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Article: The neurobiology of childhood structural brain development: conception through adulthood.

Houston, Suzanne M / Herting, Megan M / Sowell, Elizabeth R

Current topics in behavioral neurosciences

2013 Volume 16, Page(s) 3–17

Abstract: The study of the function and structure of the human brain dates back centuries, when philosophers and physicians theorized about the localization of specific cognitive functions and the structure and organization of underlying brain tissue. In more ... ...

Abstract	The study of the function and structure of the human brain dates back centuries, when philosophers and physicians theorized about the localization of specific cognitive functions and the structure and organization of underlying brain tissue. In more recent years, the advent of non-invasive techniques such as Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) has allowed scientists unprecedented opportunities to further our understanding not only of structure and function, but of trajectories of brain development in typical and a-typical child and adult populations. In this chapter, we hope to provide a system-level approach to introduce what we have learned about structural brain development from conception through adulthood. We discuss important findings from MRI studies, and the directions that future imaging studies can take in the concerted effort to enhance our understanding of brain development, and thus to enhance our ability to develop interventions for various neurodevelopmental disorders.
MeSH term(s)	Adolescent ; Adolescent Development/physiology ; Brain/anatomy & histology ; Brain/embryology ; Brain/growth & development ; Child ; Child Development/physiology ; Fetal Development/physiology ; Humans ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging/methods
Language	English
Publishing date	2013-12-18
Publishing country	Germany
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural ; Review
ISSN	1866-3370
ISSN	1866-3370
DOI	10.1007/7854_2013_265
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Article ; Online: Neural correlates of socioeconomic status in the developing human brain.

Noble, Kimberly G / Houston, Suzanne M / Kan, Eric / Sowell, Elizabeth R

Developmental science

2012 Volume 15, Issue 4, Page(s) 516–527

Abstract: Socioeconomic disparities in childhood are associated with remarkable differences in cognitive and socio-emotional development during a time when dramatic changes are occurring in the brain. Yet, the neurobiological pathways through which socioeconomic ... ...

Abstract	Socioeconomic disparities in childhood are associated with remarkable differences in cognitive and socio-emotional development during a time when dramatic changes are occurring in the brain. Yet, the neurobiological pathways through which socioeconomic status (SES) shapes development remain poorly understood. Behavioral evidence suggests that language, memory, social-emotional processing, and cognitive control exhibit relatively large differences across SES. Here we investigated whether volumetric differences could be observed across SES in several neural regions that support these skills. In a sample of 60 socioeconomically diverse children, highly significant SES differences in regional brain volume were observed in the hippocampus and the amygdala. In addition, SES × age interactions were observed in the left superior temporal gyrus and left inferior frontal gyrus, suggesting increasing SES differences with age in these regions. These results were not explained by differences in gender, race or IQ. Likely mechanisms include differences in the home linguistic environment and exposure to stress, which may serve as targets for intervention at a time of high neural plasticity.
MeSH term(s)	Adolescent ; Amygdala/anatomy & histology ; Amygdala/growth & development ; Amygdala/physiology ; Brain/anatomy & histology ; Brain/growth & development ; Brain/physiology ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; Cognition/physiology ; Diagnostic Imaging/methods ; Emotions/physiology ; Female ; Frontal Lobe/anatomy & histology ; Frontal Lobe/growth & development ; Frontal Lobe/physiology ; Hippocampus/anatomy & histology ; Hippocampus/growth & development ; Hippocampus/physiology ; Humans ; Language Development ; Male ; Models, Neurological ; Models, Psychological ; Neuronal Plasticity/physiology ; Parahippocampal Gyrus/anatomy & histology ; Parahippocampal Gyrus/growth & development ; Parahippocampal Gyrus/physiology ; Social Class ; Socioeconomic Factors
Language	English
Publishing date	2012-03-29
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
ZDB-ID	2023952-X
ISSN	1467-7687 ; 1363-755X
ISSN (online)	1467-7687
ISSN	1363-755X
DOI	10.1111/j.1467-7687.2012.01147.x
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Article ; Online: Reading skill and structural brain development.

