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Article ; Online: Factors underlying COVID-19 booster vaccine uptake among adults in Belgium.

Vermeiren, Elias / van Loenhout, Joris A F / Nasiadka, Léonore / Stouten, Veerle / Billuart, Matthieu / Van Evercooren, Izaak / Catteau, Lucy / Hubin, Pierre

BMC research notes

2023 Volume 16, Issue 1, Page(s) 328

Abstract: Objective: This study aimed to investigate factors influencing the uptake of first and second COVID-19 booster vaccines among adults in Belgium, particularly age, sex, region of residence and laboratory confirmed COVID-19 infection history.: Results: ...

Abstract	Objective: This study aimed to investigate factors influencing the uptake of first and second COVID-19 booster vaccines among adults in Belgium, particularly age, sex, region of residence and laboratory confirmed COVID-19 infection history. Results: A binomial regression model was used with having received the first or second booster as outcome and age, sex, region of residence and infection history as fixed variables. Among adults, there was generally a higher uptake to receive the first booster among older age groups compared to younger ones. Females, individuals residing in Flanders and those with no previous COVID-19 infection were more likely to receive the first booster. For the second booster, the same age trend was seen as for the first booster. Males, individuals residing in Flanders and those who tested positive for COVID-19 once after first booster were more likely to receive the second booster. Individuals with multiple positive COVID-19 tests before and after primary course or first booster were less likely to receive the subsequent booster dose compared to COVID-naïve individuals. This information could be used to guide future vaccination campaigns during a pandemic and can provide valuable insights into booster uptake patterns.
MeSH term(s)	Female ; Male ; Adult ; Humans ; Aged ; COVID-19 Vaccines ; COVID-19/epidemiology ; COVID-19/prevention & control ; Belgium/epidemiology ; Biological Transport ; Immunization Programs ; Vaccination
Chemical Substances	COVID-19 Vaccines
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-11-11
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2413336-X
ISSN	1756-0500 ; 1756-0500
ISSN (online)	1756-0500
ISSN	1756-0500
DOI	10.1186/s13104-023-06608-4
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Article: Investigating COVID-19 Vaccine Impact on the Risk of Hospitalisation through the Analysis of National Surveillance Data Collected in Belgium

Erazo, Diana / Vincenti-Gonzalez, Maria F. / van Loenhout, Joris A. F. / Hubin, Pierre / Vandromme, Mathil / Maes, Piet / Taquet, Maxime / Van Weyenbergh, Johan / Catteau, Lucy / Dellicour, Simon

Viruses. 2022 June 16, v. 14, no. 6

2022

Abstract: The national vaccination campaign against SARS-CoV-2 started in January 2021 in Belgium. In the present study, we aimed to use national hospitalisation surveillance data to investigate the recent evolution of vaccine impact on the risk of COVID-19 ... ...

Abstract	The national vaccination campaign against SARS-CoV-2 started in January 2021 in Belgium. In the present study, we aimed to use national hospitalisation surveillance data to investigate the recent evolution of vaccine impact on the risk of COVID-19 hospitalisation. We analysed aggregated data from 27,608 COVID-19 patients hospitalised between October 2021 and February 2022, stratified by age category and vaccination status. For each period, vaccination status, and age group, we estimated risk ratios (RR) corresponding to the ratio between the probability of being hospitalised following SARS-CoV-2 infection if belonging to the vaccinated population and the same probability if belonging to the unvaccinated population. In October 2021, a relatively high RR was estimated for vaccinated people > 75 years old, possibly reflecting waning immunity within this group, which was vaccinated early in 2021 and invited to receive the booster vaccination at that time. In January 2022, a RR increase was observed in all age categories coinciding with the dominance of the Omicron variant. Despite the absence of control for factors like comorbidities, previous infections, or time since the last administered vaccine, we showed that such real-time aggregated data make it possible to approximate trends in vaccine impact over time.
Keywords	COVID-19 infection ; Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 ; evolution ; immunity ; monitoring ; people ; risk ; secondary immunization ; vaccination ; vaccines ; Belgium
Language	English
Dates of publication	2022-0616
Publishing place	Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
Document type	Article
ZDB-ID	2516098-9
ISSN	1999-4915
ISSN	1999-4915
DOI	10.3390/v14061315
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Article ; Online: Translating the COVID-19 epidemiological situation into policies and measures: the Belgian experience.

