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Article ; Online: Biofilms on plastic litter in an urban river: Community composition and activity vary by substrate type.

Lazcano, Raúl F / Kelly, John J / Hoellein, Timothy J

Water environment research : a research publication of the Water Environment Federation

2024 Volume 96, Issue 3, Page(s) e11008

Abstract: In aquatic ecosystems, plastic litter is a substrate for biofilms. Biofilms on plastic and natural surfaces share similar composition and activity, with some differences due to factors such as porosity. In freshwaters, most studies have examined biofilms ...

Abstract	In aquatic ecosystems, plastic litter is a substrate for biofilms. Biofilms on plastic and natural surfaces share similar composition and activity, with some differences due to factors such as porosity. In freshwaters, most studies have examined biofilms on benthic substrates, while little research has compared the activity and composition of biofilms on buoyant plastic and natural surfaces. Additionally, the influence of substrate size and successional stage on biofilm composition has not been commonly assessed. We incubated three plastics of distinct textures that are buoyant in rivers, low-density polyethylene (rigid; 1.7 mm thick), low-density polyethylene film (flexible; 0.0254 mm thick), and foamed polystyrene (brittle; 6.5 mm thick), as well as wood substrates (untreated oak veneer; 0.6 mm thick) in the Chicago River. Each material was incubated at three sizes (1, 7.5, and 15 cm
MeSH term(s)	Rivers ; Polyethylene ; Ecosystem ; Biofilms ; Chlorophyll
Chemical Substances	Polyethylene (9002-88-4) ; Chlorophyll (1406-65-1)
Language	English
Publishing date	2024-01-27
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	1098976-6
ISSN	1554-7531 ; 1047-7624 ; 1061-4303
ISSN (online)	1554-7531
ISSN	1047-7624 ; 1061-4303
DOI	10.1002/wer.11008
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Article ; Online: Egestion rates of microplastic fibres in fish scaled to in situ concentration and fish density

Hou, Loren / McNeish, Rachel / Hoellein, Timothy J.

Freshwater Biology. 2023 Jan., v. 68, no. 1 p.33-45

2023

Abstract: Microplastics (particles <5 mm) are commonly found in aquatic organisms across taxonomic groups and ecosystems. However, the egestion rate of microplastics from aquatic organisms and how egestion rates compare to other rates of microplastic movement in ... ...

Abstract	Microplastics (particles <5 mm) are commonly found in aquatic organisms across taxonomic groups and ecosystems. However, the egestion rate of microplastics from aquatic organisms and how egestion rates compare to other rates of microplastic movement in the environment are sparsely documented. We fed microplastic fibres to round gobies (Neogobius melanostomus), an abundant, invasive species in the Laurentian Great Lakes. We conducted two trials where round gobies were fed microplastic‐containing food either a single time (1 day) or every day over 7 days. There was no difference in microplastic egestion rates from the 1 day or 7 day feeding trials, suggesting no impact of duration of exposure on egestion (exponential decay rate = −0.055 [±0.016 SE] and −0.040 [±0.007 SE], respectively). Turnover time of microplastics (i.e., average time from ingestion to egestion) in the gut ranged from 18.2 to 25.0 hr, similar to published values for other freshwater taxa. We also measured microplastics in the digestive tracts of round gobies collected directly from Lake Michigan, U.S.A. Using published values for round goby density and microplastic concentration at the study sites, we calculated areal egestion rate by round gobies (no. particles m–² day–¹), and compared it to riverine microplastic export (no. particles m–² day–¹). Both area‐based rates were of the same order of magnitude, suggesting that round goby egestion could be an important, and potentially overlooked component of microplastic dynamics at the ecosystem scale. Animal egestion is well‐known as a major component of nutrient and carbon cycling. However, direct measurements of microplastic fluxes in the environment that include animal egestion rates are uncommon. An ecosystem ecology approach is needed to meet the emerging challenge of generating microplastic budgets for freshwater environments and elsewhere, thereby informing management and mitigation of plastic pollution at a global scale.
Keywords	Neogobius melanostomus ; carbon ; digestive system ; ecosystems ; exports ; fish ; freshwater ; ingestion ; invasive species ; limnology ; microplastics ; pollution ; riparian areas ; Lake Michigan
Language	English
Dates of publication	2023-01
Size	p. 33-45.
Publishing place	John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
Document type	Article ; Online
Note	JOURNAL ARTICLE
ZDB-ID	121180-8
ISSN	0046-5070
ISSN	0046-5070
DOI	10.1111/fwb.14007
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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Article ; Online: Plastic microbiome development in a freshwater ecosystem.

