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  1. Article ; Online: Inhibitory neurons: VIP neurons expect rewards.

    Zou, Jing / Hires, Samuel Andrew

    Current biology : CB

    2023  Volume 33, Issue 17, Page(s) R909–R911

    Abstract: Inhibitory neurons which express vasoactive intestinal polypeptide, VIPs, are a small subset of the mammalian cortex but in importance live up to their acronym. New research shows that these critical control knobs of cortical activity are specifically ... ...

    Abstract Inhibitory neurons which express vasoactive intestinal polypeptide, VIPs, are a small subset of the mammalian cortex but in importance live up to their acronym. New research shows that these critical control knobs of cortical activity are specifically activated by actions taken when rewards are anticipated rather than consummated.
    MeSH term(s) Animals ; Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide ; Reward ; Neurons ; Mammals
    Chemical Substances Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide (37221-79-7)
    Language English
    Publishing date 2023-09-10
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article ; Comment
    ZDB-ID 1071731-6
    ISSN 1879-0445 ; 0960-9822
    ISSN (online) 1879-0445
    ISSN 0960-9822
    DOI 10.1016/j.cub.2023.07.059
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    Zs.A 3208: Show issues Location:
    Je nach Verfügbarkeit (siehe Angabe bei Bestand)
    bis Jg. 1994: Bestellungen von Artikeln über das Online-Bestellformular
    Jg. 1995 - 2021: Lesesall (2.OG)
    ab Jg. 2022: Lesesaal (EG)

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  2. Article ; Online: Touch: Fluctuating Waves of Perception.

    Kim, Jinho / Hires, Samuel Andrew

    Current biology : CB

    2020  Volume 30, Issue 16, Page(s) R934–R936

    Abstract: Does sensory input flow into the brain as a stream, or does it come in waves? New research shows that tactile information in the cortex rises and falls in phase with the forward and back motion of whiskers during surface exploration. ...

    Abstract Does sensory input flow into the brain as a stream, or does it come in waves? New research shows that tactile information in the cortex rises and falls in phase with the forward and back motion of whiskers during surface exploration.
    MeSH term(s) Animals ; Brain ; Touch ; Touch Perception ; Vibrissae
    Language English
    Publishing date 2020-08-18
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article ; Comment
    ZDB-ID 1071731-6
    ISSN 1879-0445 ; 0960-9822
    ISSN (online) 1879-0445
    ISSN 0960-9822
    DOI 10.1016/j.cub.2020.06.087
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    Zs.A 3208: Show issues Location:
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    Jg. 1995 - 2021: Lesesall (2.OG)
    ab Jg. 2022: Lesesaal (EG)

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  3. Article ; Online: Behavioral and Neural Bases of Tactile Shape Discrimination Learning in Head-Fixed Mice.

    Kim, Jinho / Erskine, Andrew / Cheung, Jonathan Andrew / Hires, Samuel Andrew

    Neuron

    2020  Volume 108, Issue 5, Page(s) 953–967.e8

    Abstract: Tactile shape recognition requires the perception of object surface angles. We investigate how neural representations of object angles are constructed from sensory input and how they reorganize across learning. Head-fixed mice learned to discriminate ... ...

