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Article ; Online: Behaviorally mediated coexistence of ocelots, bobcats and coyotes using hidden Markov models

Sergeyev, Maksim / Holbrook, Joseph D. / Lombardi, Jason V. / Tewes, Michael E. / Campbell, Tyler A.

Oikos. 2023 Apr., v. 2023, no. 4 p.e09480-

2023

Abstract: The competitive exclusion principle states that ecologically similar species will be unable to coexist due to competition for resources, however, similar species coexist across a variety of ecosystems. Understanding mechanisms of coexistence is essential ...

Abstract	The competitive exclusion principle states that ecologically similar species will be unable to coexist due to competition for resources, however, similar species coexist across a variety of ecosystems. Understanding mechanisms of coexistence is essential for managing a target species. Advances in monitoring technology have provided the ability to obtain reliable, high‐frequency data on wildlife. From these data, behavioral states can be approximated by analyzing turning angles and distances between locations. We monitored 8 ocelots Leopardus pardalis, 13 bobcats Lynx rufus and 5 coyotes Canis latrans on the East Foundation's El Sauz Ranch and the Yturria San Francisco Ranch in south Texas, USA, which were fitted with GPS collars that collected locations every 30 min. We characterized behavioral states using hidden Markov models. We assumed low turning angles and longer steps to represent patrolling territory, larger turning angles with shorter steps would represent hunting behavior, and low angles and minimal movement would indicate periods of rest. If differences in timing and space use exist between species, these differences may help facilitate coexistence. We predicted 1) each species exhibits three behavioral states: resting, hunting and territory patrolling; 2) ocelots moved farther (i.e. territory patrolling) in open areas and rested in dense cover; and 3) bobcats and coyotes would remain in more open areas than ocelots. We found ocelots and bobcats remained closer to heavy cover when resting and foraging and used open areas more when patrolling territory while coyotes rested in the open and selected for cover when hunting or patrolling. Further, we found evidence of temporal partitioning of behaviors both within and across species. Our study provides a novel approach to examining coexistence and identifies behaviorally mediated spatial and temporal differences in habitat use that may facilitate coexistence between ocelots, bobcats and coyotes.
Keywords	Canis latrans ; Leopardus pardalis ; Lynx rufus ; competitive exclusion ; habitat preferences ; wildlife ; Texas
Language	English
Dates of publication	2023-04
Publishing place	Blackwell Publishing Ltd
Document type	Article ; Online
Note	JOURNAL ARTICLE
ZDB-ID	207359-6
ISSN	0030-1299
ISSN	0030-1299
DOI	10.1111/oik.09480
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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Article: Burrow webs: Clawing the surface of interactions with burrows excavated by American badgers.

Andersen, Megan L / Bennett, Drew E / Holbrook, Joseph D

Ecology and evolution

2021 Volume 11, Issue 17, Page(s) 11559–11568

Abstract: Ecosystem engineers are organisms that influence their environment, which includes alterations leading to habitat provisioning for other species. Perhaps the most well-examined guild of species provisioning habitat for other species is tree cavity ... ...

Abstract	Ecosystem engineers are organisms that influence their environment, which includes alterations leading to habitat provisioning for other species. Perhaps the most well-examined guild of species provisioning habitat for other species is tree cavity excavators or woodpeckers (Picidae). Many studies have examined the suite of secondary cavity users that rely on woodpeckers, and how the ecological network of secondary users, collectively referred to as the
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-07-30
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2635675-2
ISSN	2045-7758
ISSN	2045-7758
DOI	10.1002/ece3.7962
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Article ; Online: Spatial prey availability and pulsed reproductive tactics: Encounter risk in a canid-ungulate system.

Brunet, Mitchell J / Huggler, Katey S / Holbrook, Joseph D / Burke, Patrick W / Zornes, Mark / Lionberger, Patrick / Monteith, Kevin L

The Journal of animal ecology

2024 Volume 93, Issue 4, Page(s) 447–459

Abstract: Predation risk is a function of spatiotemporal overlap between predator and prey, as well as behavioural responses during encounters. Dynamic factors (e.g. group size, prey availability and animal movement or state) affect risk, but rarely are integrated ...

