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Article ; Online: Mental Health in Elite Coaches.

Baumann, Laura / Schneeberger, Andres Ricardo / Currie, Alan / Iff, Samuel / Seifritz, Erich / Claussen, Malte Christian

Sports health

2024 , Page(s) 19417381231223472

Abstract: Context: Coaches play an important role in promoting mental health in elite sports. However, they themselves are exposed to risks affecting their mental health, and their fears and worries are often overlooked. Moreover, it remains unclear how coaches' ... ...

Abstract	Context: Coaches play an important role in promoting mental health in elite sports. However, they themselves are exposed to risks affecting their mental health, and their fears and worries are often overlooked. Moreover, it remains unclear how coaches' mental health affects their athletes' mental health. Objective: To create a compilation of the literature on (1) elite coaches' mental health and (2) how coaches' mental health influences elite athletes' mental health. Building on this, recommendations for improving coaches' psychological well-being should be elaborated upon and discussed. Data sources: A literature search was conducted up to November 30, 2021, using the following databases: PubMed, PsycINFO, Scopus, Web of Science, and SportDiscus. Study selection: Studies reporting elite coaches' mental health symptoms and disorders and the influence of elite coaches' mental health on elite athletes' mental health were included. Study design: Scoping review. Level of evidence: Level 4. Data extraction: Data regarding elite coaches' mental health, as well as their influence on athletes' mental health and performance, were included in a descriptive analysis. The PRISMA guidelines were used to guide this review. Results: Little research has been done on elite coaches' mental health disorders, although studies confirm that they do experience, for example, symptoms of burnout, anxiety, and depression. The influence of coaches' mental health on their athletes is underinvestigated, with research focused mainly on the influence of coaches' stress. Conclusion: Knowledge about coaches' mental health is still limited. Coaches' poor mental health diminishes coaching performance and might impair athletes' mental health. Coaches should receive more support, including sports psychiatric care and education on the importance of mental health. This could improve the mental health of both coaches and athletes, and positively affect athlete performance.
Language	English
Publishing date	2024-01-21
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Review
ZDB-ID	2508802-6
ISSN	1941-0921 ; 1941-7381
ISSN (online)	1941-0921
ISSN	1941-7381
DOI	10.1177/19417381231223472
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Article: Interdisciplinary and Psychiatric Treatment of Anabolic Androgenic Steroids Users.

Butzke, Ingo / Iff, Samuel / Zitzmann, Michael / Quednow, Boris B / Claussen, Malte Christian

Praxis

2022 Volume 111, Issue 6, Page(s) e339–e344

Abstract: The prevalence of anabolic androgenic steroid (AAS; anabolic steroids) use in recreational sports is underestimated. Due to the influence of social media, an increase in AAS use in recreational sports and in the general population is to be expected. AAS ... ...

Abstract	The prevalence of anabolic androgenic steroid (AAS; anabolic steroids) use in recreational sports is underestimated. Due to the influence of social media, an increase in AAS use in recreational sports and in the general population is to be expected. AAS use is associated with significant physical and mental health consequences, and the psychiatric consequences include the risk of developing addictive behaviour. The widespread stigmatization of AAS use also by professionals often undermines users' trust in physicians and drives them into the arms of so-called "gurus." The tightening of anti-doping practices in sports and an exclusively prohibitive stance have so far failed to convincingly curb the problem in recreational sports. Harm reduction strategies could help patients to get the help they need from primary care providers.
MeSH term(s)	Anabolic Agents/adverse effects ; Doping in Sports ; Humans ; Psychotherapy ; Steroids ; Testosterone Congeners/adverse effects
Chemical Substances	Anabolic Agents ; Steroids ; Testosterone Congeners
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-04-27
Publishing country	Switzerland
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	209026-0
ISSN	1661-8165 ; 1661-8157 ; 0369-8394
ISSN (online)	1661-8165
ISSN	1661-8157 ; 0369-8394
DOI	10.1024/1661-8157/a003868
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Article: Somatische Folgen des IPED-Gebrauchs früh in der Hausarztpraxis erkennen.