    Abstract Tactile shape recognition requires the perception of object surface angles. We investigate how neural representations of object angles are constructed from sensory input and how they reorganize across learning. Head-fixed mice learned to discriminate object angles by active exploration with one whisker. Calcium imaging of layers 2-4 of the barrel cortex revealed maps of object-angle tuning before and after learning. Three-dimensional whisker tracking demonstrated that the sensory input components that best discriminate angles (vertical bending and slide distance) also have the greatest influence on object-angle tuning. Despite the high turnover in active ensemble membership across learning, the population distribution of object-angle tuning preferences remained stable. Angle tuning sharpened, but only in neurons that preferred trained angles. This was correlated with a selective increase in the influence of the most task-relevant sensory component on object-angle tuning. These results show how discrimination training enhances stimulus selectivity in the primary somatosensory cortex while maintaining perceptual stability.
    MeSH term(s) Animals ; Discrimination Learning/physiology ; Female ; Form Perception/physiology ; Male ; Mice ; Mice, Transgenic ; Microscopy, Fluorescence, Multiphoton/methods ; Touch/physiology ; Touch Perception/physiology ; Vibrissae/innervation ; Vibrissae/physiology
    Language English
    Publishing date 2020-09-30
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
    ZDB-ID 808167-0
    ISSN 1097-4199 ; 0896-6273
    ISSN (online) 1097-4199
    ISSN 0896-6273
    DOI 10.1016/j.neuron.2020.09.012
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    Zs.A 2496: Show issues Location:
    Je nach Verfügbarkeit (siehe Angabe bei Bestand)
    bis Jg. 1994: Bestellungen von Artikeln über das Online-Bestellformular
    Jg. 1995 - 2021: Lesesall (2.OG)
    ab Jg. 2022: Lesesaal (EG)
    Zs.MG 92: Show issues

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  4. Article ; Online: Independent representations of self-motion and object location in barrel cortex output.

    Cheung, Jonathan Andrew / Maire, Phillip / Kim, Jinho / Lee, Kiana / Flynn, Garrett / Hires, Samuel Andrew

    PLoS biology

    2020  Volume 18, Issue 11, Page(s) e3000882

    Abstract: During active tactile exploration, the dynamic patterns of touch are transduced to electrical signals and transformed by the brain into a mental representation of the object under investigation. This transformation from sensation to perception is thought ...

    Abstract During active tactile exploration, the dynamic patterns of touch are transduced to electrical signals and transformed by the brain into a mental representation of the object under investigation. This transformation from sensation to perception is thought to be a major function of the mammalian cortex. In primary somatosensory cortex (S1) of mice, layer 5 (L5) pyramidal neurons are major outputs to downstream areas that influence perception, decision-making, and motor control. We investigated self-motion and touch representations in L5 of S1 with juxtacellular loose-seal patch recordings of optogenetically identified excitatory neurons. We found that during rhythmic whisker movement, 54 of 115 active neurons (47%) represented self-motion. This population was significantly more modulated by whisker angle than by phase. Upon active touch, a distinct pattern of activity was evoked across L5, which represented the whisker angle at the time of touch. Object location was decodable with submillimeter precision from the touch-evoked spike counts of a randomly sampled handful of these neurons. These representations of whisker angle during self-motion and touch were independent, both in the selection of which neurons were active and in the angle-tuning preference of coactive neurons. Thus, the output of S1 transiently shifts from a representation of self-motion to an independent representation of explored object location during active touch.
    MeSH term(s) Action Potentials/physiology ; Animals ; Brain/physiology ; Cerebral Cortex/physiology ; Female ; Male ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Movement/physiology ; Neurons/physiology ; Somatosensory Cortex/physiology ; Touch/physiology ; Touch Perception/physiology ; Vibrissae/physiology
    Language English
    Publishing date 2020-11-03
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
    ZDB-ID 2126776-5
    ISSN 1545-7885 ; 1544-9173
    ISSN (online) 1545-7885
    ISSN 1544-9173
    DOI 10.1371/journal.pbio.3000882
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    Zs.A 6193: Show issues Location:
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  5. Article ; Online: The Sensorimotor Basis of Whisker-Guided Anteroposterior Object Localization in Head-Fixed Mice.

    Cheung, Jonathan / Maire, Phillip / Kim, Jinho / Sy, Jonathan / Hires, Samuel Andrew

    Current biology : CB

    2019  Volume 29, Issue 18, Page(s) 3029–3040.e4

    Abstract: Active tactile perception combines directed motion with sensory signals to generate mental representations of objects in space. Competing models exist for how mice use these signals to determine the precise location of objects along their face. We tested ...