Abstract	Predation risk is a function of spatiotemporal overlap between predator and prey, as well as behavioural responses during encounters. Dynamic factors (e.g. group size, prey availability and animal movement or state) affect risk, but rarely are integrated in risk assessments. Our work targets a system where predation risk is fundamentally linked to temporal patterns in prey abundance and behaviour. For neonatal ungulate prey, risk is defined within a short temporal window during which the pulse in parturition, increasing movement capacity with age and antipredation tactics have the potential to mediate risk. In our coyote-mule deer (Canis latrans-Odocoileus hemionus) system, leveraging GPS data collected from both predator and prey, we tested expectations of shared enemy and reproductive risk hypotheses. We asked two questions regarding risk: (A) How does primary and alternative prey habitat, predator and prey activity, and reproductive tactics (e.g. birth synchrony and maternal defence) influence the vulnerability of a neonate encountering a predator? (B) How do the same factors affect behaviour by predators relative to the time before and after an encounter? Despite increased selection for mule deer and intensified search behaviour by coyotes during the peak in mule deer parturition, mule deer were afforded protection from predation via predator swamping, experiencing reduced per-capita encounter risk when most neonates were born. Mule deer occupying rabbit habitat (Sylvilagus spp.; coyote's primary prey) experienced the greatest risk of encounter but the availability of rabbit habitat did not affect predator behaviour during encounters. Encounter risk increased in areas with greater availability of mule deer habitat: coyotes shifted their behaviour relative to deer habitat, and the pulse in mule deer parturition and movement of neonatal deer during encounters elicited increased speed and tortuosity by coyotes. In addition to the spatial distribution of prey, temporal patterns in prey availability and animal behavioural state were fundamental in defining risk. Our work reveals the nuanced consequences of pulsed availability on predation risk for alternative prey, whereby responses by predators to sudden resource availability, the lasting effects of diversionary prey and inherent antipredation tactics ultimately dictate risk.
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Rabbits ; Deer/physiology ; Coyotes/physiology ; Ecosystem ; Predatory Behavior/physiology ; Equidae
Language	English
Publishing date	2024-02-13
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	3024-7
ISSN	1365-2656 ; 0021-8790
ISSN (online)	1365-2656
ISSN	0021-8790
DOI	10.1111/1365-2656.14056
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Article ; Online: Spaceborne LiDAR and animal-environment relationships: An assessment for forest carnivores and their prey in the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem

Smith, Austin B. / Vogeler, Jody C. / Bjornlie, Nichole L. / Squires, John R. / Swayze, Neal C. / Holbrook, Joseph D.

Elsevier B.V. Forest Ecology and Management. 2022 Sept., v. 520 p.120343-

2022

Abstract: Animal conservation requires understanding animal-habitat relationships. The integration of novel remote sensing platforms such as Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) technology has dramatically improved the resolution of insight when evaluating animal- ... ...

