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  1. Article: Gauge equivariant convolutional neural networks for diffusion mri.

    Hussain, Uzair / Khan, Ali R

    bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology

    2024  

    Abstract: Diffusion MRI (dMRI) is an imaging technique widely used in neuroimaging research, where the signal carries directional information of underlying neuronal fibres based on the diffusivity of water molecules. One of the shortcomings of dMRI is that ... ...

    Abstract Diffusion MRI (dMRI) is an imaging technique widely used in neuroimaging research, where the signal carries directional information of underlying neuronal fibres based on the diffusivity of water molecules. One of the shortcomings of dMRI is that numerous images, sampled at gradient directions on a sphere, must be acquired to achieve a reliable angular resolution for model-fitting, which translates to longer scan times, higher costs, and barriers to clinical adoption. In this work we introduce gauge equivariant convolutional neural network (gCNN) layers for dMRI that overcome the challenges associated with the signal being acquired on a sphere with antipodal points identified. This is done by noting that the domain is equivalent to the real projective plane, ℝ
    Language English
    Publishing date 2024-04-02
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Preprint
    DOI 10.1101/2023.06.09.544263
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  2. Article: Assessment of eating habits, lifestyle and physical activity among medical and dental students of Faisalabad Medical University.

    Zuhair, Hafiz Muhammad Usama / Fatima, Kiran / Hussain, Umer / Ayub, Ayesha

    Pakistan journal of medical sciences

    2024  Volume 40, Issue 3Part-II, Page(s) 473–476

    Abstract: Objective: To assess the eating habits, lifestyle and physical activity and their impact on health of students of Faisalabad Medical University (FMU) Faisalabad Pakistan.: Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was prepared on 328 medical and ... ...

    Abstract Objective: To assess the eating habits, lifestyle and physical activity and their impact on health of students of Faisalabad Medical University (FMU) Faisalabad Pakistan.
    Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was prepared on 328 medical and dental students at Faisalabad Medical University from June, 2022 to October, 2022. Three Factor Eating Questionnaire Revised 21 (TFEQ-R21) was used to assess the eating habits among medical students and physical activity was assessed using the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ) short version. A self-constructed questionnaire was used to assess lifestyle patterns.
    Results: According to the study, 191(58.2%) students out of 328 practiced unrestricted eating. While 229(69.8%) students demonstrated cognitive restraint and 128(39%) students indulged in emotional eating. Less than half of the students, 52(15.9%) lead unhealthy lifestyles compared to 276(84.1%) who had healthy habits. Out of 328 students, 104 (31.7%) engaged in low, 137(41.8%) in moderate, and 87(26.5%) in high levels of physical activity. Whereas a higher proportion of female students engaged in low to moderate physical activity (61.5% and 52.6%, respectively), while a higher proportion of male students (63.2%) were involved in intense physical activity.
    Conclusions: A large proportion of medical students exhibited poor dietary habits with low physical activity. Obesity and other metabolic diseases are more likely to strike medical students who engage in these unhealthy eating habits. As future health providers, health interventions must be implemented to avert future harm.
    Language English
    Publishing date 2024-01-29
    Publishing country Pakistan
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 2032827-8
    ISSN 1681-715X ; 1682-024X ; 1017-4699
    ISSN (online) 1681-715X
    ISSN 1682-024X ; 1017-4699
    DOI 10.12669/pjms.40.3.7323
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  3. Article ; Conference proceedings: The incidence of ileitis on routine capsule endoscopy in a single UK centre

    Waqar, M. / Hussain, U. / Bark, M. / Fry, D. / Nair, N. / Simms, L. / Akbar, T.

