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Article ; Online: Implications of Mitigating Ozone and Fine Particulate Matter Pollution in the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macau Greater Bay Area of China Using a Regional-To-Local Coupling Model.

Zhang, Xuguo / Stocker, Jenny / Johnson, Kate / Fung, Yik Him / Yao, Teng / Hood, Christina / Carruthers, David / Fung, Jimmy C H

GeoHealth

2022 Volume 6, Issue 3, Page(s) e2021GH000506

Abstract: Ultrahigh-resolution air quality models that resolve sharp gradients of pollutant concentrations benefit the assessment of human health impacts. Mitigating fine particulate matter ( ... ...

Abstract	Ultrahigh-resolution air quality models that resolve sharp gradients of pollutant concentrations benefit the assessment of human health impacts. Mitigating fine particulate matter (PM
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-03-11
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ISSN	2471-1403
ISSN (online)	2471-1403
DOI	10.1029/2021GH000506
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Article: A Multi-model Air Quality System for Health Research: Road model development and evaluation

Seaton, Martin / O'Neill, James / Bien, Brian / Hood, Christina / Jackson, Mark / Jackson, Rose / Johnson, Kate / Oades, Molly / Stidworthy, Amy / Stocker, Jenny / Carruthers, David

Environmental modelling & software. 2022 Sept., v. 155

2022

Abstract: Poor air quality impacts life expectancy and quality of life of populations worldwide. Numerical models generate comprehensive air pollutant concentration datasets, useful for quantifying historic, current and, through projections, future air pollution ... ...

Abstract	Poor air quality impacts life expectancy and quality of life of populations worldwide. Numerical models generate comprehensive air pollutant concentration datasets, useful for quantifying historic, current and, through projections, future air pollution effects on health. However, it is challenging to accommodate the full range of dispersion and chemistry processes affecting both regional and local scales in a single model. The scientific formulation and evaluation of a new quasi-Gaussian road source dispersion model, ADMS-Local, is presented. This model has been developed as a component for the ‘Multi-model Air Quality System for Health Research’ (MAQS-Health). ADMS-Local accounts for the influence of urban morphology on dispersion, as well as near-road NOX chemistry processes, leading to the spatial resolution of pollutant concentration gradients occurring over distances of a few metres. The model is optimised for use within the MAQS-Health system, where local modelling for each regional model grid cell is run in parallel.
Keywords	air pollutants ; air pollution ; air quality ; chemistry ; computer software ; data collection ; longevity ; quality of life
Language	English
Dates of publication	2022-09
Publishing place	Elsevier Ltd
Document type	Article
ISSN	1364-8152
DOI	10.1016/j.envsoft.2022.105455
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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Article ; Online: Comprehensive evaluation of an advanced street canyon air pollution model.

Hood, Christina / Stocker, Jenny / Seaton, Martin / Johnson, Kate / O'Neill, James / Thorne, Lewis / Carruthers, David

Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association (1995)

2020 Volume 71, Issue 2, Page(s) 247–267

Abstract: A street canyon pollution dispersion model is described which accounts for a wide range of canyon geometries including deep and/or asymmetric canyons. The model uses up to six component sources to represent different effects of street canyons on the ... ...