Houston, Suzanne M / Lebel, Catherine / Katzir, Tami / Manis, Franklin R / Kan, Eric / Rodriguez, Genevieve G / Sowell, Elizabeth R

Neuroreport

2014 Volume 25, Issue 5, Page(s) 347–352

Abstract: Reading is a learned skill that is likely influenced by both brain maturation and experience. Functional imaging studies have identified brain regions important for skilled reading, but the structural brain changes that co-occur with reading acquisition ... ...

Abstract	Reading is a learned skill that is likely influenced by both brain maturation and experience. Functional imaging studies have identified brain regions important for skilled reading, but the structural brain changes that co-occur with reading acquisition remain largely unknown. We investigated maturational volume changes in brain reading regions and their association with performance on reading measures. Sixteen typically developing children (5-15 years old, eight boys, mean age of sample=10.06 ± 3.29) received two MRI scans (mean interscan interval=2.19 years), and were administered a battery of cognitive measures. Volume changes between time points in five bilateral cortical regions of interest were measured, and assessed for relationships to three measures of reading. Better baseline performances on measures of word reading, fluency, and rapid naming, independent of age and total cortical gray matter volume change, were associated with volume decrease in the left inferior parietal cortex. Better baseline performance on a rapid naming measure was associated with volume decrease in the left inferior frontal region. These results suggest that children who are better readers, and who perhaps read more than less skilled readers, exhibit different development trajectories in brain reading regions. Understanding relationships between reading performance, reading experience, and brain maturation trajectories may help with the development and evaluation of targeted interventions.
MeSH term(s)	Adolescent ; Brain/anatomy & histology ; Brain/growth & development ; Cerebral Cortex/anatomy & histology ; Cerebral Cortex/growth & development ; Child ; Child Development ; Child, Preschool ; Female ; Frontal Lobe/anatomy & histology ; Frontal Lobe/growth & development ; Functional Laterality ; Humans ; Language Tests ; Linear Models ; Longitudinal Studies ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Male ; Nerve Fibers, Unmyelinated ; Neuropsychological Tests ; Organ Size ; Parietal Lobe/anatomy & histology ; Parietal Lobe/growth & development ; Reading
Language	English
Publishing date	2014-01-10
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
ZDB-ID	1049746-8
ISSN	1473-558X ; 0959-4965
ISSN (online)	1473-558X
ISSN	0959-4965
DOI	10.1097/WNR.0000000000000121
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Article ; Online: Neurodevelopmental changes in verbal working memory load-dependency: an fMRI investigation.

O'Hare, Elizabeth D / Lu, Lisa H / Houston, Suzanne M / Bookheimer, Susan Y / Sowell, Elizabeth R

NeuroImage

2008 Volume 42, Issue 4, Page(s) 1678–1685

Abstract: Development of working memory (WM) aptitude parallels structural changes in the frontal-parietal association cortices important for performance within this cognitive domain. The cerebellum has been proposed to function in support of the postulated ... ...

Abstract	Development of working memory (WM) aptitude parallels structural changes in the frontal-parietal association cortices important for performance within this cognitive domain. The cerebellum has been proposed to function in support of the postulated phonological loop component of verbal WM, and along with frontal and parietal cortices, has been shown to exhibit linear WM load-dependent activation in adults. It is not known if these kinds of WM load-dependent relationships exist for cerebro-cerebellar networks in developmental populations, and whether there are age-related changes in the nature of load-dependency between childhood, adolescence, and adulthood. The present study used fMRI and a verbal Sternberg WM task with three load levels to investigate developmental changes in WM load-dependent cerebro-cerebellar activation in a sample of 30 children, adolescents, and young adults between the ages of 7 and 28. The neural substrates of linear load-dependency were found to change with age. Among adolescents and adults, frontal, parietal and cerebellar regions showed linear load-dependency, or increasing activation under conditions of increasing WM load. In contrast, children recruited only left ventral prefrontal cortex in response to increasing WM load. These results demonstrate that, while children, adolescents, and young adults activate similar cerebro-cerebellar verbal working memory networks, the extent to which they rely on parietal and cerebellar regions in response to increasing task difficulty changes significantly between childhood and adolescence.
MeSH term(s)	Adolescent ; Adult ; Aging/physiology ; Cerebellum/physiology ; Child ; Female ; Humans ; Language ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging/methods ; Male ; Memory, Short-Term/physiology ; Mental Recall/physiology ; Parietal Lobe/physiology ; Task Performance and Analysis ; Young Adult
Language	English
Publishing date	2008-06-10
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
ZDB-ID	1147767-2
ISSN	1095-9572 ; 1053-8119
ISSN (online)	1095-9572
ISSN	1053-8119
DOI	10.1016/j.neuroimage.2008.05.057
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Article: How age of acquisition influences brain architecture in bilinguals.