    Abstract Active tactile perception combines directed motion with sensory signals to generate mental representations of objects in space. Competing models exist for how mice use these signals to determine the precise location of objects along their face. We tested six of these models using behavioral manipulations and statistical learning in head-fixed mice. Trained mice used a whisker to locate a pole in a continuous range of locations along the anteroposterior axis. Mice discriminated locations to ≤0.5 mm (<2°) resolution. Their motor program was noisy, adaptive to touch, and directed to the rewarded range. This exploration produced several sets of sensorimotor features that could discriminate location. Integration of two features, touch count and whisking midpoint at touch, was the simplest model that explained behavior best. These results show how mice locate objects at hyperacute resolution using a learned motor strategy and minimal set of mentally accessible sensorimotor features.
    MeSH term(s) Animals ; Exploratory Behavior/physiology ; Female ; Head ; Male ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred Strains ; Somatosensory Cortex/metabolism ; Somatosensory Cortex/physiology ; Touch/physiology ; Touch Perception/physiology ; Vibrissae/metabolism ; Vibrissae/physiology
    Language English
    Publishing date 2019-08-29
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
    ZDB-ID 1071731-6
    ISSN 1879-0445 ; 0960-9822
    ISSN (online) 1879-0445
    ISSN 0960-9822
    DOI 10.1016/j.cub.2019.07.068
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    In stock of ZB MED Cologne/Königswinter

    Zs.A 3208: Show issues Location:
    Je nach Verfügbarkeit (siehe Angabe bei Bestand)
    bis Jg. 1994: Bestellungen von Artikeln über das Online-Bestellformular
    Jg. 1995 - 2021: Lesesall (2.OG)
    ab Jg. 2022: Lesesaal (EG)

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  6. Article ; Online: Dynamic cues for whisker-based object localization: An analytical solution to vibration during active whisker touch.

    Vaxenburg, Roman / Wyche, Isis / Svoboda, Karel / Efros, Alexander L / Hires, Samuel Andrew

    PLoS computational biology

    2018  Volume 14, Issue 3, Page(s) e1006032

    Abstract: Vibrations are important cues for tactile perception across species. Whisker-based sensation in mice is a powerful model system for investigating mechanisms of tactile perception. However, the role vibration plays in whisker-based sensation remains ... ...

    Abstract Vibrations are important cues for tactile perception across species. Whisker-based sensation in mice is a powerful model system for investigating mechanisms of tactile perception. However, the role vibration plays in whisker-based sensation remains unsettled, in part due to difficulties in modeling the vibration of whiskers. Here, we develop an analytical approach to calculate the vibrations of whiskers striking objects. We use this approach to quantify vibration forces during active whisker touch at a range of locations along the whisker. The frequency and amplitude of vibrations evoked by contact are strongly dependent on the position of contact along the whisker. The magnitude of vibrational shear force and bending moment is comparable to quasi-static forces. The fundamental vibration frequencies are in a detectable range for mechanoreceptor properties and below the maximum spike rates of primary sensory afferents. These results suggest two dynamic cues exist that rodents can use for object localization: vibration frequency and comparison of vibrational to quasi-static force magnitude. These complement the use of quasi-static force angle as a distance cue, particularly for touches close to the follicle, where whiskers are stiff and force angles hardly change during touch. Our approach also provides a general solution to calculation of whisker vibrations in other sensing tasks.
    MeSH term(s) Action Potentials/physiology ; Animals ; Biomechanical Phenomena/physiology ; Computer Simulation ; Mechanoreceptors/physiology ; Mice ; Neurons/physiology ; Physical Stimulation/methods ; Touch/physiology ; Touch Perception/physiology ; Vibration ; Vibrissae/physiology
    Language English
    Publishing date 2018-03-27
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
    ZDB-ID 2193340-6
    ISSN 1553-7358 ; 1553-734X
    ISSN (online) 1553-7358
    ISSN 1553-734X
    DOI 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1006032
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  7. Article: Tapered whiskers are required for active tactile sensation.