Abstract	A street canyon pollution dispersion model is described which accounts for a wide range of canyon geometries including deep and/or asymmetric canyons. The model uses up to six component sources to represent different effects of street canyons on the dispersion of road traffic emissions. The final concentration is a weighted sum of the component concentrations dependent on output point location; canyon geometry; and wind direction relative to canyon orientation. Conventional approaches to modeling pollution in street canyons, such as the "Operational Street Pollution Model" (OSPM), do not account for canyons with high aspect ratios, pavements, and building porosity, so are not applicable for all urban morphologies. The new model has been implemented within the widely used, street-level resolution ADMS-Urban air quality model, which is used for air quality assessment and forecasting in cities such as Hong Kong where high-rise buildings form deep and complex street canyons. The new model is evaluated in relation to measured pollutant concentration data from the "Optimisation of modelling methods for traffic pollution in streets" (TRAPOS) project and routine measurements from 42 monitoring sites in London. Comparisons have been made between modeling using the new canyon model; a simpler approach to canyon modeling based on the OSPM formulation; and without any inclusion of canyon effects. The TRAPOS dataset has been used to highlight the model's ability to replicate the dependence of concentration on wind speed and direction, and also to show improved model performance for the prediction of high concentration values, which is particularly important for model applications such as planning and assessment. The London dataset, in which the street canyons are less well defined, has also been used to demonstrate improved model performance for this advanced approach compared to the simpler methods, by categorizing the measurement locations according to site type (background, near-road, and strong canyon).
MeSH term(s)	Air Pollutants/analysis ; Air Pollution/analysis ; Cities ; Models, Theoretical ; Vehicle Emissions/analysis ; Wind
Chemical Substances	Air Pollutants ; Vehicle Emissions
Language	English
Publishing date	2020-07-28
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	1003064-5
ISSN	2162-2906 ; 0894-0630 ; 1047-3289 ; 1096-2247
ISSN (online)	2162-2906
ISSN	0894-0630 ; 1047-3289 ; 1096-2247
DOI	10.1080/10962247.2020.1803158
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Article ; Online: Double counting and the Paris Agreement rulebook.

Schneider, Lambert / Duan, Maosheng / Stavins, Robert / Kizzier, Kelley / Broekhoff, Derik / Jotzo, Frank / Winkler, Harald / Lazarus, Michael / Howard, Andrew / Hood, Christina

Science (New York, N.Y.)

2019 Volume 366, Issue 6462, Page(s) 180–183

Language	English
Publishing date	2019-10-10
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	128410-1
ISSN	1095-9203 ; 0036-8075
ISSN (online)	1095-9203
ISSN	0036-8075
DOI	10.1126/science.aay8750
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Book ; Online: Improving NOx emission estimates in Beijing using network observations and a perturbed emissions ensemble

Yuan, Le / Popoola, Olalekan A. M. / Hood, Christina / Carruthers, David / Jones, Roderic L. / Sun, Haitong Zhe / Liu, Huan / Zhang, Qiang / Archibald, Alexander T.

eISSN: 1680-7324

2022

Abstract: Emissions inventories are crucial inputs to air quality simulations and represent a major source of uncertainty. Various methods have been adopted to optimise emissions inventories, yet in most cases the methods were only applied to total anthropogenic ... ...

Abstract	Emissions inventories are crucial inputs to air quality simulations and represent a major source of uncertainty. Various methods have been adopted to optimise emissions inventories, yet in most cases the methods were only applied to total anthropogenic emissions. We have developed a new approach that updates a priori emission estimates by source sector, which are particularly relevant for policy interventions. At its core is a perturbed emissions ensemble (PEE), constructed by perturbing parameters in an a priori emissions inventory within their respective uncertainty ranges. This PEE is then input to an air quality model to generate an ensemble of forward simulations. By comparing the simulation outputs with observations from a dense network, the initial uncertainty ranges are constrained, and a posteriori emission estimates are derived. Using this approach, we were able to derive the transport sector NO x emissions for a study area centred around Beijing in 2016 based on a priori emission estimates for 2013. The absolute emissions were found to be 1.5–9 × 10 4 Mg, corresponding to a 57 %–93 % reduction from the 2013 levels, yet the night-time fraction of the emissions was 67 %–178 % higher. These results provide robust and independent evidence of the trends of traffic emission in the study area between 2013 and 2016 reported by previous studies. We also highlighted the impacts of the chemical mechanisms in the underlying model on the emission estimates derived, which is often neglected in emission optimisation studies. This work paves forward the route for rapid analysis and update of emissions inventories using air quality models and routine in situ observations, underscoring the utility of dense observational networks. It also highlights some gaps in the current distribution of monitoring sites in Beijing which result in an underrepresentation of large point sources of NO x .
Subject code	571
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-07-05
Publishing country	de
Document type	Book ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Book: Making energy work

Hood, Christina J / James, Colin

a sustainable energy future for New Zealand

2007

Institution	Institute of Policy Studies
Author's details	Christina Hood; Colin James
Keywords	Energy conservation ; Energy development ; Renewable energy sources ; Sustainable development ; Nachhaltige Energieversorgung ; Energieversorgung ; Nachhaltige Entwicklung ; Neuseeland
Language	English
Size	VIII, 94 p, graph. Darst., 21 cm
Publisher	Inst. of Policy Studies
Publishing place	Wellington N.Z.
Document type	Book
Note	"IPS/Pub/149"--T.p. verso ; Includes bibliographical references (p. 85-94)
ISBN	1877347175 ; 9781877347177
Database	ECONomics Information System

