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  1. Book ; Thesis: Einfluss einer Primingtechnik auf die Anschlagszeit von Rocuronium an der Kehlkopfmuskulatur und am Musculus adductor pollicis

    Irouschek, Andrea

    2005  

    Author's details vorgelegt von Andrea Irouschek
    Language German
    Size 57 Bl. : Ill., graph. Darst.
    Publishing country Germany
    Document type Book ; Thesis
    Thesis / German Habilitation thesis Erlangen, Nürnberg, Univ., Diss., 2005
    HBZ-ID HT014709940
    Database Catalogue ZB MED Medicine, Health

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  2. Article ; Online: Video double-lumen tube for one lung ventilation: implementation and experience in 343 cases of routine clinical use during the first 20 months of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic.

    Irouschek, Andrea / Schmidt, Joachim / Birkholz, Torsten / Sirbu, Horia / Moritz, Andreas

    Journal of cardiothoracic surgery

    2024  Volume 19, Issue 1, Page(s) 218

    Abstract: Background: Double-lumen tubes (DLTs) are the preferred device for lung isolation. Conventional DLTs (cDLT) need a bronchoscopic position control. Visualisation of correct DLT positioning could be facilitated by the use of a video double-lumen tube ( ... ...

    Abstract Background: Double-lumen tubes (DLTs) are the preferred device for lung isolation. Conventional DLTs (cDLT) need a bronchoscopic position control. Visualisation of correct DLT positioning could be facilitated by the use of a video double-lumen tube (vDLT). During the SARS-CoV-2-pandemic, avoiding aerosol-generation was suggesting using this device. In a large retrospective series, we report both general and pandemic related experiences with the device.
    Methods: All anesthesia records from patients aged 18 years or older undergoing surgery from April 1st, 2020 to December 31st, 2021 in the department of thoracic surgery requiring intraoperative lung isolation were analyzed retrospectively.
    Results: During the investigation period 343 left-sided vDLTs (77.4%) and 100 left-sided cDLTs (22.6%) were used for one lung ventilation. In the vDLT group bronchoscopy could be reduced by 85.4% related to the cDLT group. Additional bronchoscopy to reach or maintain correct position was needed in 11% of the cases. Other bronchoscopy indications occured in 3.6% of the cases. With cDLT, in 1% bronchoscopy for other indications than conforming position was observed.
    Conclusions: The Ambu® VivaSight™ vDLT is an efficient, easy-to-use and safe airway device for the generation of one lung ventilation in patients undergoing thoracic surgery. The vDLT implementation was achieved easily with full interchangeability to the left-sided cDLT. Using the vDLT can reduce the need for aerosol-generating bronchoscopic interventions by 85.4%. Continuous video view to the carina enabling position monitoring of the DLT without need for bronchoscopy might be beneficial for both employee's and patient's safety.
    MeSH term(s) Humans ; One-Lung Ventilation ; Retrospective Studies ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Pandemics/prevention & control ; Intubation, Intratracheal ; COVID-19 ; Bronchoscopy ; Thoracic Surgical Procedures ; Respiratory Aerosols and Droplets
    Language English
    Publishing date 2024-04-16
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 2227224-0
    ISSN 1749-8090 ; 1749-8090
    ISSN (online) 1749-8090
    ISSN 1749-8090
    DOI 10.1186/s13019-024-02663-5
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  3. Article ; Online: Managing One-Lung Ventilation in Tracheostomized Patients: A 6-Year Retrospective Analysis.

    Golditz, Tobias / Schmidt, Joachim / Ackermann, Andreas / Danzl, Anja / Birkholz, Torsten / Sirbu, Horia / Irouschek, Andrea

    The Thoracic and cardiovascular surgeon

    2024  

    Abstract: Background:  To ensure safe and optimal surgical conditions in thoracic surgery, one-lung ventilation is crucial. Various techniques exist to achieve one-lung ventilation. Tracheotomized patients who require one-lung ventilation represent a unique and ... ...

