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Article ; Online: Progress Toward Measles Elimination - World Health Organization Eastern Mediterranean Region, 2019-2022.

Musa, Nasrin / Ghoniem, Amany / Hsu, Christopher H / Mubarak, Sondos / Sume, Gerald / Sharifuzzaman, Mohammed / Bak, Jeongeun / Hutin, Yvan / Teleb, Nadia / Crowcroft, Natasha / O'Connor, Patrick / Mahoney, Frank / Hassan, Quamrul

MMWR. Morbidity and mortality weekly report

2024 Volume 73, Issue 7, Page(s) 139–144

Abstract: In 2015, all 22 World Health Organization Eastern Mediterranean Region (EMR) countries and areas (countries) pledged to achieve measles elimination by 2020. Despite success in several countries, most countries in the region still have not eliminated ... ...

Abstract	In 2015, all 22 World Health Organization Eastern Mediterranean Region (EMR) countries and areas (countries) pledged to achieve measles elimination by 2020. Despite success in several countries, most countries in the region still have not eliminated measles. This report updates a previous report and describes progress toward measles elimination in EMR during 2019-2022. During that period, estimated regional coverage with the first and second doses of a measles-containing vaccine (MCV) was 82%-83% and 76%-78%, respectively. During 2019-2022, approximately 160 million children were vaccinated during national or subnational supplementary immunization activities. Reported confirmed regional measles incidence decreased from 29.8 cases per 1 million population in 2019 to 7.4 in 2020, but then increased 68%, to 50.0 in 2022 because of challenges providing immunization services and conducting surveillance during the COVID-19 pandemic. Surveillance indicators deteriorated in 11 (50%) of the 22 EMR countries. During 2019-2022, four countries in the region were verified as having achieved measles elimination, but other countries reported immunity gaps and increased measles incidence in 2022. To achieve measles elimination in EMR, national immunization programs, especially in those countries with high measles incidence, will need to continue to recover from the COVID-19 pandemic, increase overall vaccination coverage to close immunity gaps, and maintain high-quality disease surveillance.
MeSH term(s)	Child ; Humans ; Pandemics ; Immunization Schedule ; Population Surveillance ; Disease Eradication ; Measles/epidemiology ; Measles/prevention & control ; Measles Vaccine ; Mediterranean Region/epidemiology ; World Health Organization ; COVID-19/epidemiology
Chemical Substances	Measles Vaccine
Language	English
Publishing date	2024-02-22
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	412775-4
ISSN	1545-861X ; 0149-2195
ISSN (online)	1545-861X
ISSN	0149-2195
DOI	10.15585/mmwr.mm7307a1
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Article ; Online: Identification of Large Adenovirus Infection Outbreak at University by Multipathogen Testing, South Carolina, USA, 2022.

Tori, Marco E / Chontos-Komorowski, Judith / Stacy, Jason / Lamson, Daryl M / St George, Kirsten / Lail, Avril T / Stewart-Grant, Heather A / Bell, Linda J / Kirking, Hannah L / Hsu, Christopher H

Emerging infectious diseases

2024 Volume 30, Issue 2, Page(s) 358–362

Abstract: Using multipathogen PCR testing, we identified 195 students with adenovirus type 4 infections on a university campus in South Carolina, USA, during January-May 2022. We co-detected other respiratory viruses in 43 (22%) students. Continued surveillance of ...

Abstract	Using multipathogen PCR testing, we identified 195 students with adenovirus type 4 infections on a university campus in South Carolina, USA, during January-May 2022. We co-detected other respiratory viruses in 43 (22%) students. Continued surveillance of circulating viruses is needed to prevent virus infection outbreaks in congregate communities.
MeSH term(s)	Humans ; South Carolina/epidemiology ; Universities ; Adenoviridae Infections ; Disease Outbreaks ; Students
Language	English
Publishing date	2024-01-29
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	1380686-5
ISSN	1080-6059 ; 1080-6040
ISSN (online)	1080-6059
ISSN	1080-6040
DOI	10.3201/eid3002.230623
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Article: Assessment of in-country capacity to maintain communicable disease surveillance and response services after polio eradication—Somalia

Hsu, Christopher H / Harvey, Bonnie / Mohamed, Abdinoor / Elfakki, Eltayeb / Ehrhardt, Derek / Farag, Noha H

Vaccine. 2020 Jan. 29, v. 38, no. 5

2020

Abstract: One objective of the 2013–2018 Global Polio Eradication Initiative (GPEI) Strategic Plan was the transition of GPEI polio essential functions to other public health programs [1]. For many developing countries, in addition to polio essential functions, ... ...