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Book ; Online: Air quality simulations for London using a coupled regional-to-localmodelling system

Hood, Christina / MacKenzie, Ian / Stocker, Jenny / Johnson, Kate / Carruthers, David / Vieno, Massimo / Doherty, Ruth

eISSN: 1680-7324

2018

Abstract: High-resolution and accurate air quality concentration data are needed for detailed exposure and health effects calculations. Simulating such data numerically requires realistic treatment of both local emissions and background concentrations transported ... ...

Abstract	High-resolution and accurate air quality concentration data are needed for detailed exposure and health effects calculations. Simulating such data numerically requires realistic treatment of both local emissions and background concentrations transported from further afield. This study combines regional and urban scale modelling and uses adjusted emission factors for NO x and NO 2 and non-exhaust emission rates of PM 10 and PM 2.5 to reflect real-world emissions more accurately. Three modelling approaches have been used to simulate air quality in 2012 across London: a regional chemistry-climate model with 5 km horizontal resolution and gridded emissions; a local dispersion and chemistry model with explicit road source emissions; and a coupled regional-to-local modelling system combining the two individual models. The performance of each of the models is assessed against measurements from background and near-road sites in London in terms of annual averages, high hourly average concentrations and diurnal cycles. The regional model shows good agreement compared to measurements for background sites for these metrics but under-predicts concentrations of all pollutants except O 3 at near-road sites due to the low resolution of input emissions and calculations. The urban model, using measured concentrations as regional background, and the coupled model show similarly good agreement for most pollutants at both background and near-road sites. Using the coupled model, it is estimated that 13 % of the area of London exceeded the EU limit value of 40 µg m −3 for annual average NO 2 in 2012.
Subject code	333
Language	English
Publishing date	2018-02-14
Publishing country	de
Document type	Book ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Book ; Online: Air quality simulations for London using a coupled regional-to-local modelling system

Hood, Christina / MacKenzie, Ian / Stocker, Jenny / Johnson, Kate / Carruthers, David / Vieno, Massimo / Doherty, Ruth

eISSN: 1680-7324

2018

Abstract: A coupled regional-to-local modelling system comprising a regional chemistry–climate model with 5 km horizontal resolution (EMEP4UK) and an urban dispersion and chemistry model with explicit road source emissions (ADMS-Urban) has been used to simulate ... ...

Abstract	A coupled regional-to-local modelling system comprising a regional chemistry–climate model with 5 km horizontal resolution (EMEP4UK) and an urban dispersion and chemistry model with explicit road source emissions (ADMS-Urban) has been used to simulate air quality in 2012 across London. The study makes use of emission factors for NO x and NO 2 and non-exhaust emission rates of PM 10 and PM 2.5 which have been adjusted compared to standard factors to reflect real-world emissions, with increases in total emissions of around 30 % for these species. The performance of the coupled model and each of the two component models is assessed against measurements from background and near-road sites in London using a range of metrics concerning annual averages, high hourly average concentrations and diurnal cycles. The regional model shows good performance compared to measurements for background sites for these metrics, but under-predicts concentrations of all pollutants except O 3 at near-road sites due to the low resolution of input emissions and calculations. The coupled model shows good performance at both background and near-road sites, which is broadly comparable with that of the urban model that uses measured concentrations as regional background, except for PM 2.5 where the under-prediction of the regional model causes the coupled model to also under-predict concentrations. Using the coupled model, it is estimated that 13 % of the area of London exceeded the EU limit value of 40 µg m −3 for annual average NO 2 in 2012, whilst areas of exceedances of the annual average limit values of 40 and 25 µg m −3 for PM 10 and PM 2.5 respectively were negligible.
Subject code	333
Language	English
Publishing date	2018-08-13
Publishing country	de
Document type	Book ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article: Assessing chemistry schemes and constraints in air quality models used to predict ozone in London against the detailed Master Chemical Mechanism.

