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Article ; Online: The Novel Link between Gene Expression Profiles of Adult T-Cell Leukemia/Lymphoma Patients' Peripheral Blood Lymphocytes and Ferroptosis Susceptibility.

Wang, Yu / Iha, Hidekatsu

2023 Volume 14, Issue 11

Abstract: Ferroptosis, a regulated cell death dependent on iron, has garnered attention as a potential broad-spectrum anticancer approach in leukemia research. However, there has been limited ferroptosis research on ATL, an aggressive T-cell malignancy caused by ... ...

Abstract	Ferroptosis, a regulated cell death dependent on iron, has garnered attention as a potential broad-spectrum anticancer approach in leukemia research. However, there has been limited ferroptosis research on ATL, an aggressive T-cell malignancy caused by HTLV-1 infection. Our study employs bioinformatic analysis, utilizing dataset GSE33615, to identify 46 ferroptosis-related DEGs and 26 autophagy-related DEGs in ATL cells. These DEGs are associated with various cellular responses, chemical stress, and iron-related pathways. Autophagy-related DEGs are linked to autophagy, apoptosis, NOD-like receptor signaling, TNF signaling, and the insulin resistance pathway. PPI network analysis revealed 10 hub genes and related biomolecules. Moreover, we predicted crucial miRNAs, transcription factors, and potential pharmacological compounds. We also screened the top 20 medications based on upregulated DEGs. In summary, our study establishes an innovative link between ATL treatment and ferroptosis, offering promising avenues for novel therapeutic strategies in ATL.
MeSH term(s)	Adult ; Humans ; Leukemia-Lymphoma, Adult T-Cell/genetics ; Leukemia-Lymphoma, Adult T-Cell/pathology ; Leukemia-Lymphoma, Adult T-Cell/therapy ; Ferroptosis/genetics ; Transcriptome ; T-Lymphocytes ; Iron ; Lymphoma
Chemical Substances	Iron (E1UOL152H7)
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-10-27
Publishing country	Switzerland
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2527218-4
ISSN	2073-4425 ; 2073-4425
ISSN (online)	2073-4425
ISSN	2073-4425
DOI	10.3390/genes14112005
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Article ; Online: Proteomic analysis of adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma: A biomarker identification strategy based on preparation and in-solution digestion methods of total proteins.

Sudo, Haruka / Tonoyama, Yasuhiro / Ikebe, Emi / Hasegawa, Hiroo / Iha, Hidekatsu / Ishida, Yo-Ichi

Leukemia research

2024 Volume 138, Page(s) 107454

Abstract: Adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATL), caused by human T-cell leukemia virus type-1 (HTLV-1) infection, is a malignant hematologic cancer that remains difficult to cure. We herein established a biomarker identification strategy based on the total cell ... ...

Abstract	Adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATL), caused by human T-cell leukemia virus type-1 (HTLV-1) infection, is a malignant hematologic cancer that remains difficult to cure. We herein established a biomarker identification strategy based on the total cell proteomics of cultured ATL cells to search for novel ATL biomarkers. Four protocols with a combination of selected conditions based on lysis buffers and addition agents for total cell proteomics were used for a differential analysis between the ATL cell group (consisting of 11 cell lines), HTLV-1-infected cell group (consisting of 6 cell lines), and HTLV-1-negative cell group (consisting of 6 cell lines). In the analysis, we identified 24 and 27 proteins that were significantly increased (ratio ≥2.0, p < 0.05) and decreased (ratio ≤ 0.5, p < 0.05), respectively, in the ATL group. Previously reported CCL3 and CD30/TNFRSF8 were confirmed to be among significantly increased proteins. Furthermore, correlation analysis between identified proteins and Tax suggested that RASSF2 and GORASP2 were candidates of novel Tax-regulated factors. The biomarker identification strategy established herein is expected to contribute to the identification of biomarkers for ATL and other diseases.
MeSH term(s)	Adult ; Humans ; Leukemia-Lymphoma, Adult T-Cell ; Proteomics ; Human T-lymphotropic virus 1/metabolism ; Biomarkers ; Digestion ; Lymphoma ; Gene Products, tax/metabolism ; Golgi Matrix Proteins
Chemical Substances	Biomarkers ; Gene Products, tax ; GORASP2 protein, human ; Golgi Matrix Proteins
Language	English
Publishing date	2024-02-12
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	752396-8
ISSN	1873-5835 ; 0145-2126
ISSN (online)	1873-5835
ISSN	0145-2126
DOI	10.1016/j.leukres.2024.107454
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Article ; Online: Inhibition of PRMT5/MEP50 Arginine Methyltransferase Activity Causes Cancer Vulnerability in NDRG2

Ichikawa, Tomonaga / Suekane, Akira / Nakahata, Shingo / Iha, Hidekatsu / Shimoda, Kazuya / Murakami, Takashi / Morishita, Kazuhiro

International journal of molecular sciences

2024 Volume 25, Issue 5

Abstract: N-myc downstream-regulated gene 2 (NDRG2), which is a tumour suppressor, is frequently lost in many types of tumours, including adult T-cell leukaemia/lymphoma (ATL). The downregulation of NDRG2 expression is involved in tumour progression through the ... ...

Abstract	N-myc downstream-regulated gene 2 (NDRG2), which is a tumour suppressor, is frequently lost in many types of tumours, including adult T-cell leukaemia/lymphoma (ATL). The downregulation of NDRG2 expression is involved in tumour progression through the aberrant phosphorylation of several important signalling molecules. We observed that the downregulation of NDRG2 induced the translocation of protein arginine methyltransferase 5 (PRMT5) from the nucleus to the cytoplasm via the increased phosphorylation of PRMT5 at Serine 335. In NDRG2
MeSH term(s)	Adult ; Humans ; Protein-Arginine N-Methyltransferases/metabolism ; Leukemia-Lymphoma, Adult T-Cell/pathology ; Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing/metabolism ; Arginine/metabolism ; Methylation ; Neoplasms ; Lymphoma ; Tumor Suppressor Proteins/metabolism ; Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins
Chemical Substances	PRMT2 protein, human (EC 2.1.1.319) ; Protein-Arginine N-Methyltransferases (EC 2.1.1.319) ; Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing ; Arginine (94ZLA3W45F) ; MEP50 protein, human ; NDRG2 protein, human ; Tumor Suppressor Proteins ; PRMT5 protein, human (EC 2.1.1.319) ; Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins
Language	English
Publishing date	2024-02-29
Publishing country	Switzerland
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2019364-6
ISSN	1422-0067 ; 1422-0067 ; 1661-6596
ISSN (online)	1422-0067
ISSN	1422-0067 ; 1661-6596
DOI	10.3390/ijms25052842
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Article ; Online: c-FOS is an integral component of the IKZF1 transactivator complex and mediates lenalidomide resistance in multiple myeloma.

Osada, Naoki / Kikuchi, Jiro / Iha, Hidekatsu / Yasui, Hiroshi / Ikeda, Sho / Takahashi, Naoto / Furukawa, Yusuke

Clinical and translational medicine

2023 Volume 13, Issue 8, Page(s) e1364

Abstract: Background: The immunomodulatory drug lenalidomide, which is now widely used for the treatment of multiple myeloma (MM), exerts pharmacological action through the ubiquitin-dependent degradation of IKZF1 and subsequent down-regulation of interferon ... ...