    Endoscopy

    2024  Volume 56, Issue S 02

    Event/congress ESGE Days 2024, Berlin, Germany, 2024-04-25
    Language English
    Publishing date 2024-04-01
    Publisher Georg Thieme Verlag KG
    Publishing place Stuttgart ; New York
    Document type Article ; Conference proceedings
    ZDB-ID 80120-3
    ISSN 1438-8812 ; 0013-726X
    ISSN (online) 1438-8812
    ISSN 0013-726X
    DOI 10.1055/s-0044-1783734
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  4. Article ; Online: Assessment of plastic pollution in coastal areas of Karachi: Case study of West Warf, Kemari Jetty, and Manora.

    Ahmad, Ibtihaj / Aslam, Shiza / Hussain, Usama

    Marine pollution bulletin

    2023  Volume 195, Page(s) 115501

    Abstract: This study focused on marine pollution in coastal areas of Karachi, particularly West Warf, Kemari Jetty, and Manora. The research examined the sources and quantities of waste, from boat manufacturing, export units, and local commercial activities. ... ...

    Abstract This study focused on marine pollution in coastal areas of Karachi, particularly West Warf, Kemari Jetty, and Manora. The research examined the sources and quantities of waste, from boat manufacturing, export units, and local commercial activities. Stakeholder interviews were conducted to understand waste management practices and identify the key contributors to ocean litter. The results indicated that restaurants, export units, boat construction, and tourist and commuter activities were the primary sources of marine pollution. Plastic was found to be the most prevalent litter category, with LDPE (e.g., single-use bags) and polystyrene (e.g., material in floating docks) being the most common types. Additionally, multi-layer packaging, such as chip wrappers, was frequently observed in the surveyed areas. Overall, this research highlights the urgent need for improved waste management and compliance measures in coastal regions to mitigate marine pollution.
    Language English
    Publishing date 2023-09-07
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 2001296-2
    ISSN 1879-3363 ; 0025-326X
    ISSN (online) 1879-3363
    ISSN 0025-326X
    DOI 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2023.115501
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  5. Article ; Online: The dearth of disaggregated health data: a political rather than a technical challenge.

    Buse, Kent / Gautam, Abhishek / Hussain, Unsia / Olarewaju, Victoria

    BMJ (Clinical research ed.)

    2023  Volume 381, Page(s) 1254

    MeSH term(s) Humans ; Health Policy ; Politics
    Language English
    Publishing date 2023-06-01
    Publishing country England
    Document type Editorial
    ZDB-ID 1362901-3
    ISSN 1756-1833 ; 0959-8154 ; 0959-8146 ; 0959-8138 ; 0959-535X ; 1759-2151
    ISSN (online) 1756-1833
    ISSN 0959-8154 ; 0959-8146 ; 0959-8138 ; 0959-535X ; 1759-2151
    DOI 10.1136/bmj.p1254
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  6. Article ; Online: Effect Of Elastomeric Separator On Microbial Count In Gingival Crevicular Fluid.

    Khan, Samia Sattar / Asad, Saad / Hussain, Umar

    Journal of Ayub Medical College, Abbottabad : JAMC

    2023  Volume 35, Issue 2, Page(s) 269–274

    Abstract: Background: The separators are a preliminary step for band insertion, but there is a potential risk of bacteraemia during their placement, particularly in susceptible patients. The objective of the study is to determine the effect of separators on the ... ...