De Muylder, Géraldine / Laisnez, Valeska / Stefani, Giulietta / Boulouffe, Caroline / Faes, Christel / Hammami, Naïma / Hubin, Pierre / Molenberghs, Geert / Sans, Jasper / van de Konijnenburg, Cecile / Van der Borght, Stefaan / Brondeel, Ruben / Stassijns, Jorgen / Lernout, Tinne

Frontiers in public health

2024 Volume 12, Page(s) 1306361

Abstract: The COVID-19 pandemic led to sustained surveillance efforts, which made unprecedented volumes and types of data available. In Belgium, these data were used to conduct a targeted and regular assessment of the epidemiological situation. In addition, ... ...

Abstract	The COVID-19 pandemic led to sustained surveillance efforts, which made unprecedented volumes and types of data available. In Belgium, these data were used to conduct a targeted and regular assessment of the epidemiological situation. In addition, management tools were developed, incorporating key indicators and thresholds, to define risk levels and offer guidance to policy makers. Categorizing risk into various levels provided a stable framework to monitor the COVID-19 epidemiological situation and allowed for clear communication to authorities. Although translating risk levels into specific public health measures has remained challenging, this experience was foundational for future evaluation of the situation for respiratory infections in general, which, in Belgium, is now based on a management tool combining different data sources.
MeSH term(s)	Humans ; COVID-19/epidemiology ; Belgium/epidemiology ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Health Policy ; Public Health ; Pandemics ; Risk Assessment/methods
Language	English
Publishing date	2024-04-05
Publishing country	Switzerland
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	2711781-9
ISSN	2296-2565 ; 2296-2565
ISSN (online)	2296-2565
ISSN	2296-2565
DOI	10.3389/fpubh.2024.1306361
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Article ; Online: Vaccine effectiveness against transmission of alpha, delta and omicron SARS-COV-2-infection, Belgian contact tracing, 2021–2022

Braeye, Toon / Catteau, Lucy / Brondeel, Ruben / van Loenhout, Joris A.F. / Proesmans, Kristiaan / Cornelissen, Laura / Oyen, Herman Van / Stouten, Veerle / Hubin, Pierre / Billuart, Matthieu / Djiena, Achille / Mahieu, Romain / Hammami, Naima / Van Cauteren, Dieter / Wyndham-Thomas, Chloé

Vaccine. 2023 Apr. 05,

2023

Abstract: Vaccine effectiveness against transmission (VET) of SARS-CoV-2-infection can be estimated from secondary attack rates observed during contact tracing. We estimated VET, the vaccine-effect on infectiousness of the index case and susceptibility of the high- ...

Abstract	Vaccine effectiveness against transmission (VET) of SARS-CoV-2-infection can be estimated from secondary attack rates observed during contact tracing. We estimated VET, the vaccine-effect on infectiousness of the index case and susceptibility of the high-risk exposure contact (HREC). We fitted RT-PCR-test results from HREC to immunity status (vaccine schedule, prior infection, time since last immunity-conferring event), age, sex, calendar week of sampling, household, background positivity rate and dominant VOC using a multilevel Bayesian regression-model. We included Belgian data collected between January 2021 and January 2022. For primary BNT162b2-vaccination we estimated initial VET at 96% (95%CI 95–97) against Alpha, 87% (95%CI 84–88) against Delta and 31% (95%CI 25–37) against Omicron. Initial VET of booster-vaccination (mRNA primary and booster-vaccination) was 87% (95%CI 86–89) against Delta and 68% (95%CI 65–70) against Omicron. The VET-estimate against Delta and Omicron decreased to 71% (95%CI 64–78) and 55% (95%CI 46–62) respectively, 150–200 days after booster-vaccination. Hybrid immunity, defined as vaccination and documented prior infection, was associated with durable and higher or comparable (by number of antigen exposures) protection against transmission. While we observed VOC-specific immune-escape, especially by Omicron, and waning over time since immunization, vaccination remained associated with a reduced risk of SARS-CoV-2-transmission.
Keywords	Bayesian theory ; antigens ; hybrids ; immunity ; risk reduction ; vaccination ; vaccines ; Vaccine Effectiveness ; mRNA-vaccine ; Viral-vector vaccine ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Alpha Variant of Concern ; Delta Variant of Concern ; Omicron Variant of Concern ; Transmission ; Infection-acquired immunity ; Vaccine-induced immunity ; Infectiousness ; Susceptibility
Language	English
Dates of publication	2023-0405
Publishing place	Elsevier Ltd
Document type	Article ; Online
Note	Pre-press version ; Use and reproduction
ZDB-ID	605674-x
ISSN	1873-2518 ; 0264-410X
ISSN (online)	1873-2518
ISSN	0264-410X
DOI	10.1016/j.vaccine.2023.03.069
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Article ; Online: COVID-19 vaccine effectiveness against symptomatic infection and hospitalisation in Belgium, July 2021 to May 2022.