    Abstract Background:  To ensure safe and optimal surgical conditions in thoracic surgery, one-lung ventilation is crucial. Various techniques exist to achieve one-lung ventilation. Tracheotomized patients who require one-lung ventilation represent a unique and rare subgroup that demands specialized knowledge and skills. The very limited literature has discussed alternative methods, no randomized controlled trials have addressed this issue yet.
    Methods:  We performed a retrospective analysis of patients who underwent one-lung ventilation in the Department of Thoracic Surgery of a German University Hospital between 2016 and 2021. The study assessed patient demographics, airway management techniques, ventilation parameters, and adverse events.
    Results:  In 3,197 anesthesia procedures during the observation period, 152 patients had an existing tracheostomy, of which 56 required one-lung ventilation. Among others in 42 cases, a tracheostomy tube was combined with a bronchial blocker, and in 10 cases, a double-lumen tracheostomy tube was used. There were no severe complications. Intraoperative dislocations that required repositioning of the device occurred in six patients (13.3%) with bronchial blockers and one patient with double-lumen tracheostomy tube (10%).
    Conclusion:  The management of one-lung ventilation in tracheotomized patients presents unique challenges. While double-lumen tracheostomy tubes have specific advantages, we recommend considering their use carefully. For most tracheotomized patients, bronchial blockers in conjunction with a tracheostomy tube are used, which offers safety and practicality, irrespective of the tracheostomy's age or type. Further research and randomized controlled trials are warranted to establish best practices for one-lung ventilation in this unique patient population.
    Language English
    Publishing date 2024-04-16
    Publishing country Germany
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 800050-5
    ISSN 1439-1902 ; 0171-6425 ; 0946-4778 ; 0172-6137
    ISSN (online) 1439-1902
    ISSN 0171-6425 ; 0946-4778 ; 0172-6137
    DOI 10.1055/s-0044-1782684
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  4. Article: Airway management in a two-year-old child with a tongue tumor using video laryngoscope-assisted flexible bronchoscopic nasotracheal intubation (hybrid technique).

    Senger, Anne-Sophie / Irouschek, Andrea / Weber, Manuel / Lutz, Rainer / Rompel, Oliver / Kesting, Marco / Schmidt, Joachim

    Clinical case reports

    2024  Volume 12, Issue 1, Page(s) e8425

    Abstract: Airway management in children can be challenging. A hybrid technique using a video laryngoscope-assisted flexible bronchoscopic nasotracheal intubation allowed a successful airway management in a two-year-old child with a large tongue tumor. ...

    Abstract Airway management in children can be challenging. A hybrid technique using a video laryngoscope-assisted flexible bronchoscopic nasotracheal intubation allowed a successful airway management in a two-year-old child with a large tongue tumor.
    Language English
    Publishing date 2024-01-08
    Publishing country England
    Document type Case Reports
    ZDB-ID 2740234-4
    ISSN 2050-0904
    ISSN 2050-0904
    DOI 10.1002/ccr3.8425
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  5. Article ; Online: An approach to difficult airway in infants: Comparison of GlideScope® Spectrum LoPro, GlideScope® Spectrum Miller and conventional Macintosh and Miller blades in a simulated Pierre Robin sequence performed by 90 anesthesiologists.

    Irouschek, Andrea / Moritz, Andreas / Kremer, Sven / Fuchte, Tobias / Danzl, Anja / Schmidt, Joachim / Golditz, Tobias

    PloS one

    2023  Volume 18, Issue 8, Page(s) e0288816

    Abstract: Background: Airway management can be challenging in neonates and infants. The Pierre Robin sequence (PRS) is a condition characterized by micrognathia, glossoptosis and airway obstruction. The airway management of these patients poses great challenges ... ...

    Abstract Background: Airway management can be challenging in neonates and infants. The Pierre Robin sequence (PRS) is a condition characterized by micrognathia, glossoptosis and airway obstruