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  1. Article ; Online: Paradigmatic case of long-term colocated wind–wave energy index trend in Canary Islands

    Ulazia, Alain / Sáenz, Jon / Saenz-Aguirre, Aitor / Ibarra-Berastegui, Gabriel / Carreno-Madinabeitia, Sheila

    Energy Conversion and Management. 2023 May, v. 283 p.116890-

    2023  

    Abstract: Previous studies based on remote sensing data and reanalysis have identified strong historical increments of wind speed in the area around the Canary Islands (Spain) without appreciating any increment of wave height. This decoupling of long-term trends ... ...

    Abstract Previous studies based on remote sensing data and reanalysis have identified strong historical increments of wind speed in the area around the Canary Islands (Spain) without appreciating any increment of wave height. This decoupling of long-term trends for wind and wave data is not very common, and can be considered paradigmatic for an innovative study, with important implications for wind and wave hybrid or co-located energy production. In this study, wind and wave data from ERA5 reanalysis in the area around the Canary Islands have been used to compute a wind–wave energy co-location feasibility index between 1981–2020 showing an increment of the index above ＋5%/decade. Furthermore, realistic wind and wave energy production has been calculated at an interesting hot-spot using a specific floating wind turbine co-located aside a oscillating buoy type wave energy converter. The corresponding capacity factor trend for wind energy (＋0.8%/decade) and capture width ratio evolution for wave energy (−1.5%/decade) shows also the wind–wave decoupling, which constitutes a significant result for an original approach.
    Keywords administrative management ; energy conversion ; water power ; water waves ; wind power ; wind speed ; wind turbines ; Spain ; Wave energy ; Wind energy ; Co-location index ; ERA5 ; Long-term energy trend ; Fluid mechanics
    Language English
    Dates of publication 2023-05
    Publishing place Elsevier Ltd
    Document type Article ; Online
    Note Use and reproduction
    ZDB-ID 2000891-0
    ISSN 0196-8904
    ISSN 0196-8904
    DOI 10.1016/j.enconman.2023.116890
    Database NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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  2. Article ; Online: CMIP6 projections for global offshore wind and wave energy production (2015-2100).

    Ibarra-Berastegui, Gabriel / Sáenz, Jon / Ulazia, Alain / Sáenz-Aguirre, Aitor / Esnaola, Ganix

    Scientific reports

    2023  Volume 13, Issue 1, Page(s) 18046

    Abstract: Three-hourly CMIP6 projections have been used in conjuction with the CSIRO WaveWatchIII wave model to calculate the global trends in offshore wind and wave energy for the SSP585 and SSP126 scenarios until 2100. The results indicate that moderate yet ... ...

    Abstract Three-hourly CMIP6 projections have been used in conjuction with the CSIRO WaveWatchIII wave model to calculate the global trends in offshore wind and wave energy for the SSP585 and SSP126 scenarios until 2100. The results indicate that moderate yet significant changes are expected in the theoretical electricity generated from wind and waves at fewer than 10-15% of coastal locations. While this implies a generally stable outlook for the future, certain coastal regions with existing or planned wind farms may experience a slight reduction in production by 2100. Regarding wave energy, given its early stage of development, a more cautious approach is advisable, although a similar conclusion may be reached. Considering the decreasing installation costs on the horizon and accounting for both climatic scenarios, this provides a reliable context for most ongoing feasibility studies, technological developments, and offshore facility investments.
    Language English
    Publishing date 2023-10-23
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 2615211-3
    ISSN 2045-2322 ; 2045-2322
    ISSN (online) 2045-2322
    ISSN 2045-2322
    DOI 10.1038/s41598-023-45450-3
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  3. Article: Optimal strategies of deployment of far offshore co-located wind-wave energy farms

    Saenz-Aguirre, Aitor / Saenz, Jon / Ulazia, Alain / Ibarra-Berastegui, Gabriel

    Energy conversion and management. 2022 Jan. 01, v. 251

    2022  

    Abstract: The most profitable offshore energy resources are usually found away from the coast. Nevertheless, the accessibility and grid integration in those areas are more complicated. To avoid this problematic, large scale hydrogen production is being promoted ... ...