Iff, Samuel / Gähwiler, Roman / Butzke, Ingo / Quednow, Boris B / Claussen, Malte Christian

Praxis

2022 Volume 111, Issue 6, Page(s) 333–337

Abstract: Recognizing IPED Use in Clinical ... ...

Title translation	Recognizing IPED Use in Clinical Practice.
Abstract	Recognizing IPED Use in Clinical Practice
MeSH term(s)	Exercise ; Humans ; Male ; Performance-Enhancing Substances
Chemical Substances	Performance-Enhancing Substances
Language	German
Publishing date	2022-04-27
Publishing country	Switzerland
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	209026-0
ISSN	1661-8165 ; 1661-8157 ; 0369-8394
ISSN (online)	1661-8165
ISSN	1661-8157 ; 0369-8394
DOI	10.1024/1661-8157/a003846
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Article: Interdisziplinäre und psychiatrisch-psychotherapeutische Behandlung bei Gebrauch von anabolen androgenen Steroiden.

Butzke, Ingo / Iff, Samuel / Zitzmann, Michael / Quednow, Boris B / Claussen, Malte Christian

Praxis

2022 Volume 111, Issue 6, Page(s) 339–344

Abstract: Interdisciplinary and Psychiatric Treatment of Anabolic Androgenic Steroids ... ...

Title translation	Interdisciplinary and Psychiatric Treatment of Anabolic Androgenic Steroids Users.
Abstract	Interdisciplinary and Psychiatric Treatment of Anabolic Androgenic Steroids Users
MeSH term(s)	Anabolic Agents/adverse effects ; Doping in Sports ; Humans ; Psychotherapy ; Steroids ; Testosterone Congeners/adverse effects
Chemical Substances	Anabolic Agents ; Steroids ; Testosterone Congeners
Language	German
Publishing date	2022-04-27
Publishing country	Switzerland
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	209026-0
ISSN	1661-8165 ; 1661-8157 ; 0369-8394
ISSN (online)	1661-8165
ISSN	1661-8157 ; 0369-8394
DOI	10.1024/1661-8157/a003867
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Article ; Online: Training load, sports performance, physical and mental health during the COVID-19 pandemic: A prospective cohort of Swiss elite athletes.

Karrer, Yannis / Fröhlich, Stefan / Iff, Samuel / Spörri, Jörg / Scherr, Johannes / Seifritz, Erich / Quednow, Boris B / Claussen, Malte Christian

PloS one

2022 Volume 17, Issue 12, Page(s) e0278203

Abstract: Background: The COVID-19 pandemic and associated restrictions have led to abrupt changes in the lives of elite athletes.: Objectives: The objective of this prospective cohort study was to examine training load, subjective sports performance, physical ...

Abstract	Background: The COVID-19 pandemic and associated restrictions have led to abrupt changes in the lives of elite athletes. Objectives: The objective of this prospective cohort study was to examine training load, subjective sports performance, physical and mental health among Swiss elite athletes during a 6-month follow-up period starting with the first Swiss lockdown. Methods: Swiss elite athletes (n = 203) participated in a repeated online survey evaluating health, training, and performance related metrics. After the first assessment during the first lockdown between April and May 2020, there were monthly follow-ups over 6 months. Results: Out of 203 athletes completing the first survey during the first lockdown, 73 athletes (36%) completed all assessments during the entire 6-month follow-up period. Sports performance and training load decreased during the first lockdown and increased again at the beginning of the second lockdown in October 2020, while symptoms of depression and financial fears showed only a transient increase during the first lockdown. Self-reported injuries and illnesses did not change significantly at any timepoint in the study. Stricter COVID-19 restrictions, as measured by the Government Stringency Index (GSI), were associated with reduced subjective sports performance, as well as lower training intensity, increased financial fears, poorer coping with restrictions, and more depressive symptoms, as measured by the 9-item module of the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9). Conclusion: This study revealed a negative impact of the COVID-19 restrictions on sports performance, training load and mental health among Swiss elite athletes, while the rate of self-reported injuries and illnesses remained unaffected.
MeSH term(s)	Humans ; Mental Health ; COVID-19/epidemiology ; Prospective Studies ; Pandemics ; Switzerland/epidemiology ; Communicable Disease Control ; Athletes ; Athletic Performance ; Cohort Studies ; Physical Functional Performance
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-12-01
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2267670-3
ISSN	1932-6203 ; 1932-6203
ISSN (online)	1932-6203
ISSN	1932-6203
DOI	10.1371/journal.pone.0278203
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Article ; Online: Training Patterns and Mental Health of Bodybuilders and Fitness Athletes During the First Lockdown of the COVID-19 Pandemic-A Cross-Sectional Study.

