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Article ; Online: Novel coronavirus and astrovirus in Delaware Bay shorebirds.

Honkavuori, Kirsi S / Briese, Thomas / Krauss, Scott / Sanchez, Maria D / Jain, Komal / Hutchison, Stephen K / Webster, Robert G / Lipkin, W Ian

PloS one

2014 Volume 9, Issue 4, Page(s) e93395

Abstract: Background: Wild birds are an important but to some extent under-studied reservoir for emerging pathogens. We used unbiased sequencing methods for virus discovery in shorebird samples from the Delaware Bay, USA; an important feeding ground for thousands ...

Abstract	Background: Wild birds are an important but to some extent under-studied reservoir for emerging pathogens. We used unbiased sequencing methods for virus discovery in shorebird samples from the Delaware Bay, USA; an important feeding ground for thousands of migratory birds. Findings: Analysis of shorebird fecal samples indicated the presence of a novel astrovirus and coronavirus. A sanderling sample yielded sequences with distant homology to avian nephritis virus 1, an astrovirus associated with acute nephritis in poultry. A ruddy turnstone sample yielded sequences with homology to deltacoronaviruses. Conclusions: Our findings highlight shorebirds as a virus reservoir and the need to closely monitor wild bird populations for the emergence of novel virus variants.
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Astroviridae/genetics ; Astroviridae Infections/virology ; Bays ; Bird Diseases/virology ; Birds/virology ; Coronavirus/genetics ; Coronavirus Infections/virology ; Delaware ; Feces/chemistry
Keywords	covid19
Language	English
Publishing date	2014-04-03
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't ; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.
ISSN	1932-6203
ISSN (online)	1932-6203
DOI	10.1371/journal.pone.0093395
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Article ; Online: Upolu virus and Aransas Bay virus, two presumptive bunyaviruses, are novel members of the family Orthomyxoviridae.

Briese, Thomas / Chowdhary, Rashmi / Travassos da Rosa, Amelia / Hutchison, Stephen K / Popov, Vsevolod / Street, Craig / Tesh, Robert B / Lipkin, W Ian

Journal of virology

2014 Volume 88, Issue 10, Page(s) 5298–5309

Abstract: Unlabelled: Emerging and zoonotic pathogens pose continuing threats to human health and ongoing challenges to diagnostics. As nucleic acid tests are playing increasingly prominent roles in diagnostics, the genetic characterization of molecularly ... ...

Abstract	Unlabelled: Emerging and zoonotic pathogens pose continuing threats to human health and ongoing challenges to diagnostics. As nucleic acid tests are playing increasingly prominent roles in diagnostics, the genetic characterization of molecularly uncharacterized agents is expected to significantly enhance detection and surveillance capabilities. We report the identification of two previously unrecognized members of the family Orthomyxoviridae, which includes the influenza viruses and the tick-transmitted Thogoto and Dhori viruses. We provide morphological, serologic, and genetic evidence that Upolu virus (UPOV) from Australia and Aransas Bay virus (ABV) from North America, both previously considered potential bunyaviruses based on electron microscopy and physicochemical features, are orthomyxoviruses instead. Their genomes show up to 68% nucleotide sequence identity to Thogoto virus (segment 2; ∼74% at the amino acid level) and a more distant relationship to Dhori virus, the two prototype viruses of the recognized species of the genus Thogotovirus. Despite sequence similarity, the coding potentials of UPOV and ABV differed from that of Thogoto virus, instead being like that of Dhori virus. Our findings suggest that the tick-transmitted viruses UPOV and ABV represent geographically distinct viruses in the genus Thogotovirus of the family Orthomyxoviridae that do not fit in the two currently recognized species of this genus. Importance: Upolu virus (UPOV) and Aransas Bay virus (ABV) are shown to be orthomyxoviruses instead of bunyaviruses, as previously thought. Genetic characterization and adequate classification of agents are paramount in this molecular age to devise appropriate surveillance and diagnostics. Although more closely related to Thogoto virus by sequence, UPOV and ABV differ in their coding potentials by lacking a proposed pathogenicity factor. In this respect, they are similar to Dhori virus, which, despite the lack of a pathogenicity factor, can cause disease. These findings enable further studies into the evolution and pathogenicity of orthomyxoviruses.
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Australia ; Chemical Phenomena ; Cluster Analysis ; Humans ; Microscopy, Electron, Transmission ; North America ; Phylogeny ; Sequence Homology, Amino Acid ; Sequence Homology, Nucleic Acid ; Serotyping ; Thogotovirus/classification ; Thogotovirus/genetics ; Thogotovirus/immunology ; Thogotovirus/ultrastructure ; Ticks/virology
Language	English
Publishing date	2014-02-26
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't ; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.
ZDB-ID	80174-4
ISSN	1098-5514 ; 0022-538X
ISSN (online)	1098-5514
ISSN	0022-538X
DOI	10.1128/JVI.03391-13
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Article ; Online: Novel picornavirus in Turkey poults with hepatitis, California, USA.