    Abstract The most profitable offshore energy resources are usually found away from the coast. Nevertheless, the accessibility and grid integration in those areas are more complicated. To avoid this problematic, large scale hydrogen production is being promoted for far offshore applications. The main objective of this paper is to analyze the ability of wave energy converters to maximize hydrogen production in hybrid wind and wave far offshore farms. To that end, wind and wave resource data are obtained from ERA5 for different locations in the Atlantic ocean and a Maximum Covariance Analysis is proposed for the selection of the most representative locations. Furthermore, the suitability of different sized wave energy converters for auxiliary hydrogen production in the far offshore wind farms is also analysed. On that account, the hydrodynamic parameters of the oscillating bodies are obtained via simulations with a Boundary Element Method based code and their operation is modelled using the software tool Matlab. The combination of both methodologies enables to perform a realistic assessment of the contribution of the wave energy converters to the hydrogen generation of an hybrid energy farm, especially during those periods when the wind turbines would be stopped due to the variability of the wind. The obtained results show a considerable hydrogen generation capacity of the wave energy converters, up to 6.28% of the wind based generation, which could remarkably improve the efficiency of the far offshore farm and bring important economical profit. Wave energy converters are observed to be most profitable in those farms with low covariance between wind and waves, where the disconnection times of the wind turbines are prone to be more prolonged but the wave energy is still usable. In such cases, a maximum of 101.12 h of equivalent rated production of the wind turbine has been calculated to be recovered by the wave energy converters.
    Keywords administrative management ; analysis of covariance ; coasts ; computer software ; covariance ; energy conversion ; farms ; hydrodynamics ; hydrogen production ; water power ; water waves ; wind ; wind power ; wind turbines ; Atlantic Ocean
    Language English
    Dates of publication 2022-0101
    Publishing place Elsevier Ltd
    Document type Article
    ZDB-ID 2000891-0
    ISSN 0196-8904
    ISSN 0196-8904
    DOI 10.1016/j.enconman.2021.114914
    Database NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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  4. Article: Global estimations of wind energy potential considering seasonal air density changes

    Ulazia, Alain / Sáenz, Jon / Ibarra-Berastegui, Gabriel / González-Rojí, Santos J / Carreno-Madinabeitia, Sheila

    Energy. 2019 Aug. 11,

    2019  

    Abstract: The literature typically considers constant annual average air density when computing the wind energy potential of a given location. In this work, the recent reanalysis ERA5 is used to obtain global seasonal estimates of wind energy production that ... ...

    Abstract The literature typically considers constant annual average air density when computing the wind energy potential of a given location. In this work, the recent reanalysis ERA5 is used to obtain global seasonal estimates of wind energy production that include seasonally varying air density. Thus, errors due to the use of a constant air density are quantified. First, seasonal air density changes are studied at the global scale. Then, wind power density errors due to seasonal air density changes are computed. Finally, winter and summer energy production errors due to neglecting the changes in air density are computed by implementing the power curve of the National Renewable Energy Laboratorys 5 MW turbine. Results show relevant deviations for three variables (air density, wind power density, and energy production), mainly in the middle-high latitudes (Hudson Bay, Siberia, Patagonia, Australia, etc.). Locations with variations from −6% to 6% are identified from summers to winters in the Northern Hemisphere. Additionally, simulations with the aeroelastic code FAST for the studied turbine show that instantaneous power production can be affected by greater than 20% below the rated wind speed if a day with realistically high or low air density values is compared for the same turbulent wind speed.
    Keywords air ; energy ; latitude ; power generation ; summer ; wind power ; wind speed ; winter ; Argentina ; Australia ; Hudson Bay ; Siberia
    Language English
    Dates of publication 2019-0811
    Publishing place Elsevier Ltd
    Document type Article
    Note Pre-press version
    ZDB-ID 2019804-8
    ISSN 0360-5442 ; 0360-5442
    ISSN (online) 0360-5442
    ISSN 0360-5442
    DOI 10.1016/j.energy.2019.115938
    Database NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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  5. Article: Wave energy resource variation off the west coast of Ireland and its impact on realistic wave energy converters’ power absorption

    Penalba, Markel / Ulazia, Alain / Ibarra-Berastegui, Gabriel / Ringwood, John / Sáenz, Jon

    Applied energy. 2018 Aug. 15, v. 224

    2018  

    Abstract: Wave energy converters are specifically designed to extract the maximum energy from a given location. To that end, wave data statistics based on past measures at the given location are commonly used, neglecting any possible future wave trend. This paper ... ...

