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Article ; Online: Is an ounce of prevention worth a pound of cure? A cross-sectional study of the impact of English public health grant on mortality and morbidity

Shao-Yi Huang / Ho-Min Chen / Kai-Hsin Liao / Bor-Sheng Ko

BMJ Open, Vol 10, Iss

2020 Volume 10

Abstract: Objectives The UK government is proposing to cease cutting the local authority public health grant by reallocating part of the treatment budget to preventative activity. This study examines whether this proposal is evidenced based and, in particular, ... ...

Abstract	Objectives The UK government is proposing to cease cutting the local authority public health grant by reallocating part of the treatment budget to preventative activity. This study examines whether this proposal is evidenced based and, in particular, whether these resources are best reallocated to prevention, or whether this expenditure would generate more health gains if used for treatment.Methods Instrumental variable regression methods are applied to English local authority data on mortality, healthcare and public health expenditure to estimate the responsiveness of mortality to variations in healthcare and public health expenditure in 2013/14. Using a well-established method, these mortality results are converted to a quality-adjusted life year (QALY) basis, and this facilitates the estimation of the cost per QALY for both National Health Service (NHS) healthcare and local public health expenditure.Results Saving lives and improving the quality of life requires resources. Our estimates suggest that each additional QALY costs about £3800 from the local public health budget, and that each additional QALY from the NHS budget costs about £13 500. These estimates can be used to calculate the number of QALYs generated by a budget boost. If we err on the side of caution and use the most conservative estimates that we have, then an additional £1 billion spent on public health will generate 206 398 QALYs (95% CI 36 591 to 3 76 205 QALYs), and an additional £1 billion spent on healthcare will generate 67 060 QALYs (95% CI 21 487 to 112 633 QALYs).Conclusions Additional public health expenditure is very productive of health and is more productive than additional NHS expenditure. However, both types of expenditure are more productive of health than the norms used by National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (£20 000–£30 000 per QALY) to judge whether new therapeutic technologies are suitable for adoption by the NHS.
Keywords	Medicine ; R
Subject code	360
Language	English
Publishing date	2020-10-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	BMJ Publishing Group
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: Economic burden of cancers in Taiwan

Shao-Yi Huang / Ho-Min Chen / Kai-Hsin Liao / Bor-Sheng Ko

BMJ Open, Vol 10, Iss

a direct and indirect cost estimate for 2007–2017

2020 Volume 10

Abstract: Objective Cancers result in significant economic burdens on patients, health sectors and society. Reliable burden estimates will help guide resource allocation. This study aimed to perform a nationwide cost analysis of the direct and indirect costs of ... ...

Abstract	Objective Cancers result in significant economic burdens on patients, health sectors and society. Reliable burden estimates will help guide resource allocation. This study aimed to perform a nationwide cost analysis of the direct and indirect costs of the top ten most costly cancers, and acute coronary syndrome (ACS), as a comparison, in Taiwan.Setting A population-based cohort study.Participants In total, 545 221 patients with newly diagnosed cancer (lung cancer, female breast cancer, colorectal cancer, liver cancer, oral cancer, leukaemia, prostate cancer, non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, gastric cancer and oesophageal cancer) and 170 879 patients with ACS between 2007 and 2014 were identified.Primary and secondary outcome measures Direct medical costs were calculated from claims recorded in the National Health Insurance Research Database . Indirect costs, comprising morbidity-associated and mortality-associated productivity losses, were estimated from public life expectancy, average wage and employment data. The costs incurred in the 3 years after diagnosis were assessed. As a comparison, the cost of ACS was also estimated using the same study frame. A cost driver analysis was conducted to identify factors impacting cancer costs.Results The cancers with the highest mean direct medical costs and total costs were leukaemia (US$28 464) and oesophageal cancer (US$81 775), respectively. Indirect costs accounted for over 50% of the total economic burden of most cancers, except for prostate cancer and female breast cancer. The costs of ACS were lower than those of most cancers. From the cost driver analysis, older age at diagnosis significantly (p<0.05) decreased the total cost of cancer; in contrast, male, tumour metastasis, comorbidities and treatment in medical centres increased the costs.Conclusions This study demonstrates the comprehensive economic burden of the top 10 most costly cancers in Taiwan. These results are valuable for optimising healthcare resource allocation.
Keywords	Medicine ; R
Subject code	610
Language	English
Publishing date	2020-10-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	BMJ Publishing Group
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: Osteoporosis care after hip fracture