Abstract	Background: The immunomodulatory drug lenalidomide, which is now widely used for the treatment of multiple myeloma (MM), exerts pharmacological action through the ubiquitin-dependent degradation of IKZF1 and subsequent down-regulation of interferon regulatory factor 4 (IRF4), a critical factor for the survival of MM cells. IKZF1 acts principally as a tumour suppressor via transcriptional repression of oncogenes in normal lymphoid lineages. In contrast, IKZF1 activates IRF4 and other oncogenes in MM cells, suggesting the involvement of unknown co-factors in switching the IKZF1 complex from a transcriptional repressor to an activator. The transactivating components of the IKZF1 complex might promote lenalidomide resistance by residing on regulatory regions of the IRF4 gene to maintain its transcription after IKZF1 degradation. Methods: To identify unknown components of the IKZF1 complex, we analyzed the genome-wide binding of IKZF1 in MM cells using chromatin immunoprecipitation-sequencing (ChIP-seq) and screened for the co-occupancy of IKZF1 with other DNA-binding factors on the myeloma genome using the ChIP-Atlas platform. Results: We found that c-FOS, a member of the activator protein-1 (AP-1) family, is an integral component of the IKZF1 complex and is primarily responsible for the activator function of the complex in MM cells. The genome-wide screening revealed the co-occupancy of c-FOS with IKZF1 on the regulatory regions of IKZF1-target genes, including IRF4 and SLAMF7, in MM cells but not normal bone marrow progenitors, pre-B cells or mature T-lymphocytes. c-FOS and IKZF1 bound to the same consensus sequence as the IKZF1 complex through direct protein-protein interactions. The complex also includes c-JUN and IKZF3 but not IRF4. Treatment of MM cells with short-hairpin RNA against FOS or a selective AP-1 inhibitor significantly enhanced the anti-MM activity of lenalidomide in vitro and in two murine MM models. Furthermore, an AP-1 inhibitor mitigated the lenalidomide resistance of MM cells. Conclusions: C-FOS determines lenalidomide sensitivity and mediates drug resistance in MM cells as a co-factor of IKZF1 and thus, could be a novel therapeutic target for further improvement of the prognosis of MM patients.
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Humans ; Mice ; Bone Marrow ; Ikaros Transcription Factor/genetics ; Ikaros Transcription Factor/metabolism ; Lenalidomide/pharmacology ; Lenalidomide/therapeutic use ; Multiple Myeloma/drug therapy ; Multiple Myeloma/genetics ; Trans-Activators/therapeutic use ; Transcription Factor AP-1/therapeutic use ; Drug Resistance, Neoplasm ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-fos/genetics ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-fos/metabolism
Chemical Substances	Ikaros Transcription Factor (148971-36-2) ; IKZF1 protein, human ; Lenalidomide (F0P408N6V4) ; Trans-Activators ; Transcription Factor AP-1 ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-fos
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-08-15
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	2697013-2
ISSN	2001-1326 ; 2001-1326
ISSN (online)	2001-1326
ISSN	2001-1326
DOI	10.1002/ctm2.1364
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Article ; Online: PSK1 coordinates glucose metabolism and utilization and regulates energy-metabolism oscillation in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

Xu, Xianyan / Huang, Meixian / Ouyang, Yuhui / Iha, Hidekatsu / Xu, Zhaojun

Yeast (Chichester, England)

2020 Volume 37, Issue 3, Page(s) 261–268

Abstract: Energy-metabolism oscillations (EMO) are ultradian biological rhythms observed in in aerobic chemostat cultures of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. EMO regulates energy metabolism such as glucose, carbohydrate storage, ... ...

Abstract	Energy-metabolism oscillations (EMO) are ultradian biological rhythms observed in in aerobic chemostat cultures of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. EMO regulates energy metabolism such as glucose, carbohydrate storage, O
MeSH term(s)	Carbohydrate Metabolism/genetics ; Carbohydrate Metabolism/physiology ; Energy Metabolism/genetics ; Energy Metabolism/physiology ; Gene Expression Regulation, Fungal ; Gene Knockout Techniques ; Glucose/metabolism ; Oxygen/metabolism ; Protein Kinases/genetics ; Protein Kinases/metabolism ; RNA, Messenger/metabolism ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae/genetics ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae/metabolism ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae Proteins/genetics ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae Proteins/metabolism ; Transcriptome ; Ultradian Rhythm/physiology
Chemical Substances	RNA, Messenger ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae Proteins ; Protein Kinases (EC 2.7.-) ; PSK1 protein, S cerevisiae (EC 2.7.1.-) ; Glucose (IY9XDZ35W2) ; Oxygen (S88TT14065)
Language	English
Publishing date	2020-01-13
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	632636-5
ISSN	1097-0061 ; 0749-503X
ISSN (online)	1097-0061
ISSN	0749-503X
DOI	10.1002/yea.3458
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Article ; Online: Seroepidemiological survey of the prevalence of