Honkavuori, Kirsi S / Shivaprasad, H L / Briese, Thomas / Street, Craig / Hirschberg, David L / Hutchison, Stephen K / Lipkin, W Ian

Emerging infectious diseases

2011 Volume 17, Issue 3, Page(s) 480–487

Abstract: To identify a candidate etiologic agent for turkey viral hepatitis, we analyzed samples from diseased turkey poults from 8 commercial flocks in California, USA, that were collected during 2008-2010. High-throughput pyrosequencing of RNA from livers of ... ...

Abstract	To identify a candidate etiologic agent for turkey viral hepatitis, we analyzed samples from diseased turkey poults from 8 commercial flocks in California, USA, that were collected during 2008-2010. High-throughput pyrosequencing of RNA from livers of poults with turkey viral hepatitis (TVH) revealed picornavirus sequences. Subsequent cloning of the ≈9-kb genome showed an organization similar to that of picornaviruses with conservation of motifs within the P1, P2, and P3 genome regions, but also unique features, including a 1.2-kb sequence of unknown function at the junction of P1 and P2 regions. Real-time PCR confirmed viral RNA in liver, bile, intestine, serum, and cloacal swab specimens from diseased poults. Analysis of liver by in situ hybridization with viral probes and immunohistochemical testing of serum demonstrated viral nucleic acid and protein in livers of diseased poults. Molecular, anatomic, and immunologic evidence suggests that TVH is caused by a novel picornavirus, tentatively named turkey hepatitis virus.
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; California ; Genome, Viral ; Hepatitis, Viral, Animal/virology ; Liver/virology ; Phylogeny ; Picornaviridae/classification ; Picornaviridae/genetics ; Picornaviridae/isolation & purification ; Picornaviridae/pathogenicity ; Picornaviridae Infections/veterinary ; Picornaviridae Infections/virology ; Poultry Diseases/virology ; RNA, Viral/analysis ; RNA, Viral/genetics ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; Turkeys/virology
Chemical Substances	RNA, Viral
Language	English
Publishing date	2011-02-25
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't ; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.
ZDB-ID	1380686-5
ISSN	1080-6059 ; 1080-6040
ISSN (online)	1080-6059
ISSN	1080-6040
DOI	10.3201/eid1703.101410
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Article ; Online: Global mRNA decay analysis at single nucleotide resolution reveals segmental and positional degradation patterns in a Gram-positive bacterium.

Kristoffersen, Simen M / Haase, Chad / Weil, M Ryan / Passalacqua, Karla D / Niazi, Faheem / Hutchison, Stephen K / Desany, Brian / Kolstø, Anne-Brit / Tourasse, Nicolas J / Read, Timothy D / Økstad, Ole Andreas

Genome biology

2012 Volume 13, Issue 4, Page(s) R30

Abstract: Background: Recent years have shown a marked increase in the use of next-generation sequencing technologies for quantification of gene expression (RNA sequencing, RNA-Seq). The expression level of a gene is a function of both its rate of transcription ... ...