Abstract	One objective of the 2013–2018 Global Polio Eradication Initiative (GPEI) Strategic Plan was the transition of GPEI polio essential functions to other public health programs [1]. For many developing countries, in addition to polio essential functions, GPEI funding has been supporting integrated communicable disease surveillance and routine immunization programs. As GPEI progresses toward polio eradication, GPEI funding for some polio-free countries is being scaled back. The Somalia Polio Eradication Program, led by international organizations in collaboration with local authorities, is a critical source of immunizations for >2.5 million children. In addition, the polio program has been supporting a range of communicable disease surveillance, basic health services (e.g. routine immunizations) as well as emergency response activities (e.g. outbreak response). To assess current capacities in Somalia, interviews were conducted with representatives of relief organizations and ministries of health (MoHs) from Somaliland, Puntland, and South-Central political zones to elicit their opinions on their agency’s capacity to assume public health activities currently supported by GPEI funds. Seventy percent of international and 62% of representatives of domestic relief agencies reported low capacity to conduct communicable disease surveillance without GPEI funds. Responses from MoH representatives for the three zones in Somalia ranged from “very weak” to “strong” regarding capacity to conduct both polio and non-polio related communicable disease surveillance and outbreak response activities. Zones programs are unprepared to provide communicable diseases services if GPEI funding were substantially reduced abruptly. Polio transition planning must strategically plan for shifting of GPEI staffing, operational assets and funding to support identified gaps in Somalia’s public health infrastructure.
Keywords	attitudes and opinions ; children ; developing countries ; disease surveillance ; funding ; health programs ; immunization ; infectious diseases ; international organizations ; interviews ; politics ; public health ; vaccines ; Somalia
Language	English
Dates of publication	2020-0129
Size	p. 1220-1224.
Publishing place	Elsevier Ltd
Document type	Article
ZDB-ID	605674-x
ISSN	1873-2518 ; 0264-410X
ISSN (online)	1873-2518
ISSN	0264-410X
DOI	10.1016/j.vaccine.2019.11.008
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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Article ; Online: Quantitative comparison of SARS-CoV-2 nucleic acid amplification test and antigen testing algorithms: a decision analysis simulation model.

Salvatore, Phillip P / Shah, Melisa M / Ford, Laura / Delaney, Augustina / Hsu, Christopher H / Tate, Jacqueline E / Kirking, Hannah L

BMC public health

2022 Volume 22, Issue 1, Page(s) 82

Abstract: Background: Antigen tests for SARS-CoV-2 offer advantages over nucleic acid amplification tests (NAATs, such as RT-PCR), including lower cost and rapid return of results, but show reduced sensitivity. Public health organizations recommend different ... ...

Abstract	Background: Antigen tests for SARS-CoV-2 offer advantages over nucleic acid amplification tests (NAATs, such as RT-PCR), including lower cost and rapid return of results, but show reduced sensitivity. Public health organizations recommend different strategies for utilizing NAATs and antigen tests. We sought to create a framework for the quantitative comparison of these recommended strategies based on their expected performance. Methods: We utilized a decision analysis approach to simulate the expected outcomes of six testing algorithms analogous to strategies recommended by public health organizations. Each algorithm was simulated 50,000 times in a population of 100,000 persons seeking testing. Primary outcomes were number of missed cases, number of false-positive diagnoses, and total test volumes. Outcome medians and 95% uncertainty ranges (URs) were reported. Results: Algorithms that use NAATs to confirm all negative antigen results minimized missed cases but required high NAAT capacity: 92,200 (95% UR: 91,200-93,200) tests (in addition to 100,000 antigen tests) at 10% prevalence. Selective use of NAATs to confirm antigen results when discordant with symptom status (e.g., symptomatic persons with negative antigen results) resulted in the most efficient use of NAATs, with 25 NAATs (95% UR: 13-57) needed to detect one additional case compared to exclusive use of antigen tests. Conclusions: No single SARS-CoV-2 testing algorithm is likely to be optimal across settings with different levels of prevalence and for all programmatic priorities. This analysis provides a framework for selecting setting-specific strategies to achieve acceptable balances and trade-offs between programmatic priorities and resource constraints.
MeSH term(s)	Algorithms ; COVID-19 ; COVID-19 Testing ; Decision Support Techniques ; Humans ; Nucleic Acid Amplification Techniques ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Sensitivity and Specificity
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-01-13
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.
ZDB-ID	2041338-5
ISSN	1471-2458 ; 1471-2458
ISSN (online)	1471-2458
ISSN	1471-2458
DOI	10.1186/s12889-021-12489-8
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Article: Detection of a Human Adenovirus Outbreak, Including Some Critical Infections, Using Multipathogen Testing at a Large University, September 2022-January 2023.