Mori, Daisuke / John, Jecelyn Leaslie / Sabri, Shahnaz Irwani Binti / Shaharom, Saliz Mazrina Binti / Iha, Hidekatsu / Yamaoka, Yoshio / Matsumoto, Takashi / Ahmed, Kamruddin

IJID Regions (Online)

2022 Volume 2, Page(s) 126–129

Abstract: Objective: Gastric cancer is an important cause of mortality in Sabah, Malaysia, but the prevalence of : Methods: This cross-sectional study analysed serum samples collected from blood donors in a hospital in Kota Kinabalu, Sabah. : Results: The ... ...

Abstract	Objective: Gastric cancer is an important cause of mortality in Sabah, Malaysia, but the prevalence of Methods: This cross-sectional study analysed serum samples collected from blood donors in a hospital in Kota Kinabalu, Sabah. Results: The prevalence of Conclusions: The seropositivity rate of
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-01-05
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article
ISSN	2772-7076
ISSN (online)	2772-7076
DOI	10.1016/j.ijregi.2021.12.012
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Article: IMiD/CELMoD-induced growth suppression of adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma cells

Wang, Yu / Shimosaki, Shunsuke / Ikebe, Emi / Iha, Hidekatsu / Yamamoto, Jun-Ichi / Fife, Nichole / Ichikawa, Tomonaga / Hori, Mitsuo / Ogata, Masao / Tsukamoto, Yoshiyuki / Hijiya, Naoki / Moriyama, Masatsugu / Hagiwara, Shotaro / Kusano, Shuichi / Saito, Masumichi / Ahmed, Kamruddin / Nishizono, Akira / Handa, Hiroshi / Morishita, Kazuhiro

Frontiers in oncology

2024 Volume 13, Page(s) 1272528

Abstract: Adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATL) is an aggressive T-cell neoplasia associated with human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) infection and has an extremely poor prognosis. Lenalidomide (LEN; a second-generation immunomodulatory drug [IMiD]) has ... ...

Abstract	Adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATL) is an aggressive T-cell neoplasia associated with human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) infection and has an extremely poor prognosis. Lenalidomide (LEN; a second-generation immunomodulatory drug [IMiD]) has been employed as an additional therapeutic option for ATL since 2017, but its mechanism of action has not been fully proven, and recent studies reported emerging concerns about the development of second primary malignancies in patients treated with long-term IMiD therapy. Our purpose in this study was to elucidate the IMiD-mediated anti-ATL mechanisms. Thirteen ATL-related cell lines were divided into LEN-sensitive or LEN-resistant groups.
Language	English
Publishing date	2024-01-24
Publishing country	Switzerland
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2649216-7
ISSN	2234-943X
ISSN	2234-943X
DOI	10.3389/fonc.2023.1272528
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Article ; Online: Surveillance of norovirus among children with diarrhea in four major hospitals in Bhutan: Replacement of GII.21 by GII.3 as a dominant genotype.

Wangchuk, Sonam / Matsumoto, Takashi / Iha, Hidekatsu / Ahmed, Kamruddin

PloS one

2017 Volume 12, Issue 9, Page(s) e0184826

Abstract: Background: Diarrhea is a major cause of morbidity and mortality among Bhutanese children. The etiology of diarrhea is not well known due to the challenges of conducting routine surveillance with Bhutan's modest research facilities. Establishing an ... ...