Chun-Feng Huang / Sheng-Chieh Lin / Ho-Min Chen / Chih-Hsing Wu / Shih-Te Tu / Rong-Sen Yang / Wei-Jia Huang / Jawl-Shan Hwang / Ding-Cheng Chan

Journal of the Formosan Medical Association, Vol 122, Iss , Pp S74-S

Observation from national health insurance database and fracture liaison services

2023 Volume 81

Abstract: Background: The objective of this research was to report the trend of osteoporosis care after hip fractures from usual care (UC) and to compare the quality of care with those who received fracture liaison services (FLSs). Methods: Data on osteoporosis ... ...

Abstract	Background: The objective of this research was to report the trend of osteoporosis care after hip fractures from usual care (UC) and to compare the quality of care with those who received fracture liaison services (FLSs). Methods: Data on osteoporosis care for patients with hip fracture were acquired from the National Health Insurance claims (UC group), and surveys from FLS programs (FLS group). A total of 183,300 patients receiving UC and 3010 patients receiving FLS were studied. For the two groups, common osteoporosis care indicators, such as bone mineral density (BMD) testing rate, antiosteoporosis medication commencement rate, and adherence rate were described. Results: There were 2488 participants (82.7%) in the FLS group who completed Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) in 8 weeks, 155 (5.1%) who finished it between 8 weeks and 1 year. Even in 2018, when the DXA completion rate was at its highest, the completion rate in the UC group was only 23.5%. In terms of medication commencement, 2372 FLS patients (78.8%) received treatment within 3 months. Only 24.9% of the UC patients received antiosteoporosis medication within 3 months. Furthermore, antiosteoporosis medication adherence rate was 92.2% after 1 year and 83.9% after 2 years in the FLS group, but these were only 66.5% and 42.7%, respectively, in the UC group. Conclusion: Patients who received FLS had more timely BMD exams, antiosteoporosis medication treatment, and higher adherence to antiosteoporosis therapy than those who received UC. The discrepancy in rates of continuing treatment became more significant over time between both groups.
Keywords	Adherence ; Fracture liaison service ; Hip fracture ; Osteoporosis ; Medicine (General) ; R5-920
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-01-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	Elsevier
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: Epidemiology and clinical impact of osteoporosis in Taiwan

Ming-Tsung Lee / Shau-Huai Fu / Chih-Cheng Hsu / Ho-Min Chen / Jou-Wei Lin / Keh-Sung Tsai / Jawl-Shan Hwang / Sheng-Chieh Lin / Chih-Hsing Wu / Chen-Yu Wang

Journal of the Formosan Medical Association, Vol 122, Iss , Pp S21-S

A 12-year trend of a nationwide population-based study

2023 Volume 35

Abstract: Background: Osteoporosis increases the fracture and mortality risk of patients and has a higher disease burden than some cancers. Therefore, global concerns regarding the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis have been raised. However, fast-aging ... ...