Chaudhary, Adit / Dunn, Samuel T / Kelly, John / Hoellein, Timothy J

The Science of the total environment

2022 Volume 848, Page(s) 157697

Abstract: To understand biological interactions of plastic litter in freshwater ecosystems, as well the potential effects of plastics on ecosystem processes, studies of the activity and composition of plastic-associated microbial communities are needed. The ... ...

Abstract	To understand biological interactions of plastic litter in freshwater ecosystems, as well the potential effects of plastics on ecosystem processes, studies of the activity and composition of plastic-associated microbial communities are needed. The physical properties and chemical composition of plastic polymers are key components of plastic product design, and may also select for distinct microbial biofilms colonizing plastic litter. We monitored growth and succession of biofilm communities on plastic substrates of common morphotypes (i.e., hard, soft, foam, and film) and a natural surface (i.e., an unglazed ceramic tile) incubated in an urban stream. We measured biofilm biomass, metabolism, extracellular enzyme activity, and bacterial, fungal and algal community composition over four weeks during primary succession. Results demonstrated a general increase in biofilm biomass and enzymatic activity corresponding to carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus metabolism during biofilm development for all substrate types. We observed higher respiration rates and negative net ecosystem productivity on foam and tile surfaces in comparison to hard, soft and film plastic surfaces. Biofilm bacterial, fungal and algal assemblages showed few significant differences in composition among substrates. However, all microbial communities changed significantly in composition over time. While substrate type was not the major factor driving biofilm composition and activity, these data show plastic litter in streams is well colonized by an active and dynamic biofilm community. As plastic litter is increasing across all types of aquatic ecosystems, it should be considered a medium for biologically active organisms that contribute to key ecosystem processes.
MeSH term(s)	Bacteria ; Biofilms ; Carbon ; Ecosystem ; Fresh Water ; Microbiota ; Nitrogen/pharmacology ; Phosphorus ; Plastics ; Rivers/microbiology
Chemical Substances	Plastics ; Phosphorus (27YLU75U4W) ; Carbon (7440-44-0) ; Nitrogen (N762921K75)
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-07-29
Publishing country	Netherlands
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	121506-1
ISSN	1879-1026 ; 0048-9697
ISSN (online)	1879-1026
ISSN	0048-9697
DOI	10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.157697
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Article: Distribution and transport of microplastic and fine particulate organic matter in urban streams.

Vincent, Anna E S / Hoellein, Timothy J

Ecological applications : a publication of the Ecological Society of America

2021 Volume 31, Issue 8, Page(s) e02429

Abstract: Plastic litter is accumulating in ecosystems worldwide. Rivers are a major source of plastic litter to oceans. However, rivers also retain and transform plastic pollution. While methods for calculating particle transport dynamics in rivers are well ... ...