Wei, Miao / Joshi, Anand A / Zhang, Mingxia / Mei, Leilei / Manis, Franklin R / He, Qinghua / Beattie, Rachel L / Xue, Gui / Shattuck, David W / Leahy, Richard M / Xue, Feng / Houston, Suzanne M / Chen, Chuansheng / Dong, Qi / Lu, Zhong-Lin

Journal of neurolinguistics

2015 Volume 36, Page(s) 35–55

Abstract: In the present study, we explored how Age of Acquisition (AoA) of L2 affected brain structures in bilingual individuals. Thirty-six native English speakers who were bilingual were scanned with high resolution MRI. After MRI signal intensity inhomogeneity ...

Abstract	In the present study, we explored how Age of Acquisition (AoA) of L2 affected brain structures in bilingual individuals. Thirty-six native English speakers who were bilingual were scanned with high resolution MRI. After MRI signal intensity inhomogeneity correction, we applied both voxel-based morphometry (VBM) and surface-based morphometry (SBM) approaches to the data. VBM analysis was performed using FSL's standard VBM processing pipeline. For the SBM analysis, we utilized a semi-automated sulci delineation procedure, registered the brains to an atlas, and extracted measures of twenty four pre-selected regions of interest. We addressed three questions: (1) Which areas are more susceptible to differences in AoA? (2) How do AoA, proficiency and current level of exposure work together in predicting structural differences in the brain? And (3) What is the direction of the effect of AoA on regional volumetric and surface measures? Both VBM and SBM results suggested that earlier second language exposure was associated with larger volumes in the right parietal cortex. Consistently, SBM showed that the cortical area of the right superior parietal lobule increased as AoA decreased. In contrast, in the right pars orbitalis of the inferior frontal gyrus, AoA, proficiency, and current level of exposure are equally important in accounting for the structural differences. We interpret our results in terms of current theory and research on the effects of L2 learning on brain structures and functions.
Language	English
Publishing date	2015-05-22
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	232940-2
ISSN	0911-6044
ISSN	0911-6044
DOI	10.1016/j.jneuroling.2015.05.001
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Article ; Online: Altered frontal-parietal functioning during verbal working memory in children and adolescents with heavy prenatal alcohol exposure.

O'Hare, Elizabeth D / Lu, Lisa H / Houston, Suzanne M / Bookheimer, Susan Y / Mattson, Sarah N / O'Connor, Mary J / Sowell, Elizabeth R

Human brain mapping

2009 Volume 30, Issue 10, Page(s) 3200–3208

Abstract: This study evaluated the neural basis of verbal working memory (WM) function in a group of 20 children and adolescents with fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASDs) and 20 typically developing comparison participants using functional magnetic resonance ... ...