Abstract	Background: Osteoporosis increases the fracture and mortality risk of patients and has a higher disease burden than some cancers. Therefore, global concerns regarding the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis have been raised. However, fast-aging Taiwan lacks national epidemiological data on osteoporosis in recent years. We aimed to establish and update epidemiological data on osteoporosis by analyzing national data from 2008 to 2019. Methods: We estimated the prevalence and incidence of osteoporosis in patients aged ≥50 years based on claims data from Taiwan's National Health Insurance database from 2008 to 2019. We also analyzed the key parameters of fracture care (anti-osteoporosis medication use, bone mineral density examination rate, and length of hospital stay) to understand the secular trend of management and related clinical outcomes (imminent refracture rate and mortality). Results: The number of prevalent osteoporosis increased from 2008 to 2015 and remained constant until 2019; however, the age-standardized prevalence and incidence rates declined from 2008 to 2019 (3.77%–2.91% and 2.08%–1.02%, respectively). The overall incidence rates of hip and spine fractures decreased significantly by 34% and 27%, respectively. For patients with hip and spine fractures, the immanent refracture rates were 8.5% and 12.9% and the 1-year mortality rate remained stable at approximately 15% and 6%, respectively. Conclusion: The age-standardized prevalence and incidence rates decreased remarkably from 2008 to 2019, while the number of prevalent osteoporosis remained steady. Patients with hip fractures encountered a high 1-year mortality rate, while the risk of imminent refracture was notable for patients with spine fractures.
Keywords	Aging ; Epidemiology ; Fracture ; Osteoporosis ; Population-based study ; Medicine (General) ; R5-920
Subject code	610
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-01-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	Elsevier
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: Recurrence rate and risk factors for recurrence after thoracoscopic surgery for primary spontaneous pneumothorax

Wan-Ting Hung / Ho-Min Chen / Chien-Hui Wu / Wen-Ming Hsu / Jou-Wei Lin / Jin-Shing Chen

Journal of the Formosan Medical Association, Vol 120, Iss 10, Pp 1890-

A nationwide population-based study

2021 Volume 1896

Abstract: Purpose: This large-scale nationwide population-based study aimed to determine the recurrence rate and risk factors for recurrence after video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery (VATS) for primary spontaneous pneumothorax (PSP). Methods: This retrospective ... ...

Abstract	Purpose: This large-scale nationwide population-based study aimed to determine the recurrence rate and risk factors for recurrence after video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery (VATS) for primary spontaneous pneumothorax (PSP). Methods: This retrospective study used data from the Taiwan National Health Insurance Database to identify individuals who underwent VATS for PSP from 2007 to 2014. All patients were followed up until December 31, 2017. Study variables included demographic characteristics, intensive care unit admission, lung resection status, use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), and hospital level. The primary outcome was 1-year recurrence, and the secondary outcomes were the 1-year rate of reintervention for recurrence and overall recurrence rate. Results: During the study period, 6654 patients underwent VATS for PSP (average age: 23.2 years, 89.1% male), including 910 patients (13.7%) who experienced recurrence within 1 year and 531 patients (8.0%) who required reintervention within 1 year. The overall recurrence rate was 24.8%, with an average follow-up time of 6.7 years. Age ≤18 years and the use of NSAIDs, especially ketorolac, were significant risk factors for 1-year recurrence and overall recurrence. Younger age was a risk factor for 1-year reintervention. In subgroup analysis, NSAID use was a significant risk factor for 1-year recurrence, 1-year reintervention, and overall recurrence in pediatric patients but not in adult patients. Conclusions: In Taiwan, the 1-year recurrence rate was 13.7% after VATS for PSP. Younger age and the use of NSAIDs, especially ketorolac, were significant risk factors for short- and long-term recurrence after VATS for PSP.
Keywords	Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agents ; Primary spontaneous pneumothorax ; Recurrence ; Taiwan ; Video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery ; Medicine (General) ; R5-920
Subject code	610
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-10-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	Elsevier
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: Impact of expanded strong opioid availability on opioid prescription patterns in patients with cancer

Tsung-Che Wu / Chih-Hung Hsu / Wei-Zen Sun / Ho-Min Chen / Chih-Peng Lin / Yu-Yun Shao

The Lancet Regional Health. Western Pacific, Vol 16, Iss , Pp 100255- (2021)

A population-wide cohort study in Taiwan

2021

Abstract: Background One of the major barriers to adequate cancer pain management in Taiwan is the limited prescription options regarding strong opioids. Internationally recommended strong opioids, including oxycodone and hydromorphone, were not introduced in ... ...