    Abstract Background: The separators are a preliminary step for band insertion, but there is a potential risk of bacteraemia during their placement, particularly in susceptible patients. The objective of the study is to determine the effect of separators on the bacterial count in gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) and to assess the efficacy of chlorhexidine mouth rinse and saline irrigation in the reduction of the bacterial count.
    Methods: This randomized controlled trial was conducted on 51 participants who were divided into three equal g roups randomly (brushing only/control, saline irrigation, and 2% chlorhexidine mouthwash rinse). The inclusion criteria were age between 18-25 years, good oral hygiene, gingival and plaque index <1, no previous orthodontic treatment, and healthy individuals. The bacterial count was obtained from GCF samples after two hours, on the third day, and on the seventh day. Kruskal Wallis test was used to compare the bacterial count among the three groups, and post hoc analysis was done using Dunn's test. Friedman test was applied to see the difference at three-time points in each group.
    Results: In both saline and chlorhexidine groups the mean bacterial count decreased significantly from baseline to 3rd day and 7th day after separator placement (p<0.001). For the third day, a significant difference was found in control versus saline and control versus chlorhexidine. No significant difference was found between saline and chlorhexidine on the third day. Similar results were found on the 7 thday. For controls, the bacterial count increased with time and for both saline and chlorhexidine groups the bacterial count decreased. The highest decrease in the bacterial count was found for the chlorhexidine group.
    Conclusions: After the placement of separators, there was an increase in the bacterial count in GCF. Notably, chlorhexidine was found to be more effective than saline irrigation in reducing the bacterial count.
    MeSH term(s) Adolescent ; Adult ; Humans ; Young Adult ; Chlorhexidine/administration & dosage ; Chlorhexidine/therapeutic use ; Gingival Crevicular Fluid/drug effects ; Gingival Crevicular Fluid/microbiology ; Mouthwashes/administration & dosage ; Mouthwashes/therapeutic use ; Toothbrushing ; Saline Solution/administration & dosage ; Saline Solution/therapeutic use ; Treatment Outcome ; Healthy Volunteers ; Orthodontic Appliances/microbiology
    Chemical Substances Chlorhexidine (R4KO0DY52L) ; Mouthwashes ; Saline Solution
    Language English
    Publishing date 2023-07-08
    Publishing country Pakistan
    Document type Comparative Study ; Journal Article ; Randomized Controlled Trial
    ZDB-ID 2192473-9
    ISSN 1819-2718 ; 1025-9589
    ISSN (online) 1819-2718
    ISSN 1025-9589
    DOI 10.55519/JAMC-02-11573
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  7. Article ; Online: How does Pakistan's culture play a role in worsening disordered eating for women?

    Altaf, Rafiya / Hussain, Uzam

    Asian journal of psychiatry

    2021  Volume 62, Page(s) 102713

    MeSH term(s) Demography ; Developing Countries ; Feeding and Eating Disorders ; Female ; Humans ; Pakistan
    Language English
    Publishing date 2021-05-26
    Publishing country Netherlands
    Document type Letter
    ZDB-ID 2456678-0
    ISSN 1876-2026 ; 1876-2018
    ISSN (online) 1876-2026
    ISSN 1876-2018
    DOI 10.1016/j.ajp.2021.102713
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  8. Article ; Online: Inter-observer and intra-observer agreement of cervical vertebral maturation staging: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

    Hussain, Umar / Ul Hassan, Faizan / Kamran, Muhammad Abdullah / Alnazeh, Abdullah A / Ullah, Imran / Alam, Shamsul

    International orthodontics

    2024  Volume 22, Issue 3, Page(s) 100874

    Abstract: Introduction: The accurate assessment of active growth is pivotal for the correction of skeletal malocclusion in growing patients. Cervical vertebral maturation (CVM) staging is easy and devoid of unnecessary radiation, but its inter- and intra-observer ...

