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Article: Small-scale dung survey reveals high forest elephant density and preference for mixed species forest in an intact protected area

Breuer, Thomas / Breuer-Ndoundou Hockemba, Mireille / Strindberg, Samantha

Biodiversity and conservation. 2021 Aug., v. 30, no. 10

2021

Abstract: Understanding the ecological factors influencing African forest elephant (Loxodonta cyclotis) abundance and distribution is crucial for their conservation management in Central Africa. Dung surveys have been conducted at the landscape scale and confirmed ...

Abstract	Understanding the ecological factors influencing African forest elephant (Loxodonta cyclotis) abundance and distribution is crucial for their conservation management in Central Africa. Dung surveys have been conducted at the landscape scale and confirmed the overwhelming impact of anthropogenic activities on forest elephants. We present results from a small-scale survey in a pristine protected area without anthropogenic activities to elucidate the ecological factors influencing forest elephant density. We conducted a line transect dung survey in a small study area (110 km²) around Mbeli Bai, a natural forest clearing in the Nouabalé-Ndoki National Park, Republic of Congo, and compare results with a landscape survey conducted during the same period. We used habitat specific dung decay data collected on site to estimate elephant density using distance sampling. We fitted Generalized Additive Models to elephant dung encounter rate using explanatory variables collected during the transect survey and from geospatial data. The small-scale survey revealed a precise estimate of forest elephant density that was twice as high as the result from a landscape survey with higher density in mixed species forest for the small-scale survey. We could not find an impact of the proximity of forest clearings and proximity to rivers at the small scale. Fine-scale habitat features, e.g. degree of canopy and understorey closure, had little explanatory power for elephant dung encounter rate. Small-scale dung surveys are a useful method to reveal spatio-temporal variation in forest elephant density and distribution which can inform conservation practitioners in a timely manner. Combining monitoring methods at various spatial scales improves our knowledge and conservation efforts of forest elephants. Nouabalé-Ndoki National Park is a stronghold for forest elephants and of global importance for their conservation.
Keywords	Loxodonta cyclotis ; biodiversity ; canopy ; conservation areas ; feces ; habitats ; landscapes ; mixed forests ; national parks ; spatial data ; surveys ; understory ; Republic of the Congo
Language	English
Dates of publication	2021-08
Size	p. 2671-2688.
Publishing place	Springer Netherlands
Document type	Article
ZDB-ID	2000787-5
ISSN	1572-9710 ; 0960-3115
ISSN (online)	1572-9710
ISSN	0960-3115
DOI	10.1007/s10531-021-02214-7
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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Article: High abundance and large proportion of medium and large duikers in an intact and unhunted afrotropical protected area: Insights into monitoring methods

Breuer, Thomas / Breuer‐Ndoundou Hockemba, Mireille / Opepa, Cisquet Kiebou / Yoga, Sarah / Mavinga, Franck Barrel

African journal of ecology. 2021 June, v. 59, no. 2

2021

Abstract: Unsustainable hunting of bushmeat has dramatic impacts on ecological processes and people's livelihoods. Unfortunately, there is often a strong controversy regarding the sustainability of duiker hunting due to their continued presence in bushmeat markets, ...

Abstract	Unsustainable hunting of bushmeat has dramatic impacts on ecological processes and people's livelihoods. Unfortunately, there is often a strong controversy regarding the sustainability of duiker hunting due to their continued presence in bushmeat markets, on the one hand, and the predictions of sustainable harvest models for duiker abundance, on the other. This apparent contradiction is largely due to biased low abundance estimates from dung surveys. We present results from a 52.4 km line transect dung survey using site decay rates to estimate duiker densities. In addition, camera trapping (14,995 camera trap‐days) was used to provide detection rates and a baseline for the ratio of blue to red duikers as an index of hunting pressure from Nouabalé‐Ndoki National Park, with almost zero levels of hunting. Dung surveys revealed high overall duiker densities (totalling 107.4 duikers per km²) and quick dung decay rate. Camera trapping revealed high‐duiker detection rates and a high ratio of red to blue duikers. Pristine protected areas and no‐hunting zones continue to act as source habitats for high recruitment of harvested species. We discuss future options for monitoring duikers and applying the ratio of red to blue duikers as an index of the level of duiker hunting.
Keywords	bushmeat ; cameras ; conservation areas ; feces ; national parks ; surveys
Language	English
Dates of publication	2021-06
Size	p. 399-411.
Publishing place	John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
Document type	Article
Note	NAL-AP-2-clean ; JOURNAL ARTICLE
ZDB-ID	2019879-6
ISSN	1365-2028 ; 0141-6707
ISSN (online)	1365-2028
ISSN	0141-6707
DOI	10.1111/aje.12853
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Article: Fatal interaction between two male sitatungas (Tragelaphus spekei gratus) at Mbeli Bai, Republic of Congo

Breuer, Thomas / Ndoundou Hockemba, Mireille

African journal of ecology. 2008 Mar., v. 46, no. 1

2008

Language	English
Dates of publication	2008-03
Size	p. 110-112.
Publisher	Blackwell Publishing Ltd
Publishing place	Oxford, UK
Document type	Article
ZDB-ID	2019879-6
ISSN	1365-2028 ; 0141-6707
ISSN (online)	1365-2028
ISSN	0141-6707
DOI	10.1111/j.1365-2028.2007.00781.x
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Article: Dung decay and its implication for population estimates of duikers (Cephalophus and Philantoba spp.) and red river hogs (Potamochaerus porcus) in the Nouabalé-Ndoki National Park, Republic of Congo

Breuer, Thomas / Mavinga, Franck Barrell / Breuer-Ndoundou Hockemba, Mireille

African journal of ecology. 2010 June, v. 48, no. 2

2010

Language	English
Dates of publication	2010-06
Size	p. 551-554.
Publisher	Blackwell Publishing Ltd
Publishing place	Oxford, UK
Document type	Article
ZDB-ID	2019879-6
ISSN	1365-2028 ; 0141-6707
ISSN (online)	1365-2028
ISSN	0141-6707
DOI	10.1111/j.1365-2028.2009.01121.x
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Article ; Online: First observation of tool use in wild gorillas.

Breuer, Thomas / Ndoundou-Hockemba, Mireille / Fishlock, Vicki

PLoS biology

2005 Volume 3, Issue 11, Page(s) e380

Abstract: Descriptions of novel tool use by great apes in response to different circumstances aids us in understanding the factors favoring the evolution of tool use in humans. This paper documents what we believe to be the first two observations of tool use in ... ...

Abstract	Descriptions of novel tool use by great apes in response to different circumstances aids us in understanding the factors favoring the evolution of tool use in humans. This paper documents what we believe to be the first two observations of tool use in wild western gorillas (Gorilla gorilla). We first observed an adult female gorilla using a branch as a walking stick to test water deepness and to aid in her attempt to cross a pool of water at Mbeli Bai, a swampy forest clearing in northern Congo. In the second case we saw another adult female using a detached trunk from a small shrub as a stabilizer during food processing. She then used the trunk as a self-made bridge to cross a deep patch of swamp. In contrast to information from other great apes, which mostly show tool use in the context of food extraction, our observations show that in gorillas other factors such as habitat type can stimulate the use of tools.
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Animals, Wild/physiology ; Behavior, Animal/physiology ; Environment ; Female ; Gorilla gorilla/physiology ; Problem Solving
Language	English
Publishing date	2005-10-01
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	2126776-5
ISSN	1545-7885 ; 1544-9173
ISSN (online)	1545-7885
ISSN	1544-9173
DOI	10.1371/journal.pbio.0030380
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Article ; Online: Camera trapping reveals trends in forest duiker populations in African National Parks

O'Brien, Timothy G. / Ahumada, Jorge / Akampurila, Emmanuel / Beaudrot, Lydia / Boekee, Kelly / Brncic, Terry / Hickey, Jena / Jansen, Patrick A. / Kayijamahe, Charles / Moore, Jennifer / Mugerwa, Badru / Mulindahabi, Felix / Ndoundou-Hockemba, Mireille / Niyigaba, Protais / Nyiratuza, Madeleine / Opepa, Cisquet K. / Rovero, Francesco / Uzabaho, Eustrate / Strindberg, Samantha

Remote Sensing in Ecology and Conservation

2020 Volume 6, Issue 2

Abstract: Bushmeat hunting is widely cited as cause for declines of wildlife populations throughout Africa. Forest duikers (Bovidae, Cephalophinae) are among the most exploited species. Whether current harvest rates imperil duikers is debated because of the ... ...