Abstract	Animal conservation requires understanding animal-habitat relationships. The integration of novel remote sensing platforms such as Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) technology has dramatically improved the resolution of insight when evaluating animal-habitat relationships by characterizing forest structure. However, conventional LiDAR collection (e.g., airborne or terrestrial laser scanning) may be limited by small spatial extents and logistical constraints (e.g., budget) associated with sampling. NASA's Global Ecosystem Dynamics Investigation (GEDI) mission provides an alternative and complement to conventional LiDAR sampling with globally available waveform LiDAR, which is being collected to characterize vertical and horizontal structure of Earth's forests. Forest carnivores are wide-ranging species occupying forested ecosystems, and are generally associated with vertical and horizontal forest structure for their survival and reproduction. We evaluated patterns in occurrence and habitat use of forest carnivores, which included Pacific martens (Martes caurina), Rocky Mountain red foxes (Vulpes vulpes macroura), and coyotes (Canis latrans) and patterns in occurrence of their prey; American red squirrels (Tamiasciurus hudsonicus) and snowshoe hares (Lepus americanus). Camera trap data were collected during the 2014-2017 winters in the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem in Wyoming, USA. Our objectives were to (1) combine GEDI samples with multispectral satellite imagery from Landsat 8 to upscale vertical forest structure metrics; (2) assess the relative importance of environmental characteristics influencing occurrence and habitat use of forest-associated predators and prey; and (3) determine if GEDI-derived variables aided our efforts in characterizing animal-environment relationships. We used Random Forest regression models to upscale GEDI samples across our study area and implemented a multi-tiered approach using generalized linear mixed effect models to simultaneously evaluate animal-environment relationships and how GEDI-derived metrics improved the animal-habitat models. GEDI-derived metrics of relative height and foliage height diversity improved our animal-environment models and were among the strongest covariates (effect sizes were 1.3-1.8 times larger than the next closest) in the coyote, red squirrel, and snowshoe hare models. All five species were influenced to some degree by the frequency of rebaiting a camera trap and varying conditions of snow depth. Collectively, our work indicates forest canopy height and complexity variables significantly improved our ability to assess the importance of forest characteristics on forest carnivores and their prey. Indeed, there is an untapped opportunity to enhance animal ecology and conservation planning with continued integration of GEDI information with freely available satellite data to characterize attributes of forest structure across expansive areas.
Keywords	Canis latrans ; Landsat ; Lepus americanus ; Martes ; Tamiasciurus hudsonicus ; Vulpes vulpes ; administrative management ; algorithms ; cameras ; canopy height ; ecosystems ; forest canopy ; forest ecology ; forests ; habitat preferences ; leaves ; lidar ; remote sensing ; reproduction ; snow ; squirrels ; Wyoming ; Forest structure ; GEDI ; Random forest ; Wildlife habitat ; Landsat 8 ; Forest carnivores
Language	English
Dates of publication	2022-09
Publishing place	Elsevier B.V.
Document type	Article ; Online
ZDB-ID	751138-3
ISSN	0378-1127
ISSN	0378-1127
DOI	10.1016/j.foreco.2022.120343
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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Article ; Online: Spatiotemporal predictions of the alternative prey hypothesis: Predator habitat use during decreasing prey abundance

Brunet, Mitchell J. / Monteith, Kevin L. / Huggler, Katey S. / Thompson, Daniel J. / Burke, Patrick W. / Zornes, Mark / Lionberger, Patrick / Valdez, Miguel / Holbrook, Joseph D.

Ecosphere. 2023 Jan., v. 14, no. 1 p.e4370-

2023

Abstract: The alternative prey hypothesis supposes that predators supported by a primary prey species will shift to consume alternative prey during a decrease in primary prey abundance. The hypothesis implies that during declines of one prey species, a predator ... ...

Abstract	The alternative prey hypothesis supposes that predators supported by a primary prey species will shift to consume alternative prey during a decrease in primary prey abundance. The hypothesis implies that during declines of one prey species, a predator modifies their behavior to exploit a secondary, or alternative, species. Despite occurring in many systems, the behavioral mechanisms (e.g., habitat selection) allowing predators to shift toward alternative prey during declines in the abundance of their primary prey are poorly understood. We evaluated habitat selection and use by a generalist predator with respect to two prey species during a dramatic decrease in the abundance of primary prey. Further, we evaluated how spatial variation in access to primary prey affected habitat selection, and assessed similarity and overlap between habitats used by each prey species. Coyotes (Canis latrans) exhibited decreasing selection for cottontail rabbits (Sylvilagus spp.; primary prey) during population decreases but did not shift habitat selection toward neonate mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus; alternative prey). Use of rabbit habitat remained high even during historically low rabbit abundance, while mule deer habitat was used in proportion to its availability. Coyotes seemingly do not make large shifts in habitat selection toward alternative prey following spatial and temporal decreases in the abundance of primary prey, but instead, take advantage of habitat overlap to facilitate prey‐switching behavior. Our work extends previous research conducted under the alternative prey hypothesis by explicitly evaluating the influence of habitat overlap between prey species and variation in access to prey habitat as factors affecting prey‐switching behaviors in predators.
Keywords	Canis latrans ; Odocoileus hemionus ; Sylvilagus ; habitat preferences ; habitats ; neonates ; prey species ; rabbits
Language	English
Dates of publication	2023-01
Publishing place	John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Document type	Article ; Online
Note	JOURNAL ARTICLE
ZDB-ID	2572257-8
ISSN	2150-8925
ISSN	2150-8925
DOI	10.1002/ecs2.4370
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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Article ; Online: Landscape connectivity for an endangered carnivore: habitat conservation and road mitigation for ocelots in the US

Veals, Amanda M. / Holbrook, Joseph D. / Cherry, Michael J. / Campbell, Tyler A. / Young, John H., Jr / Tewes, Michael E.