Abstract	Background: Recent years have shown a marked increase in the use of next-generation sequencing technologies for quantification of gene expression (RNA sequencing, RNA-Seq). The expression level of a gene is a function of both its rate of transcription and RNA decay, and the influence of mRNA decay rates on gene expression in genome-wide studies of Gram-positive bacteria is under-investigated. Results: In this work, we employed RNA-Seq in a genome-wide determination of mRNA half-lives in the Gram-positive bacterium Bacillus cereus. By utilizing a newly developed normalization protocol, RNA-Seq was used successfully to determine global mRNA decay rates at the single nucleotide level. The analysis revealed positional degradation patterns, with mRNAs being degraded from both ends of the molecule, indicating that both 5' to 3' and 3' to 5' directions of RNA decay are present in B. cereus. Other operons showed segmental degradation patterns where specific ORFs within polycistrons were degraded at variable rates, underlining the importance of RNA processing in gene regulation. We determined the half-lives for more than 2,700 ORFs in B. cereus ATCC 10987, ranging from less than one minute to more than fifteen minutes, and showed that mRNA decay rate correlates globally with mRNA expression level, GC content, and functional class of the ORF. Conclusions: To our knowledge, this study presents the first global analysis of mRNA decay in a bacterium at single nucleotide resolution. We provide a proof of principle for using RNA-Seq in bacterial mRNA decay analysis, revealing RNA processing patterns at the single nucleotide level.
MeSH term(s)	Bacillus cereus/genetics ; Base Composition ; Base Sequence ; Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial ; Genes, rRNA ; Half-Life ; Nucleic Acid Conformation ; Nucleotides/genetics ; Open Reading Frames ; Operon ; Protein Biosynthesis ; RNA Stability ; RNA, Bacterial/genetics ; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/genetics ; Sequence Analysis, RNA/methods ; Transcription Initiation Site
Chemical Substances	Nucleotides ; RNA, Bacterial ; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S
Language	English
Publishing date	2012-04-26
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	2040529-7
ISSN	1474-760X ; 1474-760X
ISSN (online)	1474-760X
ISSN	1474-760X
DOI	10.1186/gb-2012-13-4-r30
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Article ; Online: Genetic characterization of the Wyeomyia group of orthobunyaviruses and their phylogenetic relationships.

Chowdhary, Rashmi / Street, Craig / Travassos da Rosa, Amelia / Nunes, Marcio R T / Tee, Kok Keng / Hutchison, Stephen K / Vasconcelos, Pedro F C / Tesh, Robert B / Lipkin, W Ian / Briese, Thomas

The Journal of general virology

2012 Volume 93, Issue Pt 5, Page(s) 1023–1034

Abstract: Phylogenetic analyses can give new insights into the evolutionary history of viruses, especially of viruses with segmented genomes. However, sequence information for many viral families or genera is still limited and phylogenies based on single or short ... ...

Abstract	Phylogenetic analyses can give new insights into the evolutionary history of viruses, especially of viruses with segmented genomes. However, sequence information for many viral families or genera is still limited and phylogenies based on single or short genome fragments can be misleading. We report the first genetic analysis of all three genome segments of Wyeomyia group viruses Wyeomyia, Taiassui, Macaua, Sororoca, Anhembi and Cachoeira Porteira (BeAr328208) in the genus Orthobunyavirus of the family Bunyaviridae. In addition, Tucunduba and Iaco viruses were identified as members of the Wyeomyia group. Features of Wyeomyia group members that distinguish them from other viruses in the Bunyamwera serogroup and from other orthobunyaviruses, including truncated NSs sequences that may not counteract the host's interferon response, were characterized. Our findings also suggest genome reassortment within the Wyeomyia group, identifying Macaua and Tucunduba viruses as M-segment reassortants that, in the case of Tucunduba virus, may have altered pathogenicity, stressing the need for whole-genome sequence information to facilitate characterization of orthobunyaviruses and their phylogenetic relationships.
MeSH term(s)	Amino Acid Sequence ; Animals ; Cluster Analysis ; Gene Rearrangement ; Humans ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Orthobunyavirus/classification ; Orthobunyavirus/genetics ; Phylogeny ; RNA, Viral/genetics ; Reassortant Viruses/genetics ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; Sequence Homology, Amino Acid ; Synteny
Chemical Substances	RNA, Viral
Language	English
Publishing date	2012-01-25
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't ; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.
ZDB-ID	219316-4
ISSN	1465-2099 ; 0022-1317
ISSN (online)	1465-2099
ISSN	0022-1317
DOI	10.1099/vir.0.039479-0
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Article: Global mRNA decay analysis at single nucleotide resolution reveals segmental and positional degradation patterns in a Gram-positive bacterium