Abstract	Background One of the major barriers to adequate cancer pain management in Taiwan is the limited prescription options regarding strong opioids. Internationally recommended strong opioids, including oxycodone and hydromorphone, were not introduced in Taiwan until late 2014. We analysed the patterns in opioid prescription for cancer pain management, after the introduction of new opioid options.Methods All inpatient and outpatient clinical visits from January 1, 2012, to December 31, 2017, with the diagnosis of cancer and the analgesic prescriptions were collected from the database of National Health Insurance, Taiwan, and analysed. Opioids were grouped into strong opioids, weak opioids, and guideline non-recommended opioids.Findings A total of 1, 292, 905 patients with cancers were included. Approximately 50% of patients used analgesics, 50% of which were opioids; the proportions were stable during the study period. The annual cumulative opioid use per patient (defined daily dose, DDD) significantly decreased from 36•41±102•59 (Mean±SD) in 2012 to 32•42±100•99 in 2017 (p < •001). The annual cumulative strong opioid use per patient increased significantly from 17•54±89•23 in 2012 to 19•28±94•97 in 2017 (+9•90%, p < •001). In parallel, the annual cumulative weak opioids use per patient decreased from 18•64±40•81 in 2012 to 13•04±26•79 in 2017 (−30•04%, p < •001). Among extended-release strong opioids, the use of transdermal fentanyl significantly decreased after oxycodone and hydromorphone were introduced (p < •001).Interpretation Increased therapeutic options in strong opioid prescriptions led opioid prescription patterns to evolve towards international cancer pain management guidelines. In addition, increased accessibility to a wider range of different strong opioids may facilitate more efficient opioid titration and rotation - and thus decrease, not increase, the opioid usage.Funding This study was supported by Ministry of Science and Technology, Taiwan (MOST-106-2314-B-002-213 and ...
Keywords	Cancer pain ; Opioids ; Transdermal fentanyl ; Hydromorphone ; Oxycodone ; Public aspects of medicine ; RA1-1270
Subject code	001
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-11-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	Elsevier
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: Long-Term Medical Resource Consumption between Surgical Clipping and Endovascular Coiling for Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage

Yang-Lan Lo / Zen Lang Bih / Ying-Hui Yu / Ming-Chang Li / Ho-Min Chen / Szu-Yuan Wu

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, Vol 18, Iss 5989, p

A Propensity Score–Matched, Nationwide, Population-Based Cohort Study

2021 Volume 5989

Abstract: Purpose: To estimate long-term medical resource consumption in patients with subarachnoid aneurysmal hemorrhage (SAH) receiving surgical clipping or endovascular coiling. Patients and methods: From Taiwan’s National Health Insurance Research Database, we ...

Abstract	Purpose: To estimate long-term medical resource consumption in patients with subarachnoid aneurysmal hemorrhage (SAH) receiving surgical clipping or endovascular coiling. Patients and methods: From Taiwan’s National Health Insurance Research Database, we enrolled patients with aneurysmal SAH who received clipping or coiling. After propensity score matching and adjustment for confounders, a generalized linear mixed model was used to determine significant differences in the accumulative hospital stay (days), intensive care unit (ICU) stay, and total medical cost for aneurysmal SAH, as well as possible subsequent surgical complications and recurrence. Results: The matching process yielded a final cohort of 8102 patients (4051 and 4051 in endovascular coil embolization and surgical clipping, respectively) who were eligible for further analysis. The mean accumulative hospital stay significantly differed between coiling (31.2 days) and clipping (46.8 days; p < 0.0001). After the generalized linear model adjustment of gamma distribution with a log link, compared with the surgical clipping procedure, the adjusted odds ratios (aOR; 95% confidence interval [CI]) of the medical cost of accumulative hospital stay for the endovascular coil embolization procedure was 0.63 (0.60, 0.66; p < 0·0001). The mean accumulative ICU stay significantly differed between the coiling and clipping groups (9.4 vs. 14.9 days; p < 0.0001). The aORs (95% CI) of the medical cost of accumulative ICU stay in the endovascular coil embolization group was 0.61 (0.58, 0.64; p < 0.0001). The aOR (95% CI) of the total medical cost of index hospitalization in the endovascular coil embolization group was 0·85 (0.82, 0.87; p < 0.0001). Conclusions: Medical resource consumption in the coiling group was lower than that in the clipping group.
Keywords	medical reimbursement ; hospital stay ; ICU stay ; surgical clipping ; endovascular coiling ; aneurysmal SAH ; Medicine ; R
Subject code	616
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-06-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	MDPI AG
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: Impact of the Requirement of Bone Mineral Density Evidence on Utilization of Anti-osteoporosis Medications, Clinical Outcome and Medical Expenditures of Patient With Hip Fracture in Taiwan