    Abstract Introduction: The accurate assessment of active growth is pivotal for the correction of skeletal malocclusion in growing patients. Cervical vertebral maturation (CVM) staging is easy and devoid of unnecessary radiation, but its inter- and intra-observer agreement is still debatable.
    Objective: This study aims to assess inter-observer (reliability) and intra-observer agreement (reproducibility) for CVM staging.
    Methods: A comprehensive literature search across five databases up to October 2023 was conducted. Inclusion criteria comprised observational studies that specifically reported intra-rater, inter-rater, or both agreements as their primary objectives for cervical vertebral maturation (CVM) staging. Studies with a sample size exceeding 15 participants were considered for inclusion. After duplicate study selection, data extraction, and risk-of-bias assessment, random-effects meta-analyses of kappa (k)/correlation coefficient (r) and their 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were performed, followed by meta-regressions, sensitivity analyses, and subgroup analyses.
    Results: Seventeen observational studies (comprising 1437 lateral cephalograms and 110 assessors) were included. The reliability (8 studies; k=0.62 [95% CI: 0.44, 0.78]) and reproducibility (9 studies; k=0.708 [95% CI: 0.59, 0.82]) were substantial. The inter-observer correlation was almost perfect (in 9 studies; r=0.86 [95% CI: 0.82, 0.89]) while intra-observer correlation was substantial (in 2 studies; r=0.75 [95% CI: 0.62, 0.84]). Tracing of lateral cephalograms significantly increased inter-observer reliability (β=0.29 [0.57, 0.0031]) but cropping and time of assessment (initial vs. follow-up) had no significant impact. The reliability (P<0.001) and reproducibility (P=0.049) of high-quality studies were superior to those observed in low-quality studies.
    Conclusion: Assessment of the CVM staging is accurate and reproducible to a satisfactory level. The accuracy and reproducibility of CVM are higher in studies utilizing traced cephalograms and those with a low-risk of bias.
    Registration: PROSPERO registration (CRD42023468521). Data is openly available at https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10599129.
    Language English
    Publishing date 2024-04-25
    Publishing country France
    Document type Journal Article
    ISSN 1879-680X
    ISSN (online) 1879-680X
    DOI 10.1016/j.ortho.2024.100874
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  9. Article ; Online: Mapping the macrostructure and microstructure of the in vivo human hippocampus using diffusion MRI.

    Karat, Bradley G / DeKraker, Jordan / Hussain, Uzair / Köhler, Stefan / Khan, Ali R

    Human brain mapping

    2023  Volume 44, Issue 16, Page(s) 5485–5503

    Abstract: The hippocampus is classically divided into mesoscopic subfields which contain varying microstructure that contribute to their unique functional roles. It has been challenging to characterize this microstructure with current magnetic resonance based ... ...

    Abstract The hippocampus is classically divided into mesoscopic subfields which contain varying microstructure that contribute to their unique functional roles. It has been challenging to characterize this microstructure with current magnetic resonance based neuroimaging techniques. In this work, we used diffusion magnetic resonance imaging (dMRI) and a novel surface-based approach in the hippocampus which revealed distinct microstructural distributions of neurite density and dispersion, T1w/T2w ratio as a proxy for myelin content, fractional anisotropy, and mean diffusivity. We used the neurite orientation dispersion and density imaging (NODDI) model optimized for grey matter diffusivity to characterize neurite density and dispersion. We found that neurite dispersion was highest in the cornu ammonis (CA) 1 and subiculum subfields which likely captures the large heterogeneity of tangential and radial fibres, such as the Schaffer collaterals, perforant path, and pyramidal neurons. Neurite density and T1w/T2w were highest in the subiculum and CA3 and lowest in CA1, which may reflect known myeloarchitectonic differences between these subfields. Using a simple logistic regression model, we showed that neurite density, dispersion, and T1w/T2w measures were separable across the subfields, suggesting that they may be sensitive to the known variability in subfield cyto- and myeloarchitecture. We report macrostructural measures of gyrification, thickness, and curvature that were in line with ex vivo descriptions of hippocampal anatomy. We employed a multivariate orthogonal projective non-negative matrix factorization (OPNNMF) approach to capture co-varying regions of macro- and microstructure across the hippocampus. The clusters were highly variable along the medial-lateral (proximal-distal) direction, likely reflecting known differences in morphology, cytoarchitectonic profiles, and connectivity. Finally, we show that by examining the main direction of diffusion relative to canonical hippocampal axes, we could identify regions with stereotyped microstructural orientations that may map onto specific fibre pathways, such as the Schaffer collaterals, perforant path, fimbria, and alveus. These results highlight the value of combining in vivo dMRI with computational approaches for capturing hippocampal microstructure, which may provide useful features for understanding cognition and for diagnosis of disease states.
    MeSH term(s) Humans ; Diffusion Tensor Imaging/methods ; Diffusion Magnetic Resonance Imaging/methods ; Neuroimaging/methods ; Hippocampus/diagnostic imaging ; Hippocampus/pathology ; Gray Matter ; Neurites/pathology ; White Matter/pathology
    Language English
    Publishing date 2023-08-24
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
    ZDB-ID 1197207-5
    ISSN 1097-0193 ; 1065-9471
    ISSN (online) 1097-0193
    ISSN 1065-9471
    DOI 10.1002/hbm.26461
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    Zs.A 4028: Show issues Location:
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  10. Article ; Online: Vertical effects of cervical headgear in growing patients with Class II malocclusion: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