Abstract	Plastic litter is accumulating in ecosystems worldwide. Rivers are a major source of plastic litter to oceans. However, rivers also retain and transform plastic pollution. While methods for calculating particle transport dynamics in rivers are well established, they are infrequently used to quantify the transport and retention of microplastics (i.e., particles < 5 mm) in flowing waters. Measurements of microplastic movement in rivers are needed for a greater understanding of the fate of plastic litter at watershed and global scales, and to inform pollution prevention strategies. Our objectives were to (1) quantify the abundance of microplastics within different river habitats and (2) adapt organic matter "spiraling" metrics to measure microplastic transport concurrent with fine particulate organic matter (FPOM). We quantified microplastic and FPOM abundance across urban river habitats (i.e., surface water, water column, benthos), and calculated downstream particle velocity, index of retention, turnover rate, and spiraling length for both particle types. Microplastic standing stock was assessed using a habitat-specific approach, and estimates were scaled up to encompass the study reach. Spatial distribution of particles demonstrated that microplastics and FPOM were retained together, likely by hydrodynamic forces that facilitate particle sinking or resuspension. Microplastic particles had a higher downstream particle velocity and lower index of retention relative to FPOM, suggesting that microplastics were retained to a lesser degree than FPOM in the study reaches. Microplastics also showed lower turnover rates and longer spiraling lengths relative to FPOM, attributed to the slow rates of plastic degradation. Thus, rivers are less retentive of microplastics than FPOM, although both particles are retained in similar locations. Because microplastics are resistant to degradation, individual particles can be transported longer distances prior to mineralization than FPOM, making it likely that microplastic particles will encounter larger bodies of water and interact with various aquatic biota in the process. These empirical assessments of particle transport will be valuable for understanding the fate and transformation of microplastic particles in freshwater resources and ultimately contribute to the refinement of global plastic budgets.
MeSH term(s)	Ecosystem ; Environmental Monitoring ; Microplastics ; Particulate Matter ; Plastics ; Water Pollutants, Chemical/analysis
Chemical Substances	Microplastics ; Particulate Matter ; Plastics ; Water Pollutants, Chemical
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-08-23
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.
ZDB-ID	1074505-1
ISSN	1939-5582 ; 1051-0761
ISSN (online)	1939-5582
ISSN	1051-0761
DOI	10.1002/eap.2429
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Article ; Online: Anthropogenic particle concentrations and fluxes in an urban river are temporally variable and impacted by storm events.

Berg, Elizabeth M / Dila, Deborah K / Schaul, Olivia / Eros, Audrey / McLellan, Sandra L / Newton, Ryan J / Hoellein, Timothy J / Kelly, John J

Water environment research : a research publication of the Water Environment Federation

2024 Volume 96, Issue 4, Page(s) e11021

Abstract: Anthropogenic particles (AP), which include microplastics and other synthetic, semisynthetic, and anthropogenically modified materials, are pollutants of concern in aquatic ecosystems worldwide. Rivers are important conduits and retention sites for AP, ... ...

Abstract	Anthropogenic particles (AP), which include microplastics and other synthetic, semisynthetic, and anthropogenically modified materials, are pollutants of concern in aquatic ecosystems worldwide. Rivers are important conduits and retention sites for AP, and time series data on the movement of these particles in lotic ecosystems are needed to assess the role of rivers in the global AP cycle. Much research assessing AP pollution extrapolates stream loads based on single time point measurements, but lotic ecosystems are highly variable over time (e.g., seasonality and storm events). The accuracy of models describing AP dynamics in rivers is constrained by the limited studies that examine how frequent changes in discharge drive particle retention and transport. This study addressed this knowledge gap by using automated, high-resolution sampling to track AP concentrations and fluxes during multiple storm events in an urban river (Milwaukee River) and comparing these measurements to commonly monitored water quality metrics. AP concentrations and fluxes varied significantly across four storm events, highlighting the temporal variability of AP dynamics. When data from the sampling periods were pooled, there were increases in particle concentration and flux during the early phases of the storms, suggesting that floods may flush AP into the river and/or resuspend particles from the benthic zone. AP flux was closely linked to river discharge, suggesting large loads of AP are delivered downstream during storms. Unexpectedly, AP concentrations were not correlated with other simultaneously measured water quality metrics, including total suspended solids, fecal coliforms, chloride, nitrate, and sulfate, indicating that these metrics cannot be used to estimate AP. These data will contribute to more accurate models of particle dynamics in rivers and global plastic export to oceans. PRACTITIONER POINTS: Anthropogenic particle (AP) concentrations and fluxes in an urban river varied across four storm events. AP concentrations and fluxes were the highest during the early phases of the storms. Storms increased AP transport downstream compared with baseflow. AP concentrations did not correlate with other water quality metrics during storms.
MeSH term(s)	Ecosystem ; Plastics ; Water Quality ; Rivers ; Feces ; Environmental Monitoring ; Water Pollutants, Chemical/analysis
Chemical Substances	Plastics ; Water Pollutants, Chemical
Language	English
Publishing date	2024-03-04
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	1098976-6
ISSN	1554-7531 ; 1047-7624 ; 1061-4303
ISSN (online)	1554-7531
ISSN	1047-7624 ; 1061-4303
DOI	10.1002/wer.11021
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Article: Distribution and transport of microplastic and fine particulate organic matter in urban streams

Vincent, Anna E. S. / Hoellein, Timothy J.