Abstract	Bushmeat hunting is widely cited as cause for declines of wildlife populations throughout Africa. Forest duikers (Bovidae, Cephalophinae) are among the most exploited species. Whether current harvest rates imperil duikers is debated because of the difficulty of accurately assessing population trends. To assess population trends, we first reviewed literature for historical duiker population estimates. Second, we used systematic camera-trap monitoring to assess population trends for 15 populations of nine duiker species in six national parks in Central and East Africa. We analysed annual monitoring data using Royle-Nichols heterogeneity-induced occupancy models to estimate abundance/sample point and derive occupancy estimates. Published density estimates indicate that duiker populations declined significantly throughout Africa between 1973 and 2013. There was a wide range of densities depending on species ((Formula presented.) range: 0.26–20.6 km−1) and whether populations were hunted ((Formula presented.) =6.3 km−1) or unhunted ((Formula presented.) = 16.3 km−1). More recent analysis of camera-trap monitoring produced different results. Estimated mean point abundance over time was between 0 and 0.99 individuals/point for four populations, between 1.0 and 1.99 for six populations, and greater than 2.0 for five populations. We observed five populations of duikers with negative trends in point abundances, although only one trend was significant and point abundance estimates for three populations were above 2.0 in the final survey year. Six populations showed positive trends in point abundance (three significant), and the remaining populations displayed no trends. Average occupancy was high (Ψ > 0.60) except for three populations. While literature indicates that historical population declines have occurred, most duiker populations appear relatively healthy in monitored parks. Our results indicate that these parks are effective in protecting most duikers despite hunting pressure. We recommend that systematic, ...
Keywords	Abundance ; Africa ; Forest duikers ; Royle-Nichols models ; bushmeat ; camera trapping ; occupancy ; protected areas
Subject code	333
Language	English
Publishing country	nl
Document type	Article ; Online
ZDB-ID	2825232-9
ISSN	2056-3485
ISSN	2056-3485
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: Physical maturation, life-history classes and age estimates of free-ranging western gorillas--insights from Mbeli Bai, Republic of Congo.

Breuer, Thomas / Hockemba, Mireille Breuer-Ndoundou / Olejniczak, Claudia / Parnell, Richard J / Stokes, Emma J

American journal of primatology

2009 Volume 71, Issue 2, Page(s) 106–119

Abstract: Physical maturation and life-history parameters are seen as evolutionary adaptations to different ecological and social conditions. Comparison of life-history patterns of closely related species living in diverse environments helps to evaluate the ... ...

Abstract	Physical maturation and life-history parameters are seen as evolutionary adaptations to different ecological and social conditions. Comparison of life-history patterns of closely related species living in diverse environments helps to evaluate the validity of these assumptions but empirical data are lacking. The two gorilla species exhibit substantial differences in their environment, which allows investigation into the role of increased frugivory in shaping western gorilla life histories. We present behavioral and morphological data on western gorilla physical maturation and life-history parameters from a 12.5-year study at Mbeli Bai, a forest clearing in the Nouabalé-Ndoki National Park in northern Congo. We assign photographs of known individuals to different life-history classes and propose new age boundaries for life-history classes in western gorillas, which can be used and tested at other western gorilla research sites. Our results show that western gorillas are weaned at a later age compared with mountain gorillas and indicate slower physical maturation of immatures. These findings support the risk-aversion hypothesis for more frugivorous species. However, our methods need to be applied and tested with other gorilla populations. The slow life histories of western gorillas could have major consequences for social structure, mortality patterns and population growth rates that will affect recovery from population crashes of this critically endangered species. We emphasize that long-term studies can provide crucial demographic and life-history data that improve our understanding of life-history evolution and adaptation and help to refine conservation strategies.
MeSH term(s)	Age Factors ; Animals ; Behavior, Animal/physiology ; Congo ; Diet ; Environment ; Fruit ; Gorilla gorilla/anatomy & histology ; Gorilla gorilla/growth & development ; Longitudinal Studies ; Observation ; Species Specificity
Language	English
Publishing date	2009-02
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	1495834-x
ISSN	1098-2345 ; 0275-2565
ISSN (online)	1098-2345
ISSN	0275-2565
DOI	10.1002/ajp.20628
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Article ; Online: Contrasting effects of defaunation on aboveground carbon storage across the global tropics.