Iff, Samuel / Fröhlich, Stefan / Halioua, Robin / Imboden, Christian / Spörri, Jörg / Scherr, Johannes / Butzke, Ingo / Seifritz, Erich / Claussen, Malte Christian

Frontiers in sports and active living

2022 Volume 4, Page(s) 867140

Abstract: Background: Government restrictions during the first COVID-19 lockdown, such as the closure of gyms and fitness centers, drastically limited the training opportunities of bodybuilders and fitness athletes (BoFA) who rely on indoor training facilities. ... ...

Abstract	Background: Government restrictions during the first COVID-19 lockdown, such as the closure of gyms and fitness centers, drastically limited the training opportunities of bodybuilders and fitness athletes (BoFA) who rely on indoor training facilities. This provided a unique situation to investigate the effect of training limitations on the training patterns, training adaptive strategies and mental health of BoFAs. Objectives: The primary aim of this study was to investigate differences in the training patterns and the mental health of BoFA before and during the first COVID-19 lockdown. The secondary aim was to assess whether BoFA who exhibited features of muscle dysmorphia were affected differently from the group that did not. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted with 85 BoFAs by means of an online questionnaire asking about sports activity, intensity, subjective physical performance, and economic status, including primary or secondary occupations before (from memory) and during lockdown, current physical health problems and financial fears, symptoms of depression, sleep disorders, anxiety (trait and state), muscle dysmorphia, coping mechanisms and actions during the first lockdown in Switzerland. Results: Training patterns and mental health of BoFA were influenced by the COVID-19 pandemic and first lockdown. During lockdown, the physical activity on the BoFA dropped significantly from 2.3 ± 0.8 h per day to 1.6 ± 0.9 h per day ( Conclusion: This study showed the significant changes on the training patterns of BoFA before and during the first COVID-19 lockdown and poor mental health scores of BoFA during the lockdown itself, with those at risk of muscle dysmorphia scoring statistically worse regarding mental health than those with no risk of muscle dysmorphia. To better understand the particularities of BoFA, further investigation is needed to understand their psychology and in particular the effect of training restrictions on it.
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-05-03
Publishing country	Switzerland
Document type	Journal Article
ISSN	2624-9367
ISSN (online)	2624-9367
DOI	10.3389/fspor.2022.867140
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Article: A stabilizing factor?-Video gaming among elite athletes during the first lockdown of the COVID-19 pandemic.

Breckwoldt, Tabea / Fröhlich, Stefan / Iff, Samuel / Bitar, Raoul / Spörri, Jörg / Scherr, Johannes / Seifritz, Erich / Quednow, Boris B / Claussen, Malte Christian

Frontiers in psychology

2022 Volume 13, Page(s) 880313

Abstract: Objectives: Little is known about the extent of video gaming among elite athletes, specifically under stressful conditions like those induced by the current COVID-19 pandemic. The aim of this study was to evaluate the intensity and extent of video ... ...