Braeye, Toon / van Loenhout, Joris A F / Brondeel, Ruben / Stouten, Veerle / Hubin, Pierre / Billuart, Matthieu / Chung, Pui Yan Jenny / Vandromme, Mathil / Wyndham-Thomas, Chloé / Blot, Koen / Catteau, Lucy

Euro surveillance : bulletin Europeen sur les maladies transmissibles = European communicable disease bulletin

2023 Volume 28, Issue 26

Abstract: BackgroundThe Belgian COVID-19 vaccination campaign aimed to reduce disease spread and severity.AimWe estimated SARS-CoV-2 variant-specific vaccine effectiveness against symptomatic infection (VEi) and hospitalisation (VEh), given time since vaccination ... ...

Abstract	BackgroundThe Belgian COVID-19 vaccination campaign aimed to reduce disease spread and severity.AimWe estimated SARS-CoV-2 variant-specific vaccine effectiveness against symptomatic infection (VEi) and hospitalisation (VEh), given time since vaccination and prior infection.MethodsNationwide healthcare records from July 2021 to May 2022 on testing and vaccination were combined with a clinical hospital survey. We used a test-negative design and proportional hazard regression to estimate VEi and VEh, controlling for prior infection, time since vaccination, age, sex, residence and calendar week of sampling.ResultsWe included 1,932,546 symptomatic individuals, of whom 734,115 tested positive. VEi against Delta waned from an initial estimate of 80% (95% confidence interval (CI): 80-81) to 55% (95% CI: 54-55) 100-150 days after the primary vaccination course. Booster vaccination increased initial VEi to 85% (95% CI: 84-85). Against Omicron, an initial VEi of 33% (95% CI: 30-36) waned to 17% (95% CI: 15-18), while booster vaccination increased VEi to 50% (95% CI: 49-50), which waned to 20% (95% CI: 19-21) 100-150 days after vaccination. Initial VEh for booster vaccination decreased from 96% (95% CI: 95-96) against Delta to 87% (95% CI: 86-89) against Omicron. VEh against Omicron waned to 73% (95% CI: 71-75) 100-150 days after booster vaccination. While recent prior infections conferred higher protection, infections occurring before 2021 remained associated with significant risk reduction against symptomatic infection. Vaccination and prior infection outperformed vaccination or prior infection only.ConclusionWe report waning and a significant decrease in VEi and VEh from Delta to Omicron-dominant periods. Booster vaccination and prior infection attenuated these effects.
MeSH term(s)	Humans ; COVID-19 Vaccines ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Belgium/epidemiology ; COVID-19/epidemiology ; COVID-19/prevention & control ; Vaccine Efficacy ; Hospitalization
Chemical Substances	COVID-19 Vaccines
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-06-15
Publishing country	Sweden
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	1338803-4
ISSN	1560-7917 ; 1025-496X
ISSN (online)	1560-7917
ISSN	1025-496X
DOI	10.2807/1560-7917.ES.2023.28.26.2200768
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Article: Vaccine effectiveness against onward transmission of SARS-CoV2-infection by variant of concern and time since vaccination, Belgian contact tracing, 2021

Braeye, Toon / Catteau, Lucy / Brondeel, Ruben / van Loenhout, Joris A.F. / Proesmans, Kristiaan / Cornelissen, Laura / Van Oyen, Herman / Stouten, Veerle / Hubin, Pierre / Billuart, Matthieu / Djiena, Achille / Mahieu, Romain / Hammami, Naima / Van Cauteren, Dieter / Wyndham-Thomas, Chloé

Vaccine. 2022 Apr. 05,

2022

Abstract: During the first half of 2021, we observed high vaccine effectiveness (VE) against SARS-CoV2-infection. The replacement of the alpha-‘variant of concern’ (VOC) by the delta-VOC and uncertainty about the time course of immunity called for a re-assessment. ...