Ecological applications. 2021 Dec., v. 31, no. 8

2021

Abstract	Plastic litter is accumulating in ecosystems worldwide. Rivers are a major source of plastic litter to oceans. However, rivers also retain and transform plastic pollution. While methods for calculating particle transport dynamics in rivers are well established, they are infrequently used to quantify the transport and retention of microplastics (i.e., particles < 5 mm) in flowing waters. Measurements of microplastic movement in rivers are needed for a greater understanding of the fate of plastic litter at watershed and global scales, and to inform pollution prevention strategies. Our objectives were to (1) quantify the abundance of microplastics within different river habitats and (2) adapt organic matter “spiraling” metrics to measure microplastic transport concurrent with fine particulate organic matter (FPOM). We quantified microplastic and FPOM abundance across urban river habitats (i.e., surface water, water column, benthos), and calculated downstream particle velocity, index of retention, turnover rate, and spiraling length for both particle types. Microplastic standing stock was assessed using a habitat‐specific approach, and estimates were scaled up to encompass the study reach. Spatial distribution of particles demonstrated that microplastics and FPOM were retained together, likely by hydrodynamic forces that facilitate particle sinking or resuspension. Microplastic particles had a higher downstream particle velocity and lower index of retention relative to FPOM, suggesting that microplastics were retained to a lesser degree than FPOM in the study reaches. Microplastics also showed lower turnover rates and longer spiraling lengths relative to FPOM, attributed to the slow rates of plastic degradation. Thus, rivers are less retentive of microplastics than FPOM, although both particles are retained in similar locations. Because microplastics are resistant to degradation, individual particles can be transported longer distances prior to mineralization than FPOM, making it likely that microplastic particles will encounter larger bodies of water and interact with various aquatic biota in the process. These empirical assessments of particle transport will be valuable for understanding the fate and transformation of microplastic particles in freshwater resources and ultimately contribute to the refinement of global plastic budgets.
Keywords	benthic organisms ; freshwater ; hydrodynamics ; microplastics ; mineralization ; particulate organic matter ; pollution ; pollution control ; rivers ; surface water ; watersheds
Language	English
Dates of publication	2021-12
Publishing place	John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
Document type	Article
Note	JOURNAL ARTICLE
ZDB-ID	1074505-1
ISSN	1939-5582 ; 1051-0761
ISSN (online)	1939-5582
ISSN	1051-0761
DOI	10.1002/eap.2429
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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Article ; Online: Plastic microbiome development in a freshwater ecosystem

Chaudhary, Adit / Dunn, Samuel T. / Kelly, John / Hoellein, Timothy J.