    Hires, Samuel Andrew / Pammer, Lorenz / Svoboda, Karel / Golomb, David

    eLife

    2013  Volume 2, Page(s) e01350

    Abstract: Many mammals forage and burrow in dark constrained spaces. Touch through facial whiskers is important during these activities, but the close quarters makes whisker deployment challenging. The diverse shapes of facial whiskers reflect distinct ecological ... ...

    Abstract Many mammals forage and burrow in dark constrained spaces. Touch through facial whiskers is important during these activities, but the close quarters makes whisker deployment challenging. The diverse shapes of facial whiskers reflect distinct ecological niches. Rodent whiskers are conical, often with a remarkably linear taper. Here we use theoretical and experimental methods to analyze interactions of mouse whiskers with objects. When pushed into objects, conical whiskers suddenly slip at a critical angle. In contrast, cylindrical whiskers do not slip for biologically plausible movements. Conical whiskers sweep across objects and textures in characteristic sequences of brief sticks and slips, which provide information about the tactile world. In contrast, cylindrical whiskers stick and remain stuck, even when sweeping across fine textures. Thus the conical whisker structure is adaptive for sensor mobility in constrained environments and in feature extraction during active haptic exploration of objects and surfaces. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.01350.001.
    MeSH term(s) Animals ; Touch ; Vibrissae/physiology
    Language English
    Publishing date 2013-11-19
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
    ZDB-ID 2687154-3
    ISSN 2050-084X
    ISSN 2050-084X
    DOI 10.7554/eLife.01350
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  8. Article ; Online: Low-noise encoding of active touch by layer 4 in the somatosensory cortex.

    Hires, Samuel Andrew / Gutnisky, Diego A / Yu, Jianing / O'Connor, Daniel H / Svoboda, Karel

    eLife

    2015  Volume 4

    Abstract: Cortical spike trains often appear noisy, with the timing and number of spikes varying across repetitions of stimuli. Spiking variability can arise from internal (behavioral state, unreliable neurons, or chaotic dynamics in neural circuits) and external ( ...

    Abstract Cortical spike trains often appear noisy, with the timing and number of spikes varying across repetitions of stimuli. Spiking variability can arise from internal (behavioral state, unreliable neurons, or chaotic dynamics in neural circuits) and external (uncontrolled behavior or sensory stimuli) sources. The amount of irreducible internal noise in spike trains, an important constraint on models of cortical networks, has been difficult to estimate, since behavior and brain state must be precisely controlled or tracked. We recorded from excitatory barrel cortex neurons in layer 4 during active behavior, where mice control tactile input through learned whisker movements. Touch was the dominant sensorimotor feature, with >70% spikes occurring in millisecond timescale epochs after touch onset. The variance of touch responses was smaller than expected from Poisson processes, often reaching the theoretical minimum. Layer 4 spike trains thus reflect the millisecond-timescale structure of tactile input with little noise.
    MeSH term(s) Action Potentials ; Animals ; Locomotion ; Mice ; Sensorimotor Cortex/physiology ; Somatosensory Cortex/physiology ; Touch
    Language English
    Publishing date 2015-08-06
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
    ZDB-ID 2687154-3
    ISSN 2050-084X ; 2050-084X
    ISSN (online) 2050-084X
    ISSN 2050-084X
    DOI 10.7554/eLife.06619
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  9. Article ; Online: Neural coding in barrel cortex during whisker-guided locomotion.

    Sofroniew, Nicholas James / Vlasov, Yurii A / Hires, Samuel Andrew / Freeman, Jeremy / Svoboda, Karel

    eLife

    2015  Volume 4

    Abstract: Animals seek out relevant information by moving through a dynamic world, but sensory systems are usually studied under highly constrained and passive conditions that may not probe important dimensions of the neural code. Here, we explored neural coding ... ...