Abstract	This study evaluated the neural basis of verbal working memory (WM) function in a group of 20 children and adolescents with fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASDs) and 20 typically developing comparison participants using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Both groups showed prominent activation in the frontal-parietal-cerebellar network known to be important for verbal WM. Despite equivalent behavioral performance between groups, alcohol-exposed individuals showed increased activation relative to typically developing individuals in left dorsal frontal and left inferior parietal cortices, and bilateral posterior temporal regions during verbal WM. These effects remained even when group differences on IQ were statistically controlled. This pattern of increased activation coupled with equivalent behavioral performance between groups suggests that individuals with FASD recruit a more extensive network of brain regions during verbal WM relative to typically developing individuals. These findings may suggest that frontal-parietal processing during verbal WM is less efficient in alcohol-exposed individuals.
MeSH term(s)	Adolescent ; Alcohol Drinking/adverse effects ; Analysis of Variance ; Brain Mapping ; Child ; Echo-Planar Imaging/methods ; Female ; Frontal Lobe/blood supply ; Frontal Lobe/drug effects ; Frontal Lobe/pathology ; Humans ; Image Processing, Computer-Assisted ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging/methods ; Male ; Memory, Short-Term/drug effects ; Memory, Short-Term/physiology ; Neuropsychological Tests ; Oxygen/blood ; Parietal Lobe/blood supply ; Parietal Lobe/drug effects ; Parietal Lobe/pathology ; Pregnancy ; Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects/pathology ; Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects/physiopathology ; Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects/psychology ; Reaction Time/drug effects ; Reaction Time/physiology ; Verbal Learning/drug effects ; Verbal Learning/physiology
Chemical Substances	Oxygen (S88TT14065)
Language	English
Publishing date	2009-01-03
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	1197207-5
ISSN	1097-0193 ; 1065-9471
ISSN (online)	1097-0193
ISSN	1065-9471
DOI	10.1002/hbm.20741
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Article ; Online: Differentiating prenatal exposure to methamphetamine and alcohol versus alcohol and not methamphetamine using tensor-based brain morphometry and discriminant analysis.

Sowell, Elizabeth R / Leow, Alex D / Bookheimer, Susan Y / Smith, Lynne M / O'Connor, Mary J / Kan, Eric / Rosso, Carly / Houston, Suzanne / Dinov, Ivo D / Thompson, Paul M

The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience

2010 Volume 30, Issue 11, Page(s) 3876–3885

Abstract: Here we investigate the effects of prenatal exposure to methamphetamine (MA) on local brain volume using magnetic resonance imaging. Because many who use MA during pregnancy also use alcohol, a known teratogen, we examined whether local brain volumes ... ...

Abstract	Here we investigate the effects of prenatal exposure to methamphetamine (MA) on local brain volume using magnetic resonance imaging. Because many who use MA during pregnancy also use alcohol, a known teratogen, we examined whether local brain volumes differed among 61 children (ages 5-15 years), 21 with prenatal MA exposure, 18 with concomitant prenatal alcohol exposure (the MAA group), 13 with heavy prenatal alcohol but not MA exposure (ALC group), and 27 unexposed controls. Volume reductions were observed in both exposure groups relative to controls in striatal and thalamic regions bilaterally and in right prefrontal and left occipitoparietal cortices. Striatal volume reductions were more severe in the MAA group than in the ALC group, and, within the MAA group, a negative correlation between full-scale intelligence quotient (FSIQ) scores and caudate volume was observed. Limbic structures, including the anterior and posterior cingulate, the inferior frontal gyrus (IFG), and ventral and lateral temporal lobes bilaterally, were increased in volume in both exposure groups. Furthermore, cingulate and right IFG volume increases were more pronounced in the MAA than ALC group. Discriminant function analyses using local volume measurements and FSIQ were used to predict group membership, yielding factor scores that correctly classified 72% of participants in jackknife analyses. These findings suggest that striatal and limbic structures, known to be sites of neurotoxicity in adult MA abusers, may be more vulnerable to prenatal MA exposure than alcohol exposure and that more severe striatal damage is associated with more severe cognitive deficit.
MeSH term(s)	Adolescent ; Alcohol Drinking/adverse effects ; Alcohol Drinking/pathology ; Brain/pathology ; Brain Mapping/methods ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; Diffusion Tensor Imaging/methods ; Discriminant Analysis ; Ethanol/adverse effects ; Female ; Follow-Up Studies ; Humans ; Male ; Methamphetamine/adverse effects ; Pregnancy ; Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects/chemically induced ; Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects/diagnosis ; Retrospective Studies
Chemical Substances	Ethanol (3K9958V90M) ; Methamphetamine (44RAL3456C)
Language	English
Publishing date	2010-02-10
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Comparative Study ; Journal Article ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	604637-x
ISSN	1529-2401 ; 0270-6474
ISSN (online)	1529-2401
ISSN	0270-6474
DOI	10.1523/JNEUROSCI.4967-09.2010
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Article ; Online: Family income, parental education and brain structure in children and adolescents.