Montgomery, JoLynn P / Marquez, Juan Luis / Nord, Jennifer / Stamper, Aleksandra R / Edwards, Elizabeth A / Valentini, Nicholas / Frank, Christopher J / Washer, Laraine L / Ernst, Robert D / Park, Ji In / Price, Deanna / Collins, Jim / Smith-Jeffcoat, Sarah E / Hu, Fang / Knox, Christine L / Khan, Rebia / Lu, Xiaoyan / Kirking, Hannah L / Hsu, Christopher H

Open forum infectious diseases

2024 Volume 11, Issue 5, Page(s) ofae192

Abstract: Background: Human adenoviruses (HAdVs) can cause outbreaks of flu-like illness in university settings. Most infections in healthy young adults are mild; severe illnesses rarely occur. In Fall 2022, an adenovirus outbreak was identified in university ... ...

Abstract	Background: Human adenoviruses (HAdVs) can cause outbreaks of flu-like illness in university settings. Most infections in healthy young adults are mild; severe illnesses rarely occur. In Fall 2022, an adenovirus outbreak was identified in university students. Methods: HAdV cases were defined as university students 17-26 years old who presented to the University Health Service or nearby emergency department with flu-like symptoms (eg, fever, cough, headache, myalgia, nausea) and had confirmed adenovirus infections by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Demographic and clinical characteristics were abstracted from electronic medical records; clinical severity was categorized as mild, moderate, severe, or critical. We performed contact investigations among critical cases. A subset of specimens was sequenced to confirm the HAdV type. Results: From 28 September 2022 to 30 January 2023, 90 PCR-confirmed cases were identified (51% female; mean age, 19.6 years). Most cases (88.9%) had mild illness. Seven cases required hospitalization, including 2 critical cases that required intensive care. Contact investigation identified 44 close contacts; 6 (14%) were confirmed HAdV cases and 8 (18%) reported symptoms but never sought care. All typed HAdV-positive specimens (n = 36) were type 4. Conclusions: While most students with confirmed HAdV had mild illness, 7 otherwise healthy students had severe or critical illness. Between the relatively high number of hospitalizations and proportion of close contacts with symptoms who did not seek care, the true number of HAdV cases was likely higher. Our findings illustrate the need to consider a wide range of pathogens, even when other viruses are known to be circulating.
Language	English
Publishing date	2024-04-05
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2757767-3
ISSN	2328-8957
ISSN	2328-8957
DOI	10.1093/ofid/ofae192
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Article ; Online: Assessment of in-country capacity to maintain communicable disease surveillance and response services after polio eradication-Somalia.

Hsu, Christopher H / Harvey, Bonnie / Mohamed, Abdinoor / Elfakki, Eltayeb / Ehrhardt, Derek / Farag, Noha H

Vaccine

2019 Volume 38, Issue 5, Page(s) 1220–1224

Abstract: One objective of the 2013-2018 Global Polio Eradication Initiative (GPEI) Strategic Plan was the transition of GPEI polio essential functions to other public health programs [1]. For many developing countries, in addition to polio essential functions, ... ...