Malkin, Tamsin L / Heard, Dwayne E / Hood, Christina / Stocker, Jenny / Carruthers, David / MacKenzie, Ian A / Doherty, Ruth M / Vieno, Massimo / Lee, James / Kleffmann, Jörg / Laufs, Sebastian / Whalley, Lisa K

Faraday discussions

2016 Volume 189, Page(s) 589–616

Abstract: Air pollution is the environmental factor with the greatest impact on human health in Europe. Understanding the key processes driving air quality across the relevant spatial scales, especially during pollution exceedances and episodes, is essential to ... ...

Abstract	Air pollution is the environmental factor with the greatest impact on human health in Europe. Understanding the key processes driving air quality across the relevant spatial scales, especially during pollution exceedances and episodes, is essential to provide effective predictions for both policymakers and the public. It is particularly important for policy regulators to understand the drivers of local air quality that can be regulated by national policies versus the contribution from regional pollution transported from mainland Europe or elsewhere. One of the main objectives of the Coupled Urban and Regional processes: Effects on AIR quality (CUREAIR) project is to determine local and regional contributions to ozone events. A detailed zero-dimensional (0-D) box model run with the Master Chemical Mechanism (MCMv3.2) is used as the benchmark model against which the less explicit chemistry mechanisms of the Generic Reaction Set (GRS) and the Common Representative Intermediates (CRIv2-R5) schemes are evaluated. GRS and CRI are used by the Atmospheric Dispersion Modelling System (ADMS-Urban) and the regional chemistry transport model EMEP4UK, respectively. The MCM model uses a near-explicit chemical scheme for the oxidation of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and is constrained to observations of VOCs, NOx, CO, HONO (nitrous acid), photolysis frequencies and meteorological parameters measured during the ClearfLo (Clean Air for London) campaign. The sensitivity of the less explicit chemistry schemes to different model inputs has been investigated: Constraining GRS to the total VOC observed during ClearfLo as opposed to VOC derived from ADMS-Urban dispersion calculations, including emissions and background concentrations, led to a significant increase (674% during winter) in modelled ozone. The inclusion of HONO chemistry in this mechanism, particularly during wintertime when other radical sources are limited, led to substantial increases in the ozone levels predicted (223%). When the GRS and CRIv2-R5 schemes are run with the equivalent model constraints to the MCM, they are able to reproduce the level of ozone predicted by the near-explicit MCM to within 40% and 20% respectively for the majority of the time. An exception to this trend was observed during pollution episodes experienced in the summer, when anticyclonic conditions favoured increased temperatures and elevated O3. The in situ O3 predicted by the MCM was heavily influenced by biogenic VOCs during these conditions and the low GRS [O3] : MCM [O3] ratio (and low CRIv2-R5 [O3] : MCM [O3] ratio) demonstrates that these less explicit schemes under-represent the full O3 creation potential of these VOCs. To fully assess the influence of the in situ O3 generated from local emissions versus O3 generated upwind of London and advected in, the time since emission (and, hence, how far the real atmosphere is from steady state) must be determined. From estimates of the mean transport time determined from the NOx : NOy ratio observed at North Kensington during the summer and comparison of the O3 predicted by the MCM model after this time, ∼60% of the median observed [O3] could be generated from local emissions. During the warmer conditions experienced during the easterly flows, however, the observed [O3] may be even more heavily influenced by London's emissions.
Language	English
Publishing date	2016--18
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ISSN	1359-6640
ISSN	1359-6640
DOI	10.1039/c5fd00218d
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Article: Fast conventional synthesis of human beta-amyloid (1-42) on the Symphony and Prelude.

Fuentes, German / Hood, Christina / Park, Jae H / Patel, Hirendra / Page, Karen / Menakuru, Mahendra

Advances in experimental medicine and biology

2009 Volume 611, Page(s) 173–174

MeSH term(s)	Amino Acid Sequence ; Amyloid beta-Peptides/chemical synthesis ; Humans ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Peptide Fragments/chemical synthesis
Chemical Substances	Amyloid beta-Peptides ; Peptide Fragments ; amyloid beta-protein (1-42)
Language	English
Publishing date	2009
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ISSN	2214-8019 ; 0065-2598
ISSN (online)	2214-8019
ISSN	0065-2598
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