Chen-Yu Wang / Shau-Huai Fu / Chih-Chien Hung / Rong-Sen Yang / Jou-Wei Lin / Ho-Min Chen / Fei-Yuan Hsiao / Li-Jiuan Shen

International Journal of Health Policy and Management, Vol 11, Iss 4, Pp 470-

2022 Volume 478

Abstract: BackgroundSince 2011, Taiwan’s National Health Insurance Administration (NHIA) issued a regulation on the reimbursement to anti-osteoporosis medications (AOMs). This study aimed to evaluate the impact of this regulation in reimbursement on the ... ...

Abstract	BackgroundSince 2011, Taiwan’s National Health Insurance Administration (NHIA) issued a regulation on the reimbursement to anti-osteoporosis medications (AOMs). This study aimed to evaluate the impact of this regulation in reimbursement on the utilization of AOMs, clinical outcomes and associated medical expenditures of patients with incident hip fractures. MethodsBy using the National Health Insurance Research Database (NHIRD), patients with incident hip fracture from 2006 to 2015 were identified as our study cohort. Patients younger than 50 years old or prescribed with AOMs within one year prior to incident fracture were excluded. Outcomes of interest were quarterly estimates of the proportion of patients who received bone mineral density (BMD) examination, who were prescribed AOMs, as well as who encountered subsequent osteoporotic fracture-related visits and associated medical expenditures. Particularly, age- and gender-specific estimates were reported. An interrupted time series study design with segmented regression model was used to quantitatively explore the impact of the changes of the reimbursement criteria on the level (immediate) and trend (long-term) changes of these outcomes. ResultsOur study enrolled 118 493 patients with incident hip fracture with those patients aged older than 80 years old accounting for the largest proportion. A significantly decreased trend of AOMs prescription rates was observed immediately post regulation except for female aged between 65 and 80, while the long-term pattern showed no significant difference. However, the percentage of patients encountered subsequent osteoporotic fracture-related visit was not statistically different between pre- and post-regulation periods. Noteworthy, the policy regulation was associated with an increasing trend of osteoporotic fracture associated medical expenditures, especially for patients older than 80 years old. ConclusionThe regulation on the reimbursement for AOMs decreased the prescribing rate of AOMs immediately although the effect ...
Keywords	osteoporosis ; osteoporotic fracture ; national health insurance ; anti-osteoporosis medications ; Public aspects of medicine ; RA1-1270
Subject code	616
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-04-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	Kerman University of Medical Sciences
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: The epidemiology, treatment patterns, healthcare utilizations and costs of Acute Myeloid Leukaemia (AML) in Taiwan

Huai-Hsuan Huang / Chieh-Min Chen / Chen-Yu Wang / William Wei-Yuan Hsu / Ho-Min Chen / Bor-Sheng Ko / Fei-Yuan Hsiao

PLoS ONE, Vol 17, Iss

2022 Volume 1

Abstract: Backgrounds An increasing incidence of Acute Myeloid Leukaemia (AML) has been reported in several Western countries. However, the epidemiology of AML in Asia is very limited. According to the National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN) guideline of AML, ...