    Abstract Wave energy converters are specifically designed to extract the maximum energy from a given location. To that end, wave data statistics based on past measures at the given location are commonly used, neglecting any possible future wave trend. This paper studies the variations of the wave energy resource off the west coast of Ireland over the 20th century via the atmospheric reanalyses created by the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts. In particular, the European Re-Analysis ERA20 is calibrated via quantile-matching against the new European Re-Analysis ERA-Interim for the period 1979–2010. In addition, the calibrated ERA20 reanalysis is validated against buoy measurements in the area of interest. Results show a significant increase of the wave energy resource along the last century (an increase of over 40%), for which the largest increase is observed within the last 20 years (an increase of 18% between 1980 and 2000). The paper shows that these variations considerably affect the power absorption of realistic devices, showing a power surplus of up to 15% within the lifespan of a wave energy converter. Finally, an increase of extreme events over the last century is also observed, highlighting its impact on power production due to the need of wave energy converters to switch into survival mode during extreme events.
    Keywords absorption ; coasts ; energy conversion ; longevity ; power generation ; statistics ; water power ; weather forecasting ; Ireland
    Language English
    Dates of publication 2018-0815
    Size p. 205-219.
    Publishing place Elsevier Ltd
    Document type Article
    ZDB-ID 2000772-3
    ISSN 0306-2619
    ISSN 0306-2619
    DOI 10.1016/j.apenergy.2018.04.121
    Database NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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  6. Article: Using 3DVAR data assimilation to measure offshore wind energy potential at different turbine heights in the West Mediterranean

    Ulazia, Alain / Carreno-Madinabeitia, Sheila / González-Rojí, Santos J / Ibarra-Berastegui, Gabriel / Sáenz, Jon

    Applied energy. 2017 Dec. 15, v. 208

    2017  

    Abstract: In this article, offshore wind energy potential is measured around the Iberian Mediterranean coast and the Balearic Islands using the WRF meteorological model without 3DVAR data assimilation (the N simulation) and with 3DVAR data assimilation (the D ... ...

    Abstract In this article, offshore wind energy potential is measured around the Iberian Mediterranean coast and the Balearic Islands using the WRF meteorological model without 3DVAR data assimilation (the N simulation) and with 3DVAR data assimilation (the D simulation). Both simulations have been checked against the observations of six buoys and a spatially distributed analysis of wind based on satellite data (second version of Cross-Calibrated Multi-Platform, CCMPv2), and compared with ERA-Interim (ERAI). Three statistical indicators have been used: Pearson’s correlation, root mean square error and the ratio of standard deviations. The simulation with data assimilation provides the best fit, and it is as good as ERAI, in many cases at a 95% confidence level. Although ERAI is the best model, in the spatially distributed evaluation versus CCMPv2 the D simulation has more consistent indicators than ERAI near the buoys. Additionally, our simulation’s spatial resolution is five times higher than ERAI. Finally, regarding the estimation of wind energy potential, we have represented the annual and seasonal capacity factor maps over the study area, and our results have identified two areas of high potential to the north of Menorca and at Cabo Begur, where the wind energy potential has been estimated for three turbines at different heights according to the simulation with data assimilation.
    Keywords coasts ; models ; remote sensing ; statistical analysis ; turbines ; wind ; wind power ; Balearic Islands
    Language English
    Dates of publication 2017-1215
    Size p. 1232-1245.
    Publishing place Elsevier Ltd
    Document type Article
    ZDB-ID 2000772-3
    ISSN 0306-2619
    ISSN 0306-2619
    DOI 10.1016/j.apenergy.2017.09.030
    Database NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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