Abstract	Objectives: Little is known about the extent of video gaming among elite athletes, specifically under stressful conditions like those induced by the current COVID-19 pandemic. The aim of this study was to evaluate the intensity and extent of video gaming in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic, during which the usual daily routine of many athletes was disrupted. Methods: Overall, 203 elite athletes from Switzerland who participated in Olympic sports or in "International Olympic Committee"-approved disciplines were interviewed using an online questionnaire. They were questioned on their video game consumption during the first Swiss lockdown during the COVID-19 pandemic as well as on their athletic performance and economic circumstances. Additionally, mental and physical health were assessed by standardized questionnaires. From this questionnaire data, predictors of gaming time were evaluated using multivariable analysis. Results: Before the lockdown, 21% of the participating athletes played video games regularly. The average playing time was 15.8 h per month within the gamer group. During the first lockdown, 29% of athletes reported gaming regularly, and within the gamer group the average gaming time increased significantly, by 164%. The mental health burden showed significant differences between gamers and non-gamers regarding existential fears during the lockdown, the ability to cope with governmental measures due to COVID-19 and total sleeping time. However, there was no statistical difference in respect to standardized scales for depressive symptoms, sleep behavior, and anxiety. Higher video gaming time during the lockdown was significantly associated with male gender and previous gaming before the COVID-19 lockdown. Conclusion: Video gaming time increased significantly during the first lockdown. Whether video gaming among elite athletes hereby functions as an effective coping behavior remains to be shown and requires more research.
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-11-28
Publishing country	Switzerland
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2563826-9
ISSN	1664-1078
ISSN	1664-1078
DOI	10.3389/fpsyg.2022.880313
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Article: Association between muscle dysmorphia psychopathology and binge eating in a large at-risk cohort of men and women.

Halioua, Robin / Wyssen, Andrea / Iff, Samuel / Karrer, Yannis / Seifritz, Erich / Quednow, Boris B / Claussen, Malte Christian

Journal of eating disorders

2022 Volume 10, Issue 1, Page(s) 109

Abstract: Background: Current research on muscle dysmorphia (MD) has focused on restrained eating behaviors and has adopted a primarily male perspective. Despite initial evidence, the role of possible binge eating associated with MD has only been scarcely ... ...

Abstract	Background: Current research on muscle dysmorphia (MD) has focused on restrained eating behaviors and has adopted a primarily male perspective. Despite initial evidence, the role of possible binge eating associated with MD has only been scarcely investigated. To extend the transdiagnostic and cross-gender approaches and address the dearth in research related to MD, this study investigated the association between MD psychopathology and binge eating in men and women. Methods: This study investigated the association between MD psychopathology and binge eating in both men and women. Participants were a sample of 5905 men (n = 422) and women (n = 5483) social media users aged 18-72 years. They completed an online survey that included self-report measures assessing demographics, binge eating, MD psychopathology, and drive for thinness and leanness. Binge eating was assessed using the diagnostic questions of the validated German version of the Eating Disorder Examination-Questionnaire. The Muscle Dysmorphic Disorder Inventory (MDDI) was used to assess MD psychopathology. A total score of > 39 was set as a cutoff to define an "MD at-risk" state for both men and women. Hierarchical logistic regression analysis was used to analyze the association between MD psychopathology and binge eating. Results: MD psychopathology was significantly positively associated with binge eating in both men and women. Among the three MDDI subscales, only appearance intolerance was significantly associated with MD, and drive for size and functional impairment were not associated. MD at-risk status yielded a predicted probability of binge eating of 25% for men and 66.9% for women. The increased probability of binge eating associated with MD at-risk status was mainly accounted for by appearance intolerance in men and drive for thinness in women. Conclusion: MD psychopathology is positively associated with binge eating in both men and women. Binge eating episodes should therefore form part of the clinical assessment of MD.
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-07-25
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2699357-0
ISSN	2050-2974
ISSN	2050-2974
DOI	10.1186/s40337-022-00632-8
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Article ; Online: Higher viral load and infectivity increase risk of aerosol transmission for Delta and Omicron variants of SARS-CoV-2.

Riediker, Michael / Briceno-Ayala, Leonardo / Ichihara, Gaku / Albani, Daniele / Poffet, Deyan / Tsai, Dai-Hua / Iff, Samuel / Monn, Christian

Swiss medical weekly

2022 Volume 152, Page(s) w30133

Abstract: Background: Airborne transmission of SARS-CoV-2 is an important route of infection. For the wildtype (WT) only a small proportion of those infected emitted large quantities of the virus. The currently prevalent variants of concern, Delta (B1.617.2) and ... ...