Abstract	Backgrounds An increasing incidence of Acute Myeloid Leukaemia (AML) has been reported in several Western countries. However, the epidemiology of AML in Asia is very limited. According to the National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN) guideline of AML, a range of conventional therapy options is available to AML patients. Nevertheless, different treatment strategies may result in diverse healthcare utilization and costs. Understanding the treatment patterns, healthcare utilization and costs of AML would thus be essential for clinicians and policymakers to optimize the treatment strategies of AML. Objectives The objective of this study was to investigate the incidence, treatment patterns, healthcare utilization and costs of AML in Taiwan using a nationwide population database. Methods We retrospectively identified AML patients diagnosed from 2006 to 2015 from the Taiwan Cancer Registry Database (TCRD) and estimated the epidemiology of AML in Taiwan. The TCRD was linked to National Health Insurance Research Database (NHIRD) to collect the treatment patterns and health care utilization. Patients diagnosed with AML from 2011 to 2015 were further identified to analyze treatment patterns, healthcare utilization and costs. Results The crude annual incidence of AML increased from 2.78 to 3.21 cases per 100,000 individuals from 2006 to 2015. However, the age-standardized rate (ASRs) of AML slightly declined from 2.47 to 2.41 cases per 100,000 individuals in the same period. Among 2,179 AML patients who received induction therapy (median age: 56 years), most of them (n = 1744; 80.04%) received standard-dose cytarabine (SDAC) regimen. The remaining 162 patients received high dose cytarabine (HDAC) and 273 patients received non-standard dose cytarabine (N-SDAC) regimen as the induction therapy. The median medical costs in our study for patients treated with chemotherapy alone was $42,271 for HDAC, $36,199 for SDAC and $36,250 for N-SDAC. For those who received hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) after induction ...
Keywords	Medicine ; R ; Science ; Q
Subject code	610
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-01-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	Public Library of Science (PLoS)
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: The epidemiology, treatment patterns, healthcare utilizations and costs of Acute Myeloid Leukaemia (AML) in Taiwan.

Huai-Hsuan Huang / Chieh-Min Chen / Chen-Yu Wang / William Wei-Yuan Hsu / Ho-Min Chen / Bor-Sheng Ko / Fei-Yuan Hsiao

PLoS ONE, Vol 17, Iss 1, p e

2022 Volume 0261871

Abstract	Backgrounds An increasing incidence of Acute Myeloid Leukaemia (AML) has been reported in several Western countries. However, the epidemiology of AML in Asia is very limited. According to the National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN) guideline of AML, a range of conventional therapy options is available to AML patients. Nevertheless, different treatment strategies may result in diverse healthcare utilization and costs. Understanding the treatment patterns, healthcare utilization and costs of AML would thus be essential for clinicians and policymakers to optimize the treatment strategies of AML. Objectives The objective of this study was to investigate the incidence, treatment patterns, healthcare utilization and costs of AML in Taiwan using a nationwide population database. Methods We retrospectively identified AML patients diagnosed from 2006 to 2015 from the Taiwan Cancer Registry Database (TCRD) and estimated the epidemiology of AML in Taiwan. The TCRD was linked to National Health Insurance Research Database (NHIRD) to collect the treatment patterns and health care utilization. Patients diagnosed with AML from 2011 to 2015 were further identified to analyze treatment patterns, healthcare utilization and costs. Results The crude annual incidence of AML increased from 2.78 to 3.21 cases per 100,000 individuals from 2006 to 2015. However, the age-standardized rate (ASRs) of AML slightly declined from 2.47 to 2.41 cases per 100,000 individuals in the same period. Among 2,179 AML patients who received induction therapy (median age: 56 years), most of them (n = 1744; 80.04%) received standard-dose cytarabine (SDAC) regimen. The remaining 162 patients received high dose cytarabine (HDAC) and 273 patients received non-standard dose cytarabine (N-SDAC) regimen as the induction therapy. The median medical costs in our study for patients treated with chemotherapy alone was $42,271 for HDAC, $36,199 for SDAC and $36,250 for N-SDAC. For those who received hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) after induction ...
Keywords	Medicine ; R ; Science ; Q
Subject code	610
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-01-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	Public Library of Science (PLoS)
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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