Landsc Ecol. 2023 Feb., v. 38, no. 2 p.363-381

2023

Abstract: CONTEXT: Maintaining landscape connectivity for wildlife has become a conservation priority in response to increasing land development and road networks. Roads affect many wildlife populations worldwide, with the distribution and density of roads having ... ...

Abstract	CONTEXT: Maintaining landscape connectivity for wildlife has become a conservation priority in response to increasing land development and road networks. Roads affect many wildlife populations worldwide, with the distribution and density of roads having negative impacts on gene flow and landscape connectivity. OBJECTIVES: We aimed to identify areas along roadways that promote movement in a fragmented landscape. Our objective was to gain a deeper understanding of drivers of connectivity in a patchwork landscape of human uses. METHODS: We applied a spatial absorbing Markov chain (SAMC) framework to test hypotheses about landscape connectivity for a federally endangered carnivore, the ocelot (Leopardus pardalis). We modeled landscape connectivity for ocelots based on spatio-temporal trends in habitat use, which we derived using telemetry dataset collected 1982–2017. We compared three increasingly restrictive resistance surfaces to predict trends in landscape connectivity. RESULTS: Ocelot avoidance of high-traffic roads (> 5000 cars/day) largely influenced patterns of predicted connectivity. We simulated connectivity between habitat patches and identified highly connected areas of conservation concern due to proximity to high-traffic roads. Connectivity was greatly influenced by ocelot habitat use rather than resistance scenarios. Further, we found no evidence of connectivity between populations of ocelots, indicating isolation within a fragmented landscape. CONCLUSION: Our spatially-explicit results describing landscape connectivity with respect to roads provides critical information needed for strategic placement of wildlife crossing structures. Wildlife crossing structures for resident ocelots should be placed in areas of relatively high conductance near roads with well-connected habitat on both sides of the road. We describe an approach that leverages long-term habitat use data for examining connectivity and improving landscape permeability.
Keywords	Leopardus pardalis ; Markov chain ; carnivores ; data collection ; gene flow ; habitat connectivity ; habitat conservation ; habitat fragmentation ; habitat preferences ; humans ; land use ; landscapes ; permeability ; telemetry ; wildlife
Language	English
Dates of publication	2023-02
Size	p. 363-381.
Publishing place	Springer Netherlands
Document type	Article ; Online
ZDB-ID	1027798-5
ISSN	1572-9761 ; 0921-2973
ISSN (online)	1572-9761
ISSN	0921-2973
DOI	10.1007/s10980-022-01569-8
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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Article: Multiscale habitat relationships of a habitat specialist over time: The case of ocelots in Texas from 1982 to 2017

Veals, Amanda M. / Holbrook, Joseph D. / Blackburn, AnnMarie / Anderson, C. Jane / DeYoung, Randy W. / Campbell, Tyler A. / Young, John H., Jr / Tewes, Michael E.

Ecosphere. 2022 Aug., v. 13, no. 8

2022

Abstract: Evaluating temporal trends in habitat and behavioral responses is critical for conservation, yet long‐term monitoring studies are rare. We used a 35‐year dataset (1982–2017) to assess multiscale habitat use and selection by an endangered carnivore, the ... ...