Abstract	During the first half of 2021, we observed high vaccine effectiveness (VE) against SARS-CoV2-infection. The replacement of the alpha-‘variant of concern’ (VOC) by the delta-VOC and uncertainty about the time course of immunity called for a re-assessment. We estimated VE against transmission of infection (VET) from Belgian contact tracing data for high-risk exposure contacts between 26/01/2021 and 14/12/2021 by susceptibility (VEs) and infectiousness of breakthrough cases (VEi) for a complete schedule of Ad26.COV2.S, ChAdOx1, BNT162b2, mRNA-1273 as well as infection-acquired and hybrid immunity. We used a multilevel Bayesian model and adjusted for personal characteristics (age, sex, household), background exposure, calendar week, VOC and time since immunity conferring-event. VET-estimates were higher for mRNA-vaccines, over 90%, compared to viral vector vaccines: 66% and 80% for Ad26COV2.S and ChAdOx1 respectively (Alpha, 0–50 days after vaccination). Delta was associated with a 40% increase in odds of transmission and a decrease of VEs (72–64%) and especially of VEi (71–46% for BNT162b2). Infection-acquired and hybrid immunity were less affected by Delta. Waning further reduced VET-estimates: from 81% to 63% for BNT162b2 (Delta, 150–200 days after vaccination). We observed lower initial VEi in the age group 65–84 years (32% vs 46% in the age group 45–64 years for BNT162b2) and faster waning. Hybrid immunity waned slower than vaccine-induced immunity. VEi and VEs-estimates, while remaining significant, were reduced by Delta and waned over time. We observed faster waning in the oldest age group. We should seek to improve vaccine-induced protection in older persons and those vaccinated with viral-vector vaccines.
Keywords	Bayesian theory ; disease transmission ; hybrids ; immunity ; uncertainty ; vaccination
Language	English
Dates of publication	2022-0405
Publishing place	Elsevier Ltd
Document type	Article
Note	Pre-press version
ZDB-ID	605674-x
ISSN	1873-2518 ; 0264-410X
ISSN (online)	1873-2518
ISSN	0264-410X
DOI	10.1016/j.vaccine.2022.04.025
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Article ; Online: Sociodemographic and socioeconomic disparities in COVID-19 vaccine uptake in Belgium: a nationwide record linkage study.

Cavillot, Lisa / van Loenhout, Joris A F / Devleesschauwer, Brecht / Wyndham-Thomas, Chloé / Van Oyen, Herman / Ghattas, Jinane / Blot, Koen / Van den Borre, Laura / Billuart, Matthieu / Speybroeck, Niko / De Pauw, Robby / Stouten, Veerle / Catteau, Lucy / Hubin, Pierre

Journal of epidemiology and community health

2023

Abstract: Background: Recent studies have identified important social inequalities in SARS-CoV-2 infections and related COVID-19 outcomes in the Belgian population. The aim of our study was to investigate the sociodemographic and socioeconomic characteristics ... ...

Abstract	Background: Recent studies have identified important social inequalities in SARS-CoV-2 infections and related COVID-19 outcomes in the Belgian population. The aim of our study was to investigate the sociodemographic and socioeconomic characteristics associated with the uptake of COVID-19 vaccine in Belgium. Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional analysis of the uptake of a first COVID-19 vaccine dose among 5 342 110 adults (≥18 years) in Belgium on 31 August 2021. We integrated data from four national data sources: the Belgian vaccine register (vaccination status), COVID-19 Healthdata (laboratory test results), DEMOBEL (sociodemographic/socioeconomic data) and the Common Base Register for HealthCare Actors (individuals licensed to practice a healthcare profession in Belgium). We used multivariable logistic regression analysis for identifying characteristics associated with not having obtained a first COVID-19 vaccine dose in Belgium and for each of its three regions (Flanders, Brussels and Wallonia). Results: During the study period, 10% (536 716/5 342 110) of the Belgian adult population included in our study sample was not vaccinated with a first COVID-19 vaccine dose. A lower COVID-19 vaccine uptake was found among young individuals, men, migrants, single parents, one-person households and disadvantaged socioeconomic groups (with lower levels of income and education, unemployed). Overall, the sociodemographic and socioeconomic disparities were comparable for all regions. Conclusions: The identification of sociodemographic and socioeconomic disparities in COVID-19 vaccination uptake is critical to develop strategies guaranteeing a more equitable vaccination coverage of the Belgian adult population.
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-12-26
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	391868-3
ISSN	1470-2738 ; 0142-467X ; 0141-7681 ; 0143-005X
ISSN (online)	1470-2738
ISSN	0142-467X ; 0141-7681 ; 0143-005X
DOI	10.1136/jech-2023-220751
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Article ; Online: Vaccine effectiveness against transmission of alpha, delta and omicron SARS-COV-2-infection, Belgian contact tracing, 2021-2022.

