IPV) has progressed in the last decade in the fields of public health and economics, with under-explored potential for cross-fertilisation. We examine the theoretical perspectives and methodological approaches that ... ...

Abstract	Research on intimate partner violence (IPV) has progressed in the last decade in the fields of public health and economics, with under-explored potential for cross-fertilisation. We examine the theoretical perspectives and methodological approaches that each discipline uses to conceptualise and study IPV and offer a perspective on their relative advantages. Public health takes a broad theoretical perspective anchored in the socio-ecological framework, considering multiple and synergistic drivers of IPV, while economics focuses on bargaining models which highlight individual power and factors that shape this power. These perspectives shape empirical work, with public health examining multi-faceted interventions, risk and mediating factors, while economics focuses on causal modelling of specific economic and institutional factors and economic-based interventions. The disciplines also have differing views on measurement and ethics in primary research. We argue that efforts to understand and address IPV would benefit if the two disciplines collaborated more closely and combined the best traditions of both fields.
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-05-15
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article
ISSN	2352-8273
ISSN	2352-8273
DOI	10.1016/j.ssmph.2021.100822
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Article: The effect of Ecuador's 1999 economic crisis on early childhood development

Hidrobo, Melissa

Economic development and cultural change Vol. 62, No. 4 , p. 633-671

2014 Volume 62, Issue 4, Page(s) 633–671

Author's details	Melissa Hidrobo
Keywords	Wirtschaftskrise ; Kinder ; Gesundheit ; Kognition ; Schätzung ; Ecuador
Language	English
Size	graph. Darst.
Publisher	Univ. of Chicago Press
Publishing place	Chicago, Ill
Document type	Article
ZDB-ID	1688-3 ; 2066246-4
ISSN	1539-2988 ; 0013-0079
ISSN (online)	1539-2988
ISSN	0013-0079
Database	ECONomics Information System

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Article ; Online: Cash plus programming and intimate partner violence: a qualitative evaluation of the benefits of group-based platforms for delivering activities in support of the Ethiopian government's Productive Safety Net Programme (PSNP).

Buller, Ana Maria / Pichon, Marjorie / Hidrobo, Melissa / Mulford, Michael / Amare, Tseday / Sintayehu, Wastina / Tadesse, Seifu / Ranganathan, Meghna

BMJ open

2023 Volume 13, Issue 5, Page(s) e069939

Abstract: Objectives: Intimate partner violence (IPV) is a public health challenge but there is evidence that cash and cash 'plus' interventions reduce IPV. An increasingly popular design feature of these kind of interventions is the group-based modality for ... ...

Abstract	Objectives: Intimate partner violence (IPV) is a public health challenge but there is evidence that cash and cash 'plus' interventions reduce IPV. An increasingly popular design feature of these kind of interventions is the group-based modality for delivering plus activities, however, evidence of the mechanisms through which this modality of delivery impacts IPV is limited. We explore how the group-based modality of delivering plus activities that complemented the Government of Ethiopia's Productive Safety Net Programme contributed to modifying intermediate outcomes on the pathway to IPV. Design: Qualitative study using in-depth interviews and focus group discussions between February and March 2020. Data were analysed using a thematic content and gender lens approach. Findings were interpreted, refined and drafted in collaboration with our local research partners. Setting: Amhara and Oromia regions in Ethiopia. Participants: In total 115 men and women beneficiaries from the Strengthen PSNP4 Institutions and Resilience (SPIR) programme took part in the study. Fifty-eight were interviewed and 57 took part in 7 focus group discussions. Results: We found that Village Economic and Social Associations-through which SPIR activities were delivered-improved financial security and increased economic resilience against income shocks. The group-based delivery of plus activities to couples appeared to enhance individual agency, collective power and social networks, which in turn strengthened social support, gender relations and joint decision-making. Critical reflective dialogues provided a reference group to support the shift away from social norms that condone IPV. Finally, there appeared to be gender differences, with men highlighting the financial benefits and enhanced social status afforded by the groups, whereas women's accounts focused primarily on strengthened social networks and social capital. Conclusion: Our study offers important insights into the mechanisms by which the group-based delivery of plus activities affects intermediate outcomes on the pathway to IPV. It underscores the importance of the modality of delivery in such programmes, and suggests that policy-makers should consider gender-specific needs as men and women might differentially benefit from interventions that enhance social capital to generate gender transformative impacts.
MeSH term(s)	Male ; Humans ; Female ; Ethiopia ; Intimate Partner Violence/prevention & control ; Interpersonal Relations ; Social Support ; Social Norms
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-05-03
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2599832-8
ISSN	2044-6055 ; 2044-6055
ISSN (online)	2044-6055
ISSN	2044-6055
DOI	10.1136/bmjopen-2022-069939
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Book ; Article ; Online: Cash transfers and intimate partner violence (IPV) in low- and middle-income settings

Peterman, Amber / Roy, Shalini / Hidrobo, Melissa / Billings, Lucy

A joint research agenda to inform policy and practice

2021

Abstract: Over the last five years, there has been increasing interest from global stakeholders in the relationship between cash transfers and gender-based violence, and in particular, intimate partner violence (IPV). Interest has grown both within the development ...