Abstract	Evaluating temporal trends in habitat and behavioral responses is critical for conservation, yet long‐term monitoring studies are rare. We used a 35‐year dataset (1982–2017) to assess multiscale habitat use and selection by an endangered carnivore, the ocelot (Leopardus pardalis), in South Texas, USA. We used a time series of remotely sensed imagery to map changes in availability of woody cover, habitat critical to ocelots that has diminished due to anthropogenic development and increased road infrastructure. Our objectives were to characterize habitat relationships, predict high‐quality habitat, and assess behavior with changing environmental conditions. We fit functional response (third order) and individual‐specific resource selection (second order) functions to assess multiscale habitat use of vegetation cover and roads. Within home ranges, ocelots used woody cover greater than availability. Ocelots used areas near roads in proportion to availability, with minor exceptions. We observed changes in habitat use by ocelots across time with higher proportions of woody and non‐woody cover used in later time periods. Average availability of woody cover decreased in the study area between the 1980s and 2010s (0.44 in 1985 to 0.39 in 2015, p < 0.001), and ocelots used areas with a higher proportion of woody cover (≥0.48) farther from high‐traffic roads compared to availability. High‐quality ocelot habitat was consistently predicted in areas with high proportions of woody cover, while areas closer to high‐traffic roads were consistently predicted as non‐habitat. The extent of predicted habitat never exceeded 47% (1515 km²) of the study area, illustrating the confined nature of ocelot habitat. Our assessment of multiscale habitat use demonstrated that higher order selection processes likely truncate resource gradients within home ranges. Ocelots did not avoid roads as expected within home ranges, which is a likely mechanism for vehicle‐induced mortality. Private lands contained ≥79% of predicted high‐quality habitat over time. Therefore, the future of ocelots in the United States relies on private land stewardship. Insights gained from these analyses can advance habitat conservation and mitigation of road mortality for ocelot populations.
Keywords	Leopardus pardalis ; carnivores ; data collection ; habitat conservation ; habitat preferences ; habitats ; infrastructure ; mortality ; private lands ; remote sensing ; time series analysis ; vegetation cover ; Texas
Language	English
Dates of publication	2022-08
Publishing place	John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Document type	Article
Note	JOURNAL ARTICLE
ZDB-ID	2572257-8
ISSN	2150-8925
ISSN	2150-8925
DOI	10.1002/ecs2.4204
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Article: A specialized forest carnivore navigates landscape-level disturbance: Canada lynx in spruce-beetle impacted forests

Squires, John R / Holbrook, Joseph D / Olson, Lucretia E / Ivan, Jacob S / Ghormley, Randal W / Lawrence, Rick L

Forest ecology and management. 2020 Nov. 01, v. 475

2020

Abstract: Canada lynx (Lynx canadensis) occupy cold wet forests (boreal and subalpine forest) that were structured by natural disturbance processes for millennia. In the Southern Rocky Mountains, at the species’ southern range periphery, Canada lynx habitat has ... ...

Abstract	Canada lynx (Lynx canadensis) occupy cold wet forests (boreal and subalpine forest) that were structured by natural disturbance processes for millennia. In the Southern Rocky Mountains, at the species’ southern range periphery, Canada lynx habitat has been recently impacted by large-scale disturbance from spruce beetles (Dendroctonus rufipennis). This disturbance poses a challenge for forest managers who must administer this novel landscape in ways that also facilitate timber salvage. To aid managers with this problem, we instrumented Canada lynx with GPS collars to document their selection of beetle impacted forests at spatial scales that spanned from landscapes to movement paths. We used a use-availability design based on remotely-sensed covariates to evaluate landscape- and path-level selection. We evaluated selection at the home-range scale in beetle-kill areas based on vegetation plots sampled in the field to quantify forest structure and composition. We found that across all scales of selection, Canada lynx selected forests with a higher proportion of beetle-kill trees that were generally larger in diameter than randomly available. Within home ranges, Canada lynx selected forests with greater live components of subalpine fir and live canopy of Engelmann spruce. During winter, Canada lynx exhibited functional responses, or disproportionate use relative to availability, for forest horizontal cover, diameter of beetle killed trees, live canopy of Engelmann spruce (Picea engelmannii) and subalpine fir (Abies lasiocarpa), and additive use (and consistent selection) for relative density of snowshoe hares and density of subcanopy subalpine fir 3–4.9 in. (7.6–12.4 cm) in diameter. We discuss our results in the context of balancing resource needs of Canada lynx with the desire to salvage timber in beetle-impacted forests.
Keywords	Abies lasiocarpa ; Dendroctonus rufipennis ; Lynx canadensis ; Picea engelmannii ; administrative management ; canopy ; carnivores ; cold ; forest ecology ; forests ; habitats ; home range ; landscapes ; remote sensing ; salvage logging ; winter
Language	English
Dates of publication	2020-1101
Publishing place	Elsevier B.V.
Document type	Article
Note	NAL-AP-2-clean
ZDB-ID	751138-3
ISSN	0378-1127
ISSN	0378-1127
DOI	10.1016/j.foreco.2020.118400
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Article: Cats and dogs: A mesopredator navigating risk and reward provisioned by an apex predator.