Science of the Total Environment. 2022 Nov., v. 848 p.157697-

2022

Abstract	To understand biological interactions of plastic litter in freshwater ecosystems, as well the potential effects of plastics on ecosystem processes, studies of the activity and composition of plastic-associated microbial communities are needed. The physical properties and chemical composition of plastic polymers are key components of plastic product design, and may also select for distinct microbial biofilms colonizing plastic litter. We monitored growth and succession of biofilm communities on plastic substrates of common morphotypes (i.e., hard, soft, foam, and film) and a natural surface (i.e., an unglazed ceramic tile) incubated in an urban stream. We measured biofilm biomass, metabolism, extracellular enzyme activity, and bacterial, fungal and algal community composition over four weeks during primary succession. Results demonstrated a general increase in biofilm biomass and enzymatic activity corresponding to carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus metabolism during biofilm development for all substrate types. We observed higher respiration rates and negative net ecosystem productivity on foam and tile surfaces in comparison to hard, soft and film plastic surfaces. Biofilm bacterial, fungal and algal assemblages showed few significant differences in composition among substrates. However, all microbial communities changed significantly in composition over time. While substrate type was not the major factor driving biofilm composition and activity, these data show plastic litter in streams is well colonized by an active and dynamic biofilm community. As plastic litter is increasing across all types of aquatic ecosystems, it should be considered a medium for biologically active organisms that contribute to key ecosystem processes.
Keywords	algae ; biofilm ; biomass ; carbon ; ceramics ; chemical composition ; community structure ; environment ; enzyme activity ; extracellular enzymes ; foams ; freshwater ; freshwater ecosystems ; fungi ; metabolism ; microbiome ; morphs ; net ecosystem production ; nitrogen ; phosphorus ; primary succession ; streams ; Plastic litter ; Biofilms ; Succession ; Biogeochemistry ; Microbial communities ; Urban streams
Language	English
Dates of publication	2022-11
Publishing place	Elsevier B.V.
Document type	Article ; Online
ZDB-ID	121506-1
ISSN	1879-1026 ; 0048-9697
ISSN (online)	1879-1026
ISSN	0048-9697
DOI	10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.157697
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Article ; Online: Microplastic accumulation in riverbed sediment via hyporheic exchange from headwaters to mainstems.

Drummond, Jennifer D / Schneidewind, Uwe / Li, Angang / Hoellein, Timothy J / Krause, Stefan / Packman, Aaron I

Science advances

2022 Volume 8, Issue 2, Page(s) eabi9305

Abstract: In rivers, small and lightweight microplastics are transported downstream, but they are also found frequently in riverbed sediment, demonstrating long-term retention. To better understand microplastic dynamics in global rivers from headwaters to ... ...

Abstract	In rivers, small and lightweight microplastics are transported downstream, but they are also found frequently in riverbed sediment, demonstrating long-term retention. To better understand microplastic dynamics in global rivers from headwaters to mainstems, we developed a model that includes hyporheic exchange processes, i.e., transport between surface water and riverbed sediment, where microplastic retention is facilitated. Our simulations indicate that the longest microplastic residence times occur in headwaters, the most abundant stream classification. In headwaters, residence times averaged 5 hours/km but increased to 7 years/km during low-flow conditions. Long-term accumulation for all stream classifications averaged ~5% of microplastic inputs per river kilometer. Our estimates isolated the impact of hyporheic exchange processes, which are known to influence dynamics of naturally occurring particles in streams, but rarely applied to microplastics. The identified mechanisms and time scales for small and lightweight microplastic accumulation in riverbed sediment reveal that these often-unaccounted components are likely a pollution legacy that is crucial to include in global assessments.
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-01-12
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2810933-8
ISSN	2375-2548 ; 2375-2548
ISSN (online)	2375-2548
ISSN	2375-2548
DOI	10.1126/sciadv.abi9305
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Article: Size and density of upside-down jellyfish, Cassiopea sp., and their impact on benthic fluxes in a Caribbean lagoon

Zarnoch, Chester B / Alldred, Mary / Fusco, Erika / Hoellein, Timothy J / Hossain, Noshin / Perdikaris, Sophia

Marine environmental research. 2020 Feb., v. 154

2020

Abstract: Anthropogenic disturbances may be increasing jellyfish populations globally. Epibenthic jellyfish are ideal organisms for studying this phenomenon due to their sessile lifestyle, broad geographic distribution, and prevalence in near-shore coastal ... ...