Osuri, Anand M / Ratnam, Jayashree / Varma, Varun / Alvarez-Loayza, Patricia / Hurtado Astaiza, Johanna / Bradford, Matt / Fletcher, Christine / Ndoundou-Hockemba, Mireille / Jansen, Patrick A / Kenfack, David / Marshall, Andrew R / Ramesh, B R / Rovero, Francesco / Sankaran, Mahesh

Nature communications

2016 Volume 7, Page(s) 11351

Abstract: Defaunation is causing declines of large-seeded animal-dispersed trees in tropical forests worldwide, but whether and how these declines will affect carbon storage across this biome is unclear. Here we show, using a pan-tropical data set, that simulated ... ...

Abstract	Defaunation is causing declines of large-seeded animal-dispersed trees in tropical forests worldwide, but whether and how these declines will affect carbon storage across this biome is unclear. Here we show, using a pan-tropical data set, that simulated declines of large-seeded animal-dispersed trees have contrasting effects on aboveground carbon stocks across Earth's tropical forests. In our simulations, African, American and South Asian forests, which have high proportions of animal-dispersed species, consistently show carbon losses (2-12%), but Southeast Asian and Australian forests, where there are more abiotically dispersed species, show little to no carbon losses or marginal gains (±1%). These patterns result primarily from changes in wood volume, and are underlain by consistent relationships in our empirical data (∼2,100 species), wherein, large-seeded animal-dispersed species are larger as adults than small-seeded animal-dispersed species, but are smaller than abiotically dispersed species. Thus, floristic differences and distinct dispersal mode-seed size-adult size combinations can drive contrasting regional responses to defaunation.
MeSH term(s)	Animal Distribution ; Animals ; Carbon/analysis ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; Ecosystem ; Forests ; Seed Dispersal ; Trees/chemistry ; Trees/growth & development ; Tropical Climate
Chemical Substances	Carbon (7440-44-0)
Language	English
Publishing date	2016--25
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ISSN	2041-1723
ISSN (online)	2041-1723
DOI	10.1038/ncomms11351
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Article ; Online: Standardized Assessment of Biodiversity Trends in Tropical Forest Protected Areas: The End Is Not in Sight.

Beaudrot, Lydia / Ahumada, Jorge A / O'Brien, Timothy / Alvarez-Loayza, Patricia / Boekee, Kelly / Campos-Arceiz, Ahimsa / Eichberg, David / Espinosa, Santiago / Fegraus, Eric / Fletcher, Christine / Gajapersad, Krisna / Hallam, Chris / Hurtado, Johanna / Jansen, Patrick A / Kumar, Amit / Larney, Eileen / Lima, Marcela Guimarães Moreira / Mahony, Colin / Martin, Emanuel H /

McWilliam, Alex / Mugerwa, Badru / Ndoundou-Hockemba, Mireille / Razafimahaimodison, Jean Claude / Romero-Saltos, Hugo / Rovero, Francesco / Salvador, Julia / Santos, Fernanda / Sheil, Douglas / Spironello, Wilson R / Willig, Michael R / Winarni, Nurul L / Zvoleff, Alex / Andelman, Sandy J

PLoS biology

2016 Volume 14, Issue 1, Page(s) e1002357

Abstract: Extinction rates in the Anthropocene are three orders of magnitude higher than background and disproportionately occur in the tropics, home of half the world's species. Despite global efforts to combat tropical species extinctions, lack of high-quality, ... ...