Brunet, Mitchell J / Monteith, Kevin L / Huggler, Katey S / Clapp, Justin G / Thompson, Daniel J / Burke, Patrick W / Zornes, Mark / Lionberger, Patrick / Valdez, Miguel / Holbrook, Joseph D

Ecology and evolution

2022 Volume 12, Issue 2, Page(s) e8641

Abstract: Successfully perceiving risk and reward is fundamental to the fitness of an animal, and can be achieved through a variety of perception tactics. For example, mesopredators may "directly" perceive risk by visually observing apex predators, or may " ... ...

Abstract	Successfully perceiving risk and reward is fundamental to the fitness of an animal, and can be achieved through a variety of perception tactics. For example, mesopredators may "directly" perceive risk by visually observing apex predators, or may "indirectly" perceive risk by observing habitats used by predators. Direct assessments should more accurately characterize the arrangement of risk and reward; however, indirect assessments are used more frequently in studies concerning the response of GPS-marked animals to spatiotemporally variable sources of risk and reward. We investigated the response of a mesopredator to the presence of risk and reward created by an apex predator, where risk and reward likely vary in relative perceptibility (i.e., degree of being perceptible). First, we tested whether coyotes (
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-02-22
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2635675-2
ISSN	2045-7758
ISSN	2045-7758
DOI	10.1002/ece3.8641
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Article: Risky business: How an herbivore navigates spatiotemporal aspects of risk from competitors and predators.

Huggler, Katey S / Holbrook, Joseph D / Hayes, Matthew M / Burke, Patrick W / Zornes, Mark / Thompson, Daniel J / Clapp, Justin G / Lionberger, Patrick / Valdez, Miguel / Monteith, Kevin L

Ecological applications : a publication of the Ecological Society of America

2022 Volume 32, Issue 7, Page(s) e2648

Abstract: Understanding factors that influence animal behavior is central to ecology. Basic principles of animal ecology imply that individuals should seek to maximize survival and reproduction, which means carefully weighing risk against reward. Decisions become ... ...

Abstract	Understanding factors that influence animal behavior is central to ecology. Basic principles of animal ecology imply that individuals should seek to maximize survival and reproduction, which means carefully weighing risk against reward. Decisions become increasingly complex and constrained, however, when risk is spatiotemporally variable. We advance a growing body of work in predator-prey behavior by evaluating novel questions where a prey species is confronted with multiple predators and a potential competitor. We tested how fine-scale behavior of female mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus) during the reproductive season shifted depending upon spatial and temporal variation in risk from predators and a potential competitor. We expected female deer to avoid areas of high risk when movement activity of predators and a competitor were high. We used GPS data collected from 76 adult female mule deer, 35 adult female elk, 33 adult coyotes, and six adult mountain lions. Counter to our expectations, female deer exhibited selection for multiple risk factors, however, selection for risk was dampened by the exposure to risk within home ranges of female deer, producing a functional response in habitat selection. Furthermore, temporal variation in movement activity of predators and elk across the diel cycle did not result in a shift in movement activity by female deer. Instead, the average level of risk within their home range was the predominant factor modulating the response to risk by female deer. Our results counter prevailing hypotheses of how large herbivores navigate risky landscapes and emphasize the importance of accounting for the local environment when identifying effects of risk on animal behavior. Moreover, our findings highlight additional behavioral mechanisms used by large herbivores to mitigate multiple sources of predation and potential competitive interactions.
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Coyotes ; Deer/physiology ; Ecosystem ; Equidae ; Female ; Herbivory ; Predatory Behavior
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-06-14
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S. ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	1074505-1
ISSN	1939-5582 ; 1051-0761
ISSN (online)	1939-5582
ISSN	1051-0761
DOI	10.1002/eap.2648
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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