Noble, Kimberly G / Houston, Suzanne M / Brito, Natalie H / Bartsch, Hauke / Kan, Eric / Kuperman, Joshua M / Akshoomoff, Natacha / Amaral, David G / Bloss, Cinnamon S / Libiger, Ondrej / Schork, Nicholas J / Murray, Sarah S / Casey, B J / Chang, Linda / Ernst, Thomas M / Frazier, Jean A / Gruen, Jeffrey R / Kennedy, David N / Van Zijl, Peter /

Mostofsky, Stewart / Kaufmann, Walter E / Kenet, Tal / Dale, Anders M / Jernigan, Terry L / Sowell, Elizabeth R

Nature neuroscience

2015 Volume 18, Issue 5, Page(s) 773–778

Abstract: Socioeconomic disparities are associated with differences in cognitive development. The extent to which this translates to disparities in brain structure is unclear. We investigated relationships between socioeconomic factors and brain morphometry, ... ...

Abstract	Socioeconomic disparities are associated with differences in cognitive development. The extent to which this translates to disparities in brain structure is unclear. We investigated relationships between socioeconomic factors and brain morphometry, independently of genetic ancestry, among a cohort of 1,099 typically developing individuals between 3 and 20 years of age. Income was logarithmically associated with brain surface area. Among children from lower income families, small differences in income were associated with relatively large differences in surface area, whereas, among children from higher income families, similar income increments were associated with smaller differences in surface area. These relationships were most prominent in regions supporting language, reading, executive functions and spatial skills; surface area mediated socioeconomic differences in certain neurocognitive abilities. These data imply that income relates most strongly to brain structure among the most disadvantaged children.
MeSH term(s)	Adolescent ; Age Factors ; Anthropometry ; Brain/anatomy & histology ; Brain/growth & development ; Cerebral Cortex/anatomy & histology ; Cerebral Cortex/growth & development ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; DNA/genetics ; Educational Status ; Genotype ; Hippocampus/anatomy & histology ; Hippocampus/growth & development ; Humans ; Income ; Models, Neurological ; Organ Size ; Parents/education ; Poverty ; Psychological Tests ; Psychology, Adolescent ; Psychology, Child ; Regression Analysis ; Socioeconomic Factors ; Young Adult
Chemical Substances	DNA (9007-49-2)
Language	English
Publishing date	2015-03-30
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Comparative Study ; Journal Article ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	1420596-8
ISSN	1546-1726 ; 1097-6256
ISSN (online)	1546-1726
ISSN	1097-6256
DOI	10.1038/nn.3983
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Article ; Online: Association of common genetic variants in GPCPD1 with scaling of visual cortical surface area in humans.

Bakken, Trygve E / Roddey, J Cooper / Djurovic, Srdjan / Akshoomoff, Natacha / Amaral, David G / Bloss, Cinnamon S / Casey, B J / Chang, Linda / Ernst, Thomas M / Gruen, Jeffrey R / Jernigan, Terry L / Kaufmann, Walter E / Kenet, Tal / Kennedy, David N / Kuperman, Joshua M / Murray, Sarah S / Sowell, Elizabeth R / Rimol, Lars M / Mattingsdal, Morten /