Abstract	Background: Diarrhea is a major cause of morbidity and mortality among Bhutanese children. The etiology of diarrhea is not well known due to the challenges of conducting routine surveillance with Bhutan's modest research facilities. Establishing an etiology is crucial toward generating evidence that will contribute to policy discussions on a diarrheal disease control program. Our previous study, during 2010-2012, revealed that norovirus (NoV) is an important cause of diarrhea among Bhutanese children, and that GII.21 was the major genotype circulating at that time. In other countries, GII.4 is the major genotype responsible for NoV infections. In this update report, we provide new prevalence data to describe the progression of the transformation and distribution of the NoV genotype among Bhutanese children. Methods: From June 2013 through May 2014, diarrheal stool samples were collected at one national referral hospital in Thimphu, two regional referral hospitals in the eastern and central regions, and one general hospital in the western region of Bhutan. NoV was detected by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), by amplifying the capsid gene. The RT-PCR results were confirmed by nucleotide sequencing of the amplicons. Results: The proportion of NoV-positive stool samples was 23.6% (147/623), of which 76.9% were NoV GII and the remainders were NoV GI. The median age of infected children was 15.5 months, with a fairly balanced female: male ratio. NoV GII was most prevalent in the colder months (late November-mid April) and NoV GI had the highest prevalence in the summer (mid April-late September). Nucleotide sequencing was successful in 99 samples of GII strains. The most common genotypes were GII.3 (42.6%), GII.4 Sydney 2012 (15.8%), and GII.4 unassigned (11.9%). No GII.21 was found in any child in the present study. Phylogenetic analysis showed that GII.3 strains in the present study belonged to an independent cluster in lineage B. These strains shared an ancestor with those from different countries and Bhutanese strains circulating during 2010. Conclusion: NoV remains an important cause of diarrhea among Bhutanese children. Genotype GII.3 from a single ancestor strain has spread, replacing the previously circulating GII.21. Current NoV genotypes are similar to the strains circulating worldwide but are primarily related to those in neighboring countries. NoV GII is prevalent during the cold season, while GI is prevalent during the summer. To develop a NoV infection control policy, further studies are needed.
MeSH term(s)	Bhutan/epidemiology ; Caliciviridae Infections/diagnosis ; Caliciviridae Infections/epidemiology ; Capsid Proteins/genetics ; Child, Preschool ; Diarrhea/virology ; Evolution, Molecular ; Female ; Genotype ; Humans ; Infant ; Male ; Norovirus/classification ; Norovirus/genetics ; Phylogeny ; Population Surveillance ; Sequence Analysis, RNA/methods
Chemical Substances	Capsid Proteins
Language	English
Publishing date	2017
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Multicenter Study
ISSN	1932-6203
ISSN (online)	1932-6203
DOI	10.1371/journal.pone.0184826
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Article ; Online: The regulation of NDRG2 expression during ATLL development after HTLV-1 infection.

Ichikawa, Tomonaga / Nakahata, Shingo / Fujii, Masahiro / Iha, Hidekatsu / Shimoda, Kazuya / Morishita, Kazuhiro

Biochimica et biophysica acta. Molecular basis of disease

2019 Volume 1865, Issue 10, Page(s) 2633–2646

Abstract: N-myc downstream-regulated gene 2 (NDRG2) is a candidate tumor suppressor that is frequently downregulated in adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATLL) and functions to negatively regulate several cellular signaling pathways as PP2A recruiter. To clarify the ...