Abstract	One objective of the 2013-2018 Global Polio Eradication Initiative (GPEI) Strategic Plan was the transition of GPEI polio essential functions to other public health programs [1]. For many developing countries, in addition to polio essential functions, GPEI funding has been supporting integrated communicable disease surveillance and routine immunization programs. As GPEI progresses toward polio eradication, GPEI funding for some polio-free countries is being scaled back. The Somalia Polio Eradication Program, led by international organizations in collaboration with local authorities, is a critical source of immunizations for >2.5 million children. In addition, the polio program has been supporting a range of communicable disease surveillance, basic health services (e.g. routine immunizations) as well as emergency response activities (e.g. outbreak response). To assess current capacities in Somalia, interviews were conducted with representatives of relief organizations and ministries of health (MoHs) from Somaliland, Puntland, and South-Central political zones to elicit their opinions on their agency's capacity to assume public health activities currently supported by GPEI funds. Seventy percent of international and 62% of representatives of domestic relief agencies reported low capacity to conduct communicable disease surveillance without GPEI funds. Responses from MoH representatives for the three zones in Somalia ranged from "very weak" to "strong" regarding capacity to conduct both polio and non-polio related communicable disease surveillance and outbreak response activities. Zones programs are unprepared to provide communicable diseases services if GPEI funding were substantially reduced abruptly. Polio transition planning must strategically plan for shifting of GPEI staffing, operational assets and funding to support identified gaps in Somalia's public health infrastructure.
MeSH term(s)	Communicable Disease Control/organization & administration ; Communicable Diseases ; Disease Eradication ; Epidemiological Monitoring ; Global Health ; Humans ; Immunization Programs ; Poliomyelitis/epidemiology ; Poliomyelitis/prevention & control ; Somalia
Language	English
Publishing date	2019-11-18
Publishing country	Netherlands
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.
ZDB-ID	605674-x
ISSN	1873-2518 ; 0264-410X
ISSN (online)	1873-2518
ISSN	0264-410X
DOI	10.1016/j.vaccine.2019.11.008
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Article ; Online: Progress Toward Measles and Rubella Elimination - Indonesia, 2013-2022.

Chacko, Stephen / Kamal, Mushtofa / Hastuti, Endang Budi / Mildya, Fristika / Kelyombar, Cornelia / Voronika, Vivi / Yosephine, Prima / Tandy, Gertrudis / Anisiska, Devi / Karolina, Sherli / Dewi, Lulu Ariyantheny / Khanal, Sudhir / Bahl, Sunil / Wijayanti, Fetty / Merrill, Rebecca D / Hsu, Christopher H / Morales, Michelle

MMWR. Morbidity and mortality weekly report

2023 Volume 72, Issue 42, Page(s) 1134–1139

Abstract: In 2019, Indonesia and the other countries in the World Health Organization South-East Asia Region adopted the goal of measles and rubella elimination by 2023. This report describes Indonesia's progress toward measles and rubella elimination during 2013- ... ...

Abstract	In 2019, Indonesia and the other countries in the World Health Organization South-East Asia Region adopted the goal of measles and rubella elimination by 2023. This report describes Indonesia's progress toward measles and rubella elimination during 2013-2022. During this period, coverage with a first dose of measles-containing vaccine (MCV) decreased from 87% to 84%, and coverage with a second MCV dose decreased from 76% to 67%. After rubella vaccine was introduced in 2017, coverage with the first dose of rubella-containing vaccine increased approximately fivefold, from 15% in 2017 to 84% in 2022. During 2013-2021, annual reported measles incidence decreased by 95%, from 33.2 to 1.4 cases per million population; reported rubella incidence decreased 89%, from 9.3 to 1.0 cases per million population. However, a large surge in measles and rubella cases occurred in 2022, with a reported measles incidence of 29 cases per million and a reported rubella incidence of 3 per million, primarily related to disruption in immunization services caused by the COVID-19 pandemic. In 2022, approximately 26 million children (an estimated 73% of the target population) received a combined measles- and rubella-containing vaccine during supplementary immunization activities completed in 32 provinces. Progress toward measles and rubella elimination in Indonesia has been made; however, continued and urgent efforts are needed to restore routine immunization services that were adversely affected by the COVID-19 pandemic and close immunity gaps to accelerate progress toward measles and rubella elimination.
MeSH term(s)	Child ; Humans ; Infant ; COVID-19/epidemiology ; Disease Eradication/trends ; Immunization Programs ; Incidence ; Indonesia/epidemiology ; Measles/epidemiology ; Measles/prevention & control ; Measles Vaccine/administration & dosage ; Pandemics ; Population Surveillance ; Rubella/epidemiology ; Rubella/prevention & control ; Rubella Vaccine/administration & dosage
Chemical Substances	Measles Vaccine ; Rubella Vaccine
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-10-20
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	412775-4
ISSN	1545-861X ; 0149-2195
ISSN (online)	1545-861X
ISSN	0149-2195
DOI	10.15585/mmwr.mm7242a2
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Article ; Online: Progress Toward Measles Elimination - Worldwide, 2000-2022.