Melle, Ingrid / Agartz, Ingrid / Andreassen, Ole A / Schork, Nicholas J / Dale, Anders M / Weiner, Michael / Aisen, Paul / Petersen, Ronald / Jack, Clifford R / Jagust, William / Trojanowki, John Q / Toga, Arthur W / Beckett, Laurel / Green, Robert C / Saykin, Andrew J / Morris, John / Liu, Enchi / Montine, Tom / Gamst, Anthony / Thomas, Ronald G / Donohue, Michael / Walter, Sarah / Gessert, Devon / Sather, Tamie / Harvey, Danielle / Kornak, John / Dale, Anders / Bernstein, Matthew / Felmlee, Joel / Fox, Nick / Thompson, Paul / Schuff, Norbert / Alexander, Gene / DeCarli, Charles / Bandy, Dan / Koeppe, Robert A / Foster, Norm / Reiman, Eric M / Chen, Kewei / Mathis, Chet / Cairns, Nigel J / Taylor-Reinwald, Lisa / Trojanowki, J Q / Shaw, Les / Lee, Virginia M Y / Korecka, Magdalena / Crawford, Karen / Neu, Scott / Foroud, Tatiana M / Potkin, Steven / Shen, Li / Kachaturian, Zaven / Frank, Richard / Snyder, Peter J / Molchan, Susan / Kaye, Jeffrey / Quinn, Joseph / Lind, Betty / Dolen, Sara / Schneider, Lon S / Pawluczyk, Sonia / Spann, Bryan M / Brewer, James / Vanderswag, Helen / Heidebrink, Judith L / Lord, Joanne L / Johnson, Kris / Doody, Rachelle S / Villanueva-Meyer, Javier / Chowdhury, Munir / Stern, Yaakov / Honig, Lawrence S / Bell, Karen L / Morris, John C / Ances, Beau / Carroll, Maria / Leon, Sue / Mintun, Mark A / Schneider, Stacy / Marson, Daniel / Griffith, Randall / Clark, David / Grossman, Hillel / Mitsis, Effie / Romirowsky, Aliza / deToledo-Morrell, Leyla / Shah, Raj C / Duara, Ranjan / Varon, Daniel / Roberts, Peggy / Albert, Marilyn / Onyike, Chiadi / Kielb, Stephanie / Rusinek, Henry / de Leon, Mony J / Glodzik, Lidia / De Santi, Susan / Doraiswamy, P Murali / Petrella, Jeffrey R / Coleman, R Edward / Arnold, Steven E / Karlawish, Jason H / Wolk, David / Smith, Charles D / Jicha, Greg / Hardy, Peter / Lopez, Oscar L / Oakley, MaryAnn / Simpson, Donna M / Porsteinsson, Anton P / Goldstein, Bonnie S / Martin, Kim / Makino, Kelly M / Ismail, M Saleem / Brand, Connie / Mulnard, Ruth A / Thai, Gaby / Mc-Adams-Ortiz, Catherine / Womack, Kyle / Mathews, Dana / Quiceno, Mary / Diaz-Arrastia, Ramon / King, Richard / Weiner, Myron / Martin-Cook, Kristen / DeVous, Michael / Levey, Allan I / Lah, James J / Cellar, Janet S / Burns, Jeffrey M / Anderson, Heather S / Swerdlow, Russell H / Apostolova, Liana / Lu, Po H / Bartzokis, George / Silverman, Daniel H S / Graff-Radford, Neill R / Parfitt, Francine / Johnson, Heather / Farlow, Martin R / Hake, Ann Marie / Matthews, Brandy R / Herring, Scott / van Dyck, Christopher H / Carson, Richard E / MacAvoy, Martha G / Chertkow, Howard / Bergman, Howard / Hosein, Chris / Black, Sandra / Stefanovic, Bojana / Caldwell, Curtis / Ging-Yuek / Hsiung, Robin / Feldman, Howard / Mudge, Benita / Assaly, Michele / Kertesz, Andrew / Rogers, John / Trost, Dick / Bernick, Charles / Munic, Donna / Kerwin, Diana / Mesulam, Marek-Marsel / Lipowski, Kristina / Wu, Chuang-Kuo / Johnson, Nancy / Sadowsky, Carl / Martinez, Walter / Villena, Teresa / Turner, Raymond Scott / Johnson, Kathleen / Reynolds, Brigid / Sperling, Reisa A / Johnson, Keith A / Marshall, Gad / Frey, Meghan / Yesavage, Jerome / Taylor, Joy L / Lane, Barton / Rosen, Allyson / Tinklenberg, Jared / Sabbagh, Marwan / Belden, Christine / Jacobson, Sandra / Kowall, Neil / Killiany, Ronald / Budson, Andrew E / Norbash, Alexander / Johnson, Patricia Lynn / Obisesan, Thomas O / Wolday, Saba / Bwayo, Salome K / Lerner, Alan / Hudson, Leon / Ogrocki, Paula / Fletcher, Evan / Carmichael, Owen / Olichney, John / Kittur, Smita / Borrie, Michael / Lee, T-Y / Bartha, Rob / Johnson, Sterling / Asthana, Sanjay / Carlsson, Cynthia M / Potkin, Steven G / Preda, Adrian / Nguyen, Dana / Tariot, Pierre / Fleisher, Adam / Reeder, Stephanie / Bates, Vernice / Capote, Horacio / Rainka, Michelle / Scharre, Douglas W / Kataki, Maria / Zimmerman, Earl A / Celmins, Dzintra / Brown, Alice D / Pearlson, Godfrey D / Blank, Karen / Anderson, Karen / Santulli, Robert B / Schwartz, Eben S / Sink, Kaycee M / Williamson, Jeff D / Garg, Pradeep / Watkins, Franklin / Ott, Brian R / Querfurth, Henry / Tremont, Geoffrey / Salloway, Stephen / Malloy, Paul / Correia, Stephen / Rosen, Howard J / Miller, Bruce L / Mintzer, Jacobo / Longmire, Crystal Flynn / Spicer, Kenneth / Finger, Elizabether / Rachinsky, Irina / Drost, Dick / Jernigan, Terry / McCabe, Connor / Grant, Ellen / Ernst, Thomas / Kuperman, Josh / Chung, Yoon / Murray, Sarah / Bloss, Cinnamon / Darst, Burcu / Pritchett, Lexi / Saito, Ashley / Amaral, David / DiNino, Mishaela / Eyngorina, Bella / Sowell, Elizabeth / Houston, Suzanne / Soderberg, Lindsay / Kaufmann, Walter / van Zijl, Peter / Rizzo-Busack, Hilda / Javid, Mohsin / Mehta, Natasha / Ruberry, Erika / Powers, Alisa / Rosen, Bruce / Gebhard, Nitzah / Manigan, Holly / Frazier, Jean / Kennedy, David / Yakutis, Lauren / Hill, Michael / Gruen, Jeffrey / Bosson-Heenan, Joan / Carlson, Heatherly