    Abstract Animals seek out relevant information by moving through a dynamic world, but sensory systems are usually studied under highly constrained and passive conditions that may not probe important dimensions of the neural code. Here, we explored neural coding in the barrel cortex of head-fixed mice that tracked walls with their whiskers in tactile virtual reality. Optogenetic manipulations revealed that barrel cortex plays a role in wall-tracking. Closed-loop optogenetic control of layer 4 neurons can substitute for whisker-object contact to guide behavior resembling wall tracking. We measured neural activity using two-photon calcium imaging and extracellular recordings. Neurons were tuned to the distance between the animal snout and the contralateral wall, with monotonic, unimodal, and multimodal tuning curves. This rich representation of object location in the barrel cortex could not be predicted based on simple stimulus-response relationships involving individual whiskers and likely emerges within cortical circuits.
    MeSH term(s) Animals ; Locomotion ; Mice ; Neuroimaging ; Neurons/physiology ; Optogenetics ; Physical Stimulation ; Somatosensory Cortex/physiology ; Touch ; Vibrissae/physiology
    Language English
    Publishing date 2015--23
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 2687154-3
    ISSN 2050-084X ; 2050-084X
    ISSN (online) 2050-084X
    ISSN 2050-084X
    DOI 10.7554/eLife.12559
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  10. Article ; Online: Mechanisms underlying a thalamocortical transformation during active tactile sensation.

    Gutnisky, Diego Adrian / Yu, Jianing / Hires, Samuel Andrew / To, Minh-Son / Bale, Michael Ross / Svoboda, Karel / Golomb, David

    PLoS computational biology

    2017  Volume 13, Issue 6, Page(s) e1005576

    Abstract: During active somatosensation, neural signals expected from movement of the sensors are suppressed in the cortex, whereas information related to touch is enhanced. This tactile suppression underlies low-noise encoding of relevant tactile features and the ...

    Abstract During active somatosensation, neural signals expected from movement of the sensors are suppressed in the cortex, whereas information related to touch is enhanced. This tactile suppression underlies low-noise encoding of relevant tactile features and the brain's ability to make fine tactile discriminations. Layer (L) 4 excitatory neurons in the barrel cortex, the major target of the somatosensory thalamus (VPM), respond to touch, but have low spike rates and low sensitivity to the movement of whiskers. Most neurons in VPM respond to touch and also show an increase in spike rate with whisker movement. Therefore, signals related to self-movement are suppressed in L4. Fast-spiking (FS) interneurons in L4 show similar dynamics to VPM neurons. Stimulation of halorhodopsin in FS interneurons causes a reduction in FS neuron activity and an increase in L4 excitatory neuron activity. This decrease of activity of L4 FS neurons contradicts the "paradoxical effect" predicted in networks stabilized by inhibition and in strongly-coupled networks. To explain these observations, we constructed a model of the L4 circuit, with connectivity constrained by in vitro measurements. The model explores the various synaptic conductance strengths for which L4 FS neurons actively suppress baseline and movement-related activity in layer 4 excitatory neurons. Feedforward inhibition, in concert with recurrent intracortical circuitry, produces tactile suppression. Synaptic delays in feedforward inhibition allow transmission of temporally brief volleys of activity associated with touch. Our model provides a mechanistic explanation of a behavior-related computation implemented by the thalamocortical circuit.
    MeSH term(s) Afferent Pathways/physiology ; Animals ; Computer Simulation ; Evoked Potentials, Motor/physiology ; Evoked Potentials, Somatosensory/physiology ; Mice ; Models, Neurological ; Movement/physiology ; Nerve Net/physiology ; Neuronal Plasticity/physiology ; Sensorimotor Cortex/physiology ; Thalamus/physiology ; Touch/physiology ; Vibrissae/innervation ; Vibrissae/physiology
    Language English
    Publishing date 2017-06
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 2193340-6
    ISSN 1553-7358 ; 1553-734X
    ISSN (online) 1553-7358
    ISSN 1553-734X
    DOI 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1005576
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