Minta, Anna A / Ferrari, Matt / Antoni, Sebastien / Portnoy, Allison / Sbarra, Alyssa / Lambert, Brian / Hatcher, Cynthia / Hsu, Christopher H / Ho, Lee Lee / Steulet, Claudia / Gacic-Dobo, Marta / Rota, Paul A / Mulders, Mick N / Bose, Anindya Sekhar / Caro, William Perea / O'Connor, Patrick / Crowcroft, Natasha S

MMWR. Morbidity and mortality weekly report

2023 Volume 72, Issue 46, Page(s) 1262–1268

Abstract: Measles is a highly contagious, vaccine-preventable disease that requires high population immunity for transmission to be interrupted. All six World Health Organization regions have committed to eliminating measles; however, no region has achieved and ... ...

Abstract	Measles is a highly contagious, vaccine-preventable disease that requires high population immunity for transmission to be interrupted. All six World Health Organization regions have committed to eliminating measles; however, no region has achieved and sustained measles elimination. This report describes measles elimination progress during 2000-2022. During 2000-2019, estimated coverage worldwide with the first dose of measles-containing vaccine (MCV) increased from 72% to 86%, then declined to 81% in 2021 during the COVID-19 pandemic, representing the lowest coverage since 2008. In 2022, first-dose MCV coverage increased to 83%. Only one half (72) of 144 countries reporting measles cases achieved the measles surveillance indicator target of two or more discarded cases per 100,000 population in 2022. During 2021-2022, estimated measles cases increased 18%, from 7,802,000 to 9,232,300, and the number of countries experiencing large or disruptive outbreaks increased from 22 to 37. Estimated measles deaths increased 43% during 2021-2022, from 95,000 to 136,200. Nonetheless, an estimated 57 million measles deaths were averted by vaccination during 2000-2022. In 2022, measles vaccination coverage and global surveillance showed some recovery from the COVID-19 pandemic setbacks; however, coverage declined in low-income countries, and globally, years of suboptimal immunization coverage left millions of children unprotected. Urgent reversal of coverage setbacks experienced during the COVID-19 pandemic can be accomplished by renewing efforts to vaccinate all children with 2 MCV doses and strengthening surveillance, thereby preventing outbreaks and accelerating progress toward measles elimination.
MeSH term(s)	Child ; Humans ; Infant ; Pandemics ; Disease Eradication ; Immunization Programs ; Incidence ; Measles/epidemiology ; Measles/prevention & control ; Measles Vaccine ; Vaccination ; Population Surveillance ; COVID-19/epidemiology ; COVID-19/prevention & control
Chemical Substances	Measles Vaccine
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-11-17
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	412775-4
ISSN	1545-861X ; 0149-2195
ISSN (online)	1545-861X
ISSN	0149-2195
DOI	10.15585/mmwr.mm7246a3
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Article ; Online: Spatial analysis of genetic clusters and epidemiologic factors related to wild poliovirus type 1 persistence in Afghanistan and Pakistan.

Mendes, Amalia / Whiteman, Ari / Bullard, Kelley / Sharif, Salmaan / Khurshid, Adnan / Alam, Muhammad Masroor / Salman, Muhammad / Ford, Vanessa / Blair, Taisha / Burns, Cara C / Ehrhardt, Derek / Jorba, Jaume / Hsu, Christopher H

PLOS global public health

2022 Volume 2, Issue 6, Page(s) e0000251

Abstract: Following the certification of the World Health Organization Region of Africa as free of serotype 1 wild poliovirus (WPV1) in 2020, Afghanistan and Pakistan represent the last remaining WPV1 reservoirs. As efforts continue in these countries to progress ... ...