GenomeBiology.com. 2012 Apr., v. 13, no. 4

2012

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Recent years have shown a marked increase in the use of next-generation sequencing technologies for quantification of gene expression (RNA sequencing, RNA-Seq). The expression level of a gene is a function of both its rate of transcription ... ...

Abstract	BACKGROUND: Recent years have shown a marked increase in the use of next-generation sequencing technologies for quantification of gene expression (RNA sequencing, RNA-Seq). The expression level of a gene is a function of both its rate of transcription and RNA decay, and the influence of mRNA decay rates on gene expression in genome-wide studies of Gram-positive bacteria is under-investigated. RESULTS: In this work, we employed RNA-Seq in a genome-wide determination of mRNA half-lives in the Gram-positive bacterium Bacillus cereus. By utilizing a newly developed normalization protocol, RNA-Seq was used successfully to determine global mRNA decay rates at the single nucleotide level. The analysis revealed positional degradation patterns, with mRNAs being degraded from both ends of the molecule, indicating that both 5' to 3' and 3' to 5' directions of RNA decay are present in B. cereus. Other operons showed segmental degradation patterns where specific ORFs within polycistrons were degraded at variable rates, underlining the importance of RNA processing in gene regulation. We determined the half-lives for more than 2,700 ORFs in B. cereus ATCC 10987, ranging from less than one minute to more than fifteen minutes, and showed that mRNA decay rate correlates globally with mRNA expression level, GC content, and functional class of the ORF. CONCLUSIONS: To our knowledge, this study presents the first global analysis of mRNA decay in a bacterium at single nucleotide resolution. We provide a proof of principle for using RNA-Seq in bacterial mRNA decay analysis, revealing RNA processing patterns at the single nucleotide level.
Keywords	Bacillus cereus ; Gram-positive bacteria ; gene expression ; half life ; messenger RNA ; open reading frames ; operon
Language	English
Dates of publication	2012-04
Size	p. 2880.
Publishing place	Springer-Verlag
Document type	Article
ZDB-ID	2040529-7
ISSN	1474-760X ; 1465-6914 ; 1465-6906
ISSN (online)	1474-760X ; 1465-6914
ISSN	1465-6906
DOI	10.1186/gb-2012-13-4-r30
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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Article ; Online: Transcriptome sequencing of the Microarray Quality Control (MAQC) RNA reference samples using next generation sequencing

Thierry-Mieg Danielle / Harkins Timothy T / Folkerts Otto / Hutchison Stephen K / Crasta Oswald R / Cooper Kristal L / Evans Clive / Mane Shrinivasrao P / Thierry-Mieg Jean / Jensen Roderick V

BMC Genomics, Vol 10, Iss 1, p

2009 Volume 264

Abstract: Abstract Background Transcriptome sequencing using next-generation sequencing platforms will soon be competing with DNA microarray technologies for global gene expression analysis. As a preliminary evaluation of these promising technologies, we performed ...