Abstract	Over the last five years, there has been increasing interest from global stakeholders in the relationship between cash transfers and gender-based violence, and in particular, intimate partner violence (IPV). Interest has grown both within the development and humanitarian spaces, although empirical research is mainly concentrated in the former. A mixed-method review paper published in 2018 found that, across 22 quantitative or qualitative studies in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), the majority (73%) showed that cash decreased IPV; however, two studies showed mixed effects, and several others showed heterogenous impacts (Buller et al. 2018). A more recent meta-analysis of 14 experimental and quasiexperimental cash transfer studies found average decreases in physical/sexual IPV (4 percentage points (pp)), emotional IPV (2 pp) and controlling behaviors (4 pp) (Baranov et al. 2021). A feature of this literature is the high representation of evaluations from Latin America, primarily government conditional cash transfer programs. In addition, programming was generally focused on poverty-related objectives, and none of the programming was explicitly designed to affect IPV or violence outcomes more broadly. Non-PR IFPRI1; Cash Transfer and Intimate Partner Violence Research Collaborative; G Cross-cutting gender theme; CRP2 PHND; PIM CGIAR Research Program on Policies, Institutions, and Markets (PIM)
Keywords	WORLD ; cash transfers ; social protection ; domestic violence ; gender-based violence ; policies ; developing countries ; research methods ; gender ; intimate partner violence (IPV) ; mixed methods
Subject code	306
Language	English
Publisher	International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI)
Publishing country	us
Document type	Book ; Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Book ; Online: Reducing violence against women and girls

Hidrobo, Melissa / Roy, Shalini / Leight, Jessica / Heckert, Jessica

2021

Abstract: Violence against women and girls (VAWG) is a global public health crisis and human rights violation, with adverse consequences for women and girls, economies as a whole, and future generations. Existing multicountry evidence suggests that the high ... ...

Abstract	Violence against women and girls (VAWG) is a global public health crisis and human rights violation, with adverse consequences for women and girls, economies as a whole, and future generations. Existing multicountry evidence suggests that the high prevalence of VAWG in low- and middle-income countries could be holding back advances in many priority areas — such as education (Gennari et al. 2014), health (Ellsberg et al. 2008), nutrition (Yount et al. 2011), adaptation to climate change (Le Masson et al. 2019), and adoption of sustainable livelihoods (Morrison and Orlando 2004). In the context of agricultural development, VAWG can reduce agency (Theis et al. 2018) — preventing women from seeking control over assets and income (instrumental agency), participating in groups (collective agency), and building self-worth (intrinsic agency). In addition, fear of sexual harassment and/or sexual violence in public spaces can induce girls or women to choose lower quality educational outcomes (Borker 2021), limit their opportunities for safe and decent work (Nordehn 2018), and depress their labor market participation (Chakraborty et al. 2018, Siddique 2021). Non-PR IFPRI1; CRP2; G Cross-cutting gender theme; Capacity Strengthening PHND; PIM CGIAR Research Program on Policies, Institutions, and Markets (PIM)
Keywords	women ; violence ; girls ; Violence against women and girls (VAWG)
Subject code	360
Language	English
Publisher	International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI)
Publishing country	us
Document type	Book ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: Efficiency and status in polygynous pastoralist households

Hidrobo, Melissa / Hoel, Jessica B. / Wilson, Katie

Journal of Development Studies 57(2): 326-342

2021

Abstract: Decision-making structures may be different across polygynous and monogamous households, leading to different economic outcomes and requiring different targeting of anti-poverty programmes. We study efficiency in semi-nomadic pastoralist households in ... ...

Abstract	Decision-making structures may be different across polygynous and monogamous households, leading to different economic outcomes and requiring different targeting of anti-poverty programmes. We study efficiency in semi-nomadic pastoralist households in Northern Senegal with lab-in-the-field games. We find that monogamous and polygynous families are equally productively inefficient overall. However, average contributions at the household level mask differences across dyads. Junior wives receive less but give more to their husbands than senior wives, leaving junior wives worse off than other household members. PR IFPRI3; CRP2; CRP4; ISI PHND; A4NH; PIM CGIAR Research Program on Agriculture for Nutrition and Health (A4NH); CGIAR Research Program on Policies, Institutions, and Markets (PIM)
Keywords	SENEGAL ; WEST AFRICA ; AFRICA SOUTH OF SAHARA ; AFRICA ; polygyny ; pastoralism ; households ; monogamy ; poverty alleviation ; decision making ; gender ; poverty
Language	English
Publisher	Informa UK Limited
Publishing country	us
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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