Braeye, Toon / Catteau, Lucy / Brondeel, Ruben / van Loenhout, Joris A F / Proesmans, Kristiaan / Cornelissen, Laura / Van Oyen, Herman / Stouten, Veerle / Hubin, Pierre / Billuart, Matthieu / Djiena, Achille / Mahieu, Romain / Hammami, Naima / Van Cauteren, Dieter / Wyndham-Thomas, Chloé

Vaccine

2023 Volume 41, Issue 20, Page(s) 3292–3300

Abstract: Objectives: Vaccine effectiveness against transmission (VET) of SARS-CoV-2-infection can be estimated from secondary attack rates observed during contact tracing. We estimated VET, the vaccine-effect on infectiousness of the index case and ... ...

Abstract	Objectives: Vaccine effectiveness against transmission (VET) of SARS-CoV-2-infection can be estimated from secondary attack rates observed during contact tracing. We estimated VET, the vaccine-effect on infectiousness of the index case and susceptibility of the high-risk exposure contact (HREC). Methods: We fitted RT-PCR-test results from HREC to immunity status (vaccine schedule, prior infection, time since last immunity-conferring event), age, sex, calendar week of sampling, household, background positivity rate and dominant VOC using a multilevel Bayesian regression-model. We included Belgian data collected between January 2021 and January 2022. Results: For primary BNT162b2-vaccination we estimated initial VET at 96% (95%CI 95-97) against Alpha, 87% (95%CI 84-88) against Delta and 31% (95%CI 25-37) against Omicron. Initial VET of booster-vaccination (mRNA primary and booster-vaccination) was 87% (95%CI 86-89) against Delta and 68% (95%CI 65-70) against Omicron. The VET-estimate against Delta and Omicron decreased to 71% (95%CI 64-78) and 55% (95%CI 46-62) respectively, 150-200 days after booster-vaccination. Hybrid immunity, defined as vaccination and documented prior infection, was associated with durable and higher or comparable (by number of antigen exposures) protection against transmission. Conclusions: While we observed VOC-specific immune-escape, especially by Omicron, and waning over time since immunization, vaccination remained associated with a reduced risk of SARS-CoV-2-transmission.
MeSH term(s)	Humans ; COVID-19/epidemiology ; COVID-19/prevention & control ; SARS-CoV-2 ; BNT162 Vaccine ; Bayes Theorem ; Belgium/epidemiology ; Contact Tracing ; Vaccine Efficacy ; Immunization, Secondary
Chemical Substances	BNT162 Vaccine
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-04-05
Publishing country	Netherlands
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	605674-x
ISSN	1873-2518 ; 0264-410X
ISSN (online)	1873-2518
ISSN	0264-410X
DOI	10.1016/j.vaccine.2023.03.069
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Article ; Online: Incidence and Risk Factors of COVID-19 Vaccine Breakthrough Infections: A Prospective Cohort Study in Belgium.

Stouten, Veerle / Hubin, Pierre / Haarhuis, Freek / van Loenhout, Joris A F / Billuart, Matthieu / Brondeel, Ruben / Braeye, Toon / Van Oyen, Herman / Wyndham-Thomas, Chloé / Catteau, Lucy

Viruses

2022 Volume 14, Issue 4

Abstract: The objective of this study was to investigate the incidence and risk factors associated with COVID-19 vaccine breakthrough infections. We included all persons ≥18 years that had been fully vaccinated against COVID-19 for ≥14 days, between 1 February ... ...