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

2012 Volume 109, Issue 10, Page(s) 3985–3990

Abstract: Visual cortical surface area varies two- to threefold between human individuals, is highly heritable, and has been correlated with visual acuity and visual perception. However, it is still largely unknown what specific genetic and environmental factors ... ...

Abstract	Visual cortical surface area varies two- to threefold between human individuals, is highly heritable, and has been correlated with visual acuity and visual perception. However, it is still largely unknown what specific genetic and environmental factors contribute to normal variation in the area of visual cortex. To identify SNPs associated with the proportional surface area of visual cortex, we performed a genome-wide association study followed by replication in two independent cohorts. We identified one SNP (rs6116869) that replicated in both cohorts and had genome-wide significant association (P(combined) = 3.2 × 10(-8)). Furthermore, a metaanalysis of imputed SNPs in this genomic region identified a more significantly associated SNP (rs238295; P = 6.5 × 10(-9)) that was in strong linkage disequilibrium with rs6116869. These SNPs are located within 4 kb of the 5' UTR of GPCPD1, glycerophosphocholine phosphodiesterase GDE1 homolog (Saccharomyces cerevisiae), which in humans, is more highly expressed in occipital cortex compared with the remainder of cortex than 99.9% of genes genome-wide. Based on these findings, we conclude that this common genetic variation contributes to the proportional area of human visual cortex. We suggest that identifying genes that contribute to normal cortical architecture provides a first step to understanding genetic mechanisms that underlie visual perception.
MeSH term(s)	Adolescent ; Adult ; Aged ; Brain/pathology ; Brain Mapping/methods ; Cohort Studies ; Diagnostic Imaging/methods ; Female ; Genetic Variation ; Genome-Wide Association Study ; Genomics ; Genotype ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Models, Genetic ; Phosphoric Diester Hydrolases/genetics ; Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae/metabolism ; Visual Cortex/anatomy & histology ; Visual Cortex/pathology
Chemical Substances	Phosphoric Diester Hydrolases (EC 3.1.4.-) ; glycerophosphocholine phosphodiesterase (EC 3.1.4.2) ; glycerophosphodiester phosphodiesterase (EC 3.1.4.46)
Language	English
Publishing date	2012-02-16
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't ; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.
ZDB-ID	209104-5
ISSN	1091-6490 ; 0027-8424
ISSN (online)	1091-6490
ISSN	0027-8424
DOI	10.1073/pnas.1105829109
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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