Abstract	N-myc downstream-regulated gene 2 (NDRG2) is a candidate tumor suppressor that is frequently downregulated in adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATLL) and functions to negatively regulate several cellular signaling pathways as PP2A recruiter. To clarify the molecular mechanisms of suppression of NDRG2 expression, we initially determined the expression pattern of NDRG2 in various types of T-cells and ATLL cells. NDRG2 expression was significantly upregulated in HTLV-1/Tax-immortalized T-cells, which was mediated by NF-κB activation through Tax expression. On the other hand, NDRG2 expression was suppressed in HTLV-1-infected cell lines and various types of ATLL cells, which was dependent on the DNA methylation of the NDRG2 promoter. We found that the expression of enhancer of zeste homolog 2 (EZH2), a member of the polycomb family, is increased in ATLL, and that EZH2 directly binds to the NDRG2 promoter and induces DNA methylation of the NDRG2 promoter. Since the expression of EZH2 were anti-parallelly regulated with the NDRG2 expression, EZH2 might be one of the most important regulators of the downregulation of NDRG2, contributing to enhanced activation of signaling pathways during ATLL development.
MeSH term(s)	Adult ; Cell Line, Tumor ; Cell Proliferation ; DNA Methylation ; Down-Regulation ; Enhancer of Zeste Homolog 2 Protein/metabolism ; Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic ; HTLV-I Infections/complications ; Human T-lymphotropic virus 1 ; Humans ; Leukemia-Lymphoma, Adult T-Cell/genetics ; Leukemia-Lymphoma, Adult T-Cell/metabolism ; NF-kappa B/metabolism ; Signal Transduction ; T-Lymphocytes ; Tumor Suppressor Proteins/genetics ; Tumor Suppressor Proteins/metabolism ; Up-Regulation
Chemical Substances	NDRG2 protein, human ; NF-kappa B ; Tumor Suppressor Proteins ; EZH2 protein, human (EC 2.1.1.43) ; Enhancer of Zeste Homolog 2 Protein (EC 2.1.1.43)
Language	English
Publishing date	2019-07-08
Publishing country	Netherlands
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	60-7
ISSN	1879-260X ; 1879-2596 ; 1872-8006 ; 1879-2642 ; 1879-2618 ; 1879-2650 ; 0006-3002 ; 0005-2728 ; 0005-2736 ; 0304-4165 ; 0167-4838 ; 1388-1981 ; 0167-4889 ; 0167-4781 ; 0304-419X ; 1570-9639 ; 0925-4439 ; 1874-9399
ISSN (online)	1879-260X ; 1879-2596 ; 1872-8006 ; 1879-2642 ; 1879-2618 ; 1879-2650
ISSN	0006-3002 ; 0005-2728 ; 0005-2736 ; 0304-4165 ; 0167-4838 ; 1388-1981 ; 0167-4889 ; 0167-4781 ; 0304-419X ; 1570-9639 ; 0925-4439 ; 1874-9399
DOI	10.1016/j.bbadis.2019.07.001
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Article ; Online: An outbreak of gastroenteritis by emerging norovirus GII.2[P16] in a kindergarten in Kota Kinabalu, Malaysian Borneo.

Ahmed, Kamruddin / Dony, Jiloris Julian Frederick / Mori, Daisuke / Haw, Liaw Yun / Giloi, Nelbon / Jeffree, Mohammad Saffree / Iha, Hidekatsu

Scientific reports

2020 Volume 10, Issue 1, Page(s) 7137

Abstract: Outbreaks of diarrhea in kindergartens are underreported and frequently go unnoticed in developing countries. To better understand the etiology this study was performed during an outbreak of diarrhea in a kindergarten in Sabah, Malaysia. Outbreak ... ...

Abstract	Outbreaks of diarrhea in kindergartens are underreported and frequently go unnoticed in developing countries. To better understand the etiology this study was performed during an outbreak of diarrhea in a kindergarten in Sabah, Malaysia. Outbreak investigation was performed according to the standard procedures. In this outbreak a total of 34 (36.5%) children and 4 (30.8%) teachers suffered from gastroenteritis. Stool samples from seven children and 13 teachers were tested for rotavirus and norovirus. During the investigation stool samples were collected and sent in cold chain to the laboratory. The samples were subjected to rotavirus enzyme linked immunosorbent assay, and reverse transcription PCR for norovirus. All samples were negative for rotavirus but positive for norovirus. To determine the genogroup and genotype of norovirus, nucleotide sequencing of the amplicons was performed. All norovirus from the outbreak was of genotype GII.2[16]. To determine the relatedness of the strains phylogenetic analysis was done using neighbor-joining method. Phylogenetically these strains were highly related to GII.2[P16] noroviruses from China and Japan. This study provided evidence that a diarrheal outbreak in a kindergarten was caused by GII.2[P16] norovirus which is an emerging strain in East Asia and Europe.
MeSH term(s)	Caliciviridae Infections/epidemiology ; Caliciviridae Infections/virology ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; Disease Outbreaks ; Female ; Gastroenteritis/epidemiology ; Gastroenteritis/virology ; Humans ; Malaysia/epidemiology ; Male ; Norovirus/classification ; Norovirus/genetics ; Phylogeny ; Schools
Keywords	covid19
Language	English
Publishing date	2020-04-28
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	2615211-3
ISSN	2045-2322 ; 2045-2322
ISSN (online)	2045-2322
ISSN	2045-2322
DOI	10.1038/s41598-020-64148-4
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