Abstract	Anthropogenic disturbances may be increasing jellyfish populations globally. Epibenthic jellyfish are ideal organisms for studying this phenomenon due to their sessile lifestyle, broad geographic distribution, and prevalence in near-shore coastal environments. There are few studies, however, that have documented epibenthic jellyfish abundance and measured their impact on ecological processes in tropical ecosystems. In this study, the density and size of the upside-down jellyfish (Cassiopea spp.) were measured in Codrington Lagoon, Barbuda. A sediment core incubation study, with and without Cassiopea, also was performed to determine their impact on benthic oxygen and nutrient fluxes. Densities of Cassiopea were 24–168 m−2, among the highest reported values in the literature. Under illuminated conditions, Cassiopea increased oxygen production >300% compared to sediment alone, and they changed sediments from net heterotrophy to net autotrophy. Cassiopea increased benthic ammonium uptake, but reduced nitrate uptake, suggesting they can significantly alter nitrogen cycling. Future studies should quantify the abundance of Cassiopea and measure their impacts on ecosystem processes, in order to further determine how anthropogenic-related changes may be altering the function of tropical coastal ecosystems.
Keywords	ammonium ; anthropogenic activities ; autotrophs ; coastal ecosystems ; environmental impact ; geographical distribution ; lifestyle ; nitrates ; nitrogen cycle ; oxygen ; oxygen production ; Scyphozoa ; sediments ; Antigua and Barbuda ; Caribbean
Language	English
Dates of publication	2020-02
Publishing place	Elsevier Ltd
Document type	Article
ZDB-ID	1502505-6
ISSN	1879-0291 ; 0141-1136
ISSN (online)	1879-0291
ISSN	0141-1136
DOI	10.1016/j.marenvres.2019.104845
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Article: A fish tale: a century of museum specimens reveal increasing microplastic concentrations in freshwater fish

Hou, Loren / McMahan, Caleb D. / McNeish, Rae E. / Munno, Keenan / Rochman, Chelsea M. / Hoellein, Timothy J.

Ecological applications. 2021 July, v. 31, no. 5

2021

Abstract: Plastic is pervasive in modern economies and ecosystems. Freshwater fish ingest microplastics (i.e., particles <5 mm), but no studies have examined historical patterns of their microplastic consumption. Measuring the patterns of microplastic pollution in ...

Abstract	Plastic is pervasive in modern economies and ecosystems. Freshwater fish ingest microplastics (i.e., particles <5 mm), but no studies have examined historical patterns of their microplastic consumption. Measuring the patterns of microplastic pollution in the past is critical for predicting future trends and for understanding the relationship between plastics in fish and the environment. We measured microplastics in digestive tissues of specimens collected from the years 1900–2017 and preserved in museum collections. We collected new fish specimens in 2018, along with water and sediment samples. We selected four species: Micropterus salmoides (largemouth bass), Notropis stramineus (sand shiner), Ictalurus punctatus (channel catfish), and Neogobius melanostomus (round goby) because each was well represented in museum collections, are locally abundant, and collected from urban habitats. For each individual, we dissected the digestive tissue from esophagus to anus, subjected tissue to peroxide oxidation, examined particles under a dissecting microscope, and used Raman spectroscopy to characterize the particles' chemical composition. No microplastics were detected in any fish prior to 1950. From mid‐century to 2018, microplastic concentrations showed a significant increase when data from all fish were considered together. All detected particles were fibers, and represented plastic polymers (e.g., polyester) along with mixtures of natural and synthetic textiles. For the specimens collected in 2018, microplastics in fish and sediment showed similar patterns across study sites, while water column microplastics showed no differences among locations. Overall, plastic pollution in common freshwater fish species is increasing and pervasive across individuals and species, and is likely related to changes in environmental concentrations. Museum specimens are an overlooked source for assessing historical patterns of microplastic pollution, and for predicting future trends in freshwater fish, thereby helping to sustain the health of commercial and recreational fisheries worldwide.
Keywords	Ictalurus punctatus ; Micropterus salmoides ; Neogobius melanostomus ; Notropis stramineus ; Raman spectroscopy ; anus ; chemical composition ; esophagus ; freshwater fish ; microplastics ; museums ; oxidation ; pollution ; polyesters ; sediments
Language	English
Dates of publication	2021-07
Publishing place	John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
Document type	Article
Note	JOURNAL ARTICLE
ZDB-ID	1074505-1
ISSN	1939-5582 ; 1051-0761
ISSN (online)	1939-5582
ISSN	1051-0761
DOI	10.1002/eap.2320
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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