Abstract	Extinction rates in the Anthropocene are three orders of magnitude higher than background and disproportionately occur in the tropics, home of half the world's species. Despite global efforts to combat tropical species extinctions, lack of high-quality, objective information on tropical biodiversity has hampered quantitative evaluation of conservation strategies. In particular, the scarcity of population-level monitoring in tropical forests has stymied assessment of biodiversity outcomes, such as the status and trends of animal populations in protected areas. Here, we evaluate occupancy trends for 511 populations of terrestrial mammals and birds, representing 244 species from 15 tropical forest protected areas on three continents. For the first time to our knowledge, we use annual surveys from tropical forests worldwide that employ a standardized camera trapping protocol, and we compute data analytics that correct for imperfect detection. We found that occupancy declined in 22%, increased in 17%, and exhibited no change in 22% of populations during the last 3-8 years, while 39% of populations were detected too infrequently to assess occupancy changes. Despite extensive variability in occupancy trends, these 15 tropical protected areas have not exhibited systematic declines in biodiversity (i.e., occupancy, richness, or evenness) at the community level. Our results differ from reports of widespread biodiversity declines based on aggregated secondary data and expert opinion and suggest less extreme deterioration in tropical forest protected areas. We simultaneously fill an important conservation data gap and demonstrate the value of large-scale monitoring infrastructure and powerful analytics, which can be scaled to incorporate additional sites, ecosystems, and monitoring methods. In an era of catastrophic biodiversity loss, robust indicators produced from standardized monitoring infrastructure are critical to accurately assess population outcomes and identify conservation strategies that can avert biodiversity collapse.
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Biodiversity ; Birds ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; Ecology/methods ; Forests ; Mammals ; Tropical Climate
Language	English
Publishing date	2016-01-19
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	2126776-5
ISSN	1545-7885 ; 1544-9173
ISSN (online)	1545-7885
ISSN	1544-9173
DOI	10.1371/journal.pbio.1002357
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Article: Limited carbon and biodiversity co-benefits for tropical forest mammals and birds.

Beaudrot, Lydia / Kroetz, Kailin / Alvarez-Loayza, Patricia / Amaral, Ieda / Breuer, Thomas / Fletcher, Christine / Jansen, Patrick A / Kenfack, David / Lima, Marcela Guimarães Moreira / Marshall, Andrew R / Martin, Emanuel H / Ndoundou-Hockemba, Mireille / O'Brien, Timothy / Razafimahaimodison, Jean Claude / Romero-Saltos, Hugo / Rovero, Francesco / Roy, Cisquet Hector / Sheil, Douglas / Silva, Carlos E F /

Spironello, Wilson Roberto / Valencia, Renato / Zvoleff, Alex / Ahumada, Jorge / Andelman, Sandy

Ecological applications : a publication of the Ecological Society of America

2016 Volume 26, Issue 4, Page(s) 1098–1111

Abstract: The conservation of tropical forest carbon stocks offers the opportunity to curb climate change by reducing greenhouse gas emissions from deforestation and simultaneously conserve biodiversity. However, there has been considerable debate about the extent ...

Abstract	The conservation of tropical forest carbon stocks offers the opportunity to curb climate change by reducing greenhouse gas emissions from deforestation and simultaneously conserve biodiversity. However, there has been considerable debate about the extent to which carbon stock conservation will provide benefits to biodiversity in part because whether forests that contain high carbon density in their aboveground biomass also contain high animal diversity is unknown. Here, we empirically examined medium to large bodied ground-dwelling mammal and bird (hereafter "wildlife") diversity and carbon stock levels within the tropics using camera trap and vegetation data from a pantropical network of sites. Specifically, we tested whether tropical forests that stored more carbon contained higher wildlife species richness, taxonomic diversity, and trait diversity. We found that carbon stocks were not a significant predictor for any of these three measures of diversity, which suggests that benefits for wildlife diversity will not be maximized unless wildlife diversity is explicitly taken into account; prioritizing carbon stocks alone will not necessarily meet biodiversity conservation goals. We recommend conservation planning that considers both objectives because there is the potential for more wildlife diversity and carbon stock conservation to be achieved for the same total budget if both objectives are pursued in tandem rather than independently. Tropical forests with low elevation variability and low tree density supported significantly higher wildlife diversity. These tropical forest characteristics may provide more affordable proxies of wildlife diversity for future multi-objective conservation planning when fine scale data on wildlife are lacking.
Language	English
Publishing date	2016-06
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	1074505-1
ISSN	1939-5582 ; 1051-0761
ISSN (online)	1939-5582
ISSN	1051-0761
DOI	10.1890/15-0935
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