Abstract	Background: Airborne transmission of SARS-CoV-2 is an important route of infection. For the wildtype (WT) only a small proportion of those infected emitted large quantities of the virus. The currently prevalent variants of concern, Delta (B1.617.2) and Omicron (B.1.1.529), are characterized by higher viral loads and a lower minimal infective dose compared to the WT. We aimed to describe the resulting distribution of airborne viral emissions and to reassess the risk estimates for public settings given the higher viral load and infectivity. Method: We reran the Monte Carlo modelling to estimate viral emissions in the fine aerosol size range using available viral load data. We also updated our tool to simulate indoor airborne transmission of SARS-CoV-2 by including a CO2 calculator and recirculating air cleaning devices. We also assessed the consequences of the lower critical dose on the infection risk in public settings with different protection strategies. Results: Our modelling suggests that a much larger proportion of individuals infected with the new variants are high, very high or super-emitters of airborne viruses: for the WT, one in 1,000 infected was a super-emitter; for Delta one in 30; and for Omicron one in 20 or one in 10, depending on the viral load estimate used. Testing of the effectiveness of protective strategies in view of the lower critical dose suggests that surgical masks are no longer sufficient in most public settings, while correctly fitted FFP2 respirators still provide sufficient protection, except in high aerosol producing situations such as singing or shouting. Discussion: From an aerosol transmission perspective, the shift towards a larger proportion of very high emitting individuals, together with the strongly reduced critical dose, seem to be two important drivers of the aerosol risk, and are likely contributing to the observed rapid spread of the Delta and Omicron variants of concern. Reducing contacts, always wearing well-fitted FFP2 respirators when indoors, using ventilation and other methods to reduce airborne virus concentrations, and avoiding situations with loud voices seem critical to limiting these latest waves of the COVID-19 pandemic.
MeSH term(s)	Aerosols ; COVID-19 ; Humans ; Pandemics ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Viral Load
Chemical Substances	Aerosols
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-01-06
Publishing country	Switzerland
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2036179-8
ISSN	1424-3997 ; 1424-7860
ISSN (online)	1424-3997
ISSN	1424-7860
DOI	10.4414/smw.2022.w30133
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Article: IPED in Recreational Sports.

Iff, Samuel / Butzke, Ingo / Zitzmann, Michael / Schneiter, Roger / Hunziker, Manuela / Quednow, Boris B / Claussen, Malte Christian

Praxis

2022 Volume 111, Issue 6, Page(s) e345–e349

Abstract: IPED consumers seek medical advice when uncertain as to their use. Due to shame or fear of stigmatization IPED consumers are often reluctant to talk about their drug use; they fear prejudice and a lack of experience when caring for this specific patient ... ...

Abstract	IPED consumers seek medical advice when uncertain as to their use. Due to shame or fear of stigmatization IPED consumers are often reluctant to talk about their drug use; they fear prejudice and a lack of experience when caring for this specific patient group. In order to strengthen trust, a non-judgmental, non-stigmatizing and supportive attitude is essential. The interaction should primarily lead to an understanding of why AAS are being used, what the patient's concerns are, and why medical help is being sought, without judgment or condemnation of the behavior. If no motivation to abstain from drug use is found during the consultation, harm reduction should be sought and the consequences of use addressed. Regular talks and active harm reduction can increase the confidence in evidence-based treatment to achieve personal motivation to abstain under medical supervision.
MeSH term(s)	Fear ; Humans ; Motivation ; Sports ; Substance-Related Disorders
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-04-27
Publishing country	Switzerland
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	209026-0
ISSN	1661-8165 ; 1661-8157 ; 0369-8394
ISSN (online)	1661-8165
ISSN	1661-8157 ; 0369-8394
DOI	10.1024/1661-8157/a003873
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