    Hussain, Umar / Shah, Ahsan Memood / Rabi, Fazli / Campobasso, Alessandra / Papageorgiou, Spyridon N

    European journal of orthodontics

    2023  Volume 46, Issue 1

    Abstract: Background: Cervical headgear (cHG) has been shown to be effective in Class II correction both with dental and orthopaedic effects but has traditionally been associated with vertical adverse effects in terms of posterior mandibular rotation.: ... ...

    Abstract Background: Cervical headgear (cHG) has been shown to be effective in Class II correction both with dental and orthopaedic effects but has traditionally been associated with vertical adverse effects in terms of posterior mandibular rotation.
    Objective: To assess the treatment effects of cHG treatment in the vertical dimension.
    Search methods: Unrestricted literature search of five databases up to May 2023.
    Selection criteria: Randomized/non-randomized clinical studies comparing cHG to untreated controls, high-pull headgear (hp-HG), cHG adjuncts, or other Class II treatment alternatives (functional appliances or distalisers).
    Data collection and analysis: After duplicate study selection, data extraction, and risk-of-bias assessment according to Cochrane, random-effects meta-analyses of mean differences (MD)/standardized mean diffences (SMD) and their 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were performed, followed by meta-regressions, sensitivity analyses, and assessment of certainty on existed evidence.
    Results: Two randomized/16 non-randomized studies (12 retrospective/4 prospective) involving 1094 patients (mean age 10.9 years and 46% male) were included. Compared to natural growth, cHG treatment was not associated on average with increases in mandibular (eight studies; SMD 0.22; 95% CI -0.06, 0.49; P = 0.11) or maxillary plane angle (seven studies; SMD 0.81; 95% CI -0.34, 1.95; P=0.14). Observed changes translate to MDs of 0.48° (95% CI -0.13, 1.07°) and 1.22° (95% CI -0.51, 2.94°) in the SN-ML and SN-NL angles, respectively. No significant differences were seen in y-axis, facial axis angle, or posterior face height (P > 0.05). Similarly, no significant differences were found between cHG treatment and (i) addition of a lower utility arch, (ii) hp-HG treatment, and (iii) removable functional appliance treatment (P > 0.05 for all). Meta-regressions of patient age, sex, or duration and sensitivity analyses showed relative robustness, while our confidence in these estimates was low to very low due to the risk of bias, inconsistency, and imprecision.
    Conclusions: cHG on average is not consistently associated with posterior rotation of the jaws or a consistent increase in vertical facial dimensions among Class II patients.
    Registration: PROSPERO registration (CRD42022374603).
    MeSH term(s) Humans ; Male ; Child ; Female ; Retrospective Studies ; Prospective Studies ; Orthodontics, Corrective/methods ; Malocclusion, Angle Class II/therapy ; Maxilla ; Extraoral Traction Appliances ; Cephalometry
    Language English
    Publishing date 2023-10-20
    Publishing country England
    Document type Meta-Analysis ; Systematic Review ; Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 423731-6
    ISSN 1460-2210 ; 0141-5387
    ISSN (online) 1460-2210
    ISSN 0141-5387
    DOI 10.1093/ejo/cjad053
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