Abstract	Following the certification of the World Health Organization Region of Africa as free of serotype 1 wild poliovirus (WPV1) in 2020, Afghanistan and Pakistan represent the last remaining WPV1 reservoirs. As efforts continue in these countries to progress to eradication, there is an opportunity for a deeper understanding of the spatiotemporal characteristics and epidemiological risk factors associated with continual WPV1 circulation in the region. Using poliovirus surveillance data from 2017-2019, we used pairwise comparisons of VP1 nucleotide sequences to illustrate the spatiotemporal WPV1 dispersal to identify key sources and destinations of potentially infected, highly mobile populations. We then predicted the odds of WPV1 detection at the district level using a generalized linear model with structural indicators of health, security, environment, and population demographics. We identified evidence of widespread population mobility based on WPV1 dispersal within and between the countries, and evidence indicating five districts in Afghanistan (Arghandab, Batikot, Bermel, Muhamandara and Nawzad) and four districts in Pakistan (Charsada, Dera Ismail Khan, Killa Abdullah and Khyber) act as cross-border WPV1 circulation reservoirs. We found that the probability of detecting WPV1 in a district increases with each armed conflict event (OR = 1·024, +- 0·008), level of food insecurity (OR = 1·531, +-0·179), and mean degrees Celsius during the months of greatest precipitation (OR = 1·079, +- 0·019). Our results highlight the multidisciplinary complexities contributing to the continued transmission of WPV1 in Afghanistan and Pakistan. We discuss the implications of our results, stressing the value of coordination during this final chapter of the wild polio virus eradication initiative.
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-06-13
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ISSN	2767-3375
ISSN (online)	2767-3375
DOI	10.1371/journal.pgph.0000251
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Article ; Online: Progress Toward Poliomyelitis Eradication - Pakistan, January 2019-September 2020.

Hsu, Christopher H / Rehman, Muhammad Shafiq-Ur / Bullard, Kelley / Jorba, Jaume / Kader, Milhia / Young, Hamish / Safdar, Muhammad / Jafari, Hamid S / Ehrhardt, Derek

MMWR. Morbidity and mortality weekly report

2020 Volume 69, Issue 46, Page(s) 1748–1752

Abstract: Pakistan and Afghanistan are the only countries where wild poliovirus type 1 (WPV1) is endemic (1,2). In 2019, Pakistan reported 147 WPV1 cases, approximately 12 times the number reported in 2018. As of September 15, 72 cases had been reported in 2020. ... ...

Abstract	Pakistan and Afghanistan are the only countries where wild poliovirus type 1 (WPV1) is endemic (1,2). In 2019, Pakistan reported 147 WPV1 cases, approximately 12 times the number reported in 2018. As of September 15, 72 cases had been reported in 2020. Since 2019, WPV1 transmission has also spread from Pakistan's core poliovirus reservoirs (Karachi, Peshawar, and Quetta block) to southern districts of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KP), Punjab, and Sindh provinces. Further, an outbreak of circulating vaccine-derived poliovirus type 2 (cVDPV2), first detected in July 2019, has caused 22 paralytic cases in 2019 and 59 as of September 15, 2020, throughout the country. The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has substantially reduced delivery of polio vaccines through essential immunization (formerly routine immunization) and prevented implementation of polio supplementary immunization activities (SIAs)* during March-July 2020. This report describes Pakistan's progress in polio eradication during January 2019-September 2020 and updates previous reports (1,3,4). The Pakistan polio program has reinitiated SIAs and will need large, intensive, high-quality campaigns with strategic use of available oral poliovirus vaccines (OPVs)
MeSH term(s)	Adolescent ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; Disease Eradication ; Humans ; Immunization Schedule ; Infant ; Pakistan/epidemiology ; Poliomyelitis/epidemiology ; Poliomyelitis/prevention & control ; Poliovirus Vaccines/administration & dosage ; Population Surveillance ; Vaccination/statistics & numerical data
Chemical Substances	Poliovirus Vaccines
Keywords	covid19
Language	English
Publishing date	2020-11-20
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	412775-4
ISSN	1545-861X ; 0149-2195
ISSN (online)	1545-861X
ISSN	0149-2195
DOI	10.15585/mmwr.mm6946a5
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