Abstract	The objective of this study was to investigate the incidence and risk factors associated with COVID-19 vaccine breakthrough infections. We included all persons ≥18 years that had been fully vaccinated against COVID-19 for ≥14 days, between 1 February 2021 and 5 December 2021, in Belgium. The incidence of breakthrough infections (laboratory confirmed SARS-CoV-2-infections) was determined. Factors associated with breakthrough infections were analyzed using COX proportional hazard models. Among 8,062,600 fully vaccinated adults, we identified 373,070 breakthrough infections with an incidence of 11.2 (95%CI 11.2-11.3)/100 person years. Vaccination with Ad26.COV2.S (HR1.54, 95%CI 1.52-1.56) or ChAdOx1 (HR1.68, 95%CI 1.66-1.69) was associated with a higher risk of a breakthrough infection compared to BNT162b2, while mRNA-1273 was associated with a lower risk (HR0.68, 95%CI 0.67-0.69). A prior COVID-19-infection was protective against a breakthrough infection (HR0.23, 95%CI 0.23-0.24), as was an mRNA booster (HR0.44, 95%CI 0.43-0.45). During a breakthrough infection, those who had a prior COVID-19 infection were less likely to have COVID-19 symptoms of almost all types than naïve persons. We identified risk factors associated with breakthrough infections, such as vaccination with adenoviral-vector vaccines, which could help inform future decisions on booster vaccination strategies. A prior COVID-19 infection lowered the risk of breakthrough infections and of having symptoms, highlighting the protective effect of hybrid immunity.
MeSH term(s)	Ad26COVS1 ; Adult ; BNT162 Vaccine ; Belgium/epidemiology ; COVID-19/epidemiology ; COVID-19/prevention & control ; COVID-19 Vaccines ; Humans ; Incidence ; Prospective Studies ; Risk Factors ; SARS-CoV-2/genetics
Chemical Substances	Ad26COVS1 (JT2NS6183B) ; COVID-19 Vaccines ; BNT162 Vaccine (N38TVC63NU)
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-04-13
Publishing country	Switzerland
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	2516098-9
ISSN	1999-4915 ; 1999-4915
ISSN (online)	1999-4915
ISSN	1999-4915
DOI	10.3390/v14040802
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Article ; Online: Investigating COVID-19 Vaccine Impact on the Risk of Hospitalisation through the Analysis of National Surveillance Data Collected in Belgium.

Erazo, Diana / Vincenti-Gonzalez, Maria F / van Loenhout, Joris A F / Hubin, Pierre / Vandromme, Mathil / Maes, Piet / Taquet, Maxime / Van Weyenbergh, Johan / Catteau, Lucy / Dellicour, Simon

Viruses

2022 Volume 14, Issue 6

Abstract	The national vaccination campaign against SARS-CoV-2 started in January 2021 in Belgium. In the present study, we aimed to use national hospitalisation surveillance data to investigate the recent evolution of vaccine impact on the risk of COVID-19 hospitalisation. We analysed aggregated data from 27,608 COVID-19 patients hospitalised between October 2021 and February 2022, stratified by age category and vaccination status. For each period, vaccination status, and age group, we estimated risk ratios (RR) corresponding to the ratio between the probability of being hospitalised following SARS-CoV-2 infection if belonging to the vaccinated population and the same probability if belonging to the unvaccinated population. In October 2021, a relatively high RR was estimated for vaccinated people > 75 years old, possibly reflecting waning immunity within this group, which was vaccinated early in 2021 and invited to receive the booster vaccination at that time. In January 2022, a RR increase was observed in all age categories coinciding with the dominance of the Omicron variant. Despite the absence of control for factors like comorbidities, previous infections, or time since the last administered vaccine, we showed that such real-time aggregated data make it possible to approximate trends in vaccine impact over time.
MeSH term(s)	Aged ; Belgium/epidemiology ; COVID-19/epidemiology ; COVID-19/prevention & control ; COVID-19 Vaccines ; Hospitalization ; Humans ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Vaccination
Chemical Substances	COVID-19 Vaccines
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-06-16
Publishing country	Switzerland
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	2516098-9
ISSN	1999-4915 ; 1999-4915
ISSN (online)	1999-4915
ISSN	1999-4915
DOI	10.3390/v14061315
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