Abstract	Abstract Background Transcriptome sequencing using next-generation sequencing platforms will soon be competing with DNA microarray technologies for global gene expression analysis. As a preliminary evaluation of these promising technologies, we performed deep sequencing of cDNA synthesized from the Microarray Quality Control (MAQC) reference RNA samples using Roche's 454 Genome Sequencer FLX. Results We generated more that 3.6 million sequence reads of average length 250 bp for the MAQC A and B samples and introduced a data analysis pipeline for translating cDNA read counts into gene expression levels. Using BLAST, 90% of the reads mapped to the human genome and 64% of the reads mapped to the RefSeq database of well annotated genes with e-values ≤ 10 -20 . We measured gene expression levels in the A and B samples by counting the numbers of reads that mapped to individual RefSeq genes in multiple sequencing runs to evaluate the MAQC quality metrics for reproducibility, sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy and compared the results with DNA microarrays and Quantitative RT-PCR (QRTPCR) from the MAQC studies. In addition, 88% of the reads were successfully aligned directly to the human genome using the AceView alignment programs with an average 90% sequence similarity to identify 137,899 unique exon junctions, including 22,193 new exon junctions not yet contained in the RefSeq database. Conclusion Using the MAQC metrics for evaluating the performance of gene expression platforms, the ExpressSeq results for gene expression levels showed excellent reproducibility, sensitivity, and specificity that improved systematically with increasing shotgun sequencing depth, and quantitative accuracy that was comparable to DNA microarrays and QRTPCR. In addition, a careful mapping of the reads to the genome using the AceView alignment programs shed new light on the complexity of the human transcriptome including the discovery of thousands of new splice variants.
Keywords	Genetics ; QH426-470 ; Biology (General) ; QH301-705.5 ; Science ; Q ; DOAJ:Genetics ; DOAJ:Biology ; DOAJ:Biology and Life Sciences
Subject code	612
Language	English
Publishing date	2009-06-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	BioMed Central
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: Genetic characterization of K13965, a strain of Oak Vale virus from Western Australia.

Quan, Phenix-Lan / Williams, David T / Johansen, Cheryl A / Jain, Komal / Petrosov, Alexandra / Diviney, Sinead M / Tashmukhamedova, Alla / Hutchison, Stephen K / Tesh, Robert B / Mackenzie, John S / Briese, Thomas / Lipkin, W Ian

Virus research

2011 Volume 160, Issue 1-2, Page(s) 206–213

Abstract: K13965, an uncharacterized virus, was isolated in 1993 from Anopheles annulipes mosquitoes collected in the Kimberley region of northern Western Australia. Here, we report its genomic sequence, identify it as a rhabdovirus, and characterize its ... ...

Abstract	K13965, an uncharacterized virus, was isolated in 1993 from Anopheles annulipes mosquitoes collected in the Kimberley region of northern Western Australia. Here, we report its genomic sequence, identify it as a rhabdovirus, and characterize its phylogenetic relationships. The genome comprises a P' (C) and SH protein similar to the recently characterized Tupaia and Durham viruses, and shows overlap between G and L genes. Comparison of K13965 genome sequence to other rhabdoviruses identified K13965 as a strain of the unclassified Australian Oak Vale rhabdovirus, whose complete genome sequence we also determined. Phylogenetic analysis of N and L sequences indicated genetic relationship to a recently proposed Sandjima virus clade, although the Oak Vale virus sequences form a branch separate from the African members of that group.
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Anopheles/virology ; Cluster Analysis ; Female ; Genome, Viral ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Phylogeny ; RNA, Viral/genetics ; Rhabdoviridae/genetics ; Rhabdoviridae/isolation & purification ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; Viral Proteins/genetics ; Western Australia
Chemical Substances	RNA, Viral ; Viral Proteins
Language	English
Publishing date	2011-06-29
Publishing country	Netherlands
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't ; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.
ZDB-ID	605780-9
ISSN	1872-7492 ; 0168-1702
ISSN (online)	1872-7492
ISSN	0168-1702
DOI	10.1016/j.virusres.2011.06.021
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Article ; Online: Identification of GBV-D, a novel GB-like flavivirus from old world frugivorous bats (Pteropus giganteus) in Bangladesh.

Epstein, Jonathan H / Quan, Phenix-Lan / Briese, Thomas / Street, Craig / Jabado, Omar / Conlan, Sean / Ali Khan, Shahneaz / Verdugo, Dawn / Hossain, M Jahangir / Hutchison, Stephen K / Egholm, Michael / Luby, Stephen P / Daszak, Peter / Lipkin, W Ian

PLoS pathogens

2010 Volume 6, Page(s) e1000972

Abstract: Bats are reservoirs for a wide range of zoonotic agents including lyssa-, henipah-, SARS-like corona-, Marburg-, Ebola-, and astroviruses. In an effort to survey for the presence of other infectious agents, known and unknown, we screened sera from 16 ... ...

Abstract	Bats are reservoirs for a wide range of zoonotic agents including lyssa-, henipah-, SARS-like corona-, Marburg-, Ebola-, and astroviruses. In an effort to survey for the presence of other infectious agents, known and unknown, we screened sera from 16 Pteropus giganteus bats from Faridpur, Bangladesh, using high-throughput pyrosequencing. Sequence analyses indicated the presence of a previously undescribed virus that has approximately 50% identity at the amino acid level to GB virus A and C (GBV-A and -C). Viral nucleic acid was present in 5 of 98 sera (5%) from a single colony of free-ranging bats. Infection was not associated with evidence of hepatitis or hepatic dysfunction. Phylogenetic analysis indicates that this first GBV-like flavivirus reported in bats constitutes a distinct species within the Flaviviridae family and is ancestral to the GBV-A and -C virus clades.
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Bangladesh ; Chiroptera/virology ; DNA, Viral/analysis ; Flaviviridae/classification ; Flaviviridae/genetics ; GB virus A/genetics ; GB virus C/genetics ; Phylogeny ; Sequence Homology, Nucleic Acid
Chemical Substances	DNA, Viral
Keywords	covid19
Language	English
Publishing date	2010-07-01
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't ; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.
ZDB-ID	2205412-1
ISSN	1553-7374 ; 1553-7366
ISSN (online)	1553-7374
ISSN	1553-7366
DOI	10.1371/journal.ppat.1000972
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Article ; Online: Identification of a severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-like virus in a leaf-nosed bat in Nigeria.

Quan, Phenix-Lan / Firth, Cadhla / Street, Craig / Henriquez, Jose A / Petrosov, Alexandra / Tashmukhamedova, Alla / Hutchison, Stephen K / Egholm, Michael / Osinubi, Modupe O V / Niezgoda, Michael / Ogunkoya, Albert B / Briese, Thomas / Rupprecht, Charles E / Lipkin, W Ian

mBio

2010 Volume 1, Issue 4

Abstract: Bats are reservoirs for emerging zoonotic viruses that can have a profound impact on human and animal health, including lyssaviruses, filoviruses, paramyxoviruses, and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronaviruses (SARS-CoVs). In the course of a ... ...

Abstract	Bats are reservoirs for emerging zoonotic viruses that can have a profound impact on human and animal health, including lyssaviruses, filoviruses, paramyxoviruses, and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronaviruses (SARS-CoVs). In the course of a project focused on pathogen discovery in contexts where human-bat contact might facilitate more efficient interspecies transmission of viruses, we surveyed gastrointestinal tissue obtained from bats collected in caves in Nigeria that are frequented by humans. Coronavirus consensus PCR and unbiased high-throughput pyrosequencing revealed the presence of coronavirus sequences related to those of SARS-CoV in a Commerson's leaf-nosed bat (Hipposideros commersoni). Additional genomic sequencing indicated that this virus, unlike subgroup 2b CoVs, which includes SARS-CoV, is unique, comprising three overlapping open reading frames between the M and N genes and two conserved stem-loop II motifs. Phylogenetic analyses in conjunction with these features suggest that this virus represents a new subgroup within group 2 CoVs.
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Chiroptera/virology ; Disease Reservoirs/virology ; Humans ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Nigeria ; Phylogeny ; SARS Virus/classification ; SARS Virus/genetics ; SARS Virus/isolation & purification ; Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome/transmission ; Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome/virology
Keywords	covid19
Language	English
Publishing date	2010-10-12
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural ; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.
ZDB-ID	2557172-2
ISSN	2150-7511 ; 2161-2129
ISSN (online)	2150-7511
ISSN	2161-2129
DOI	10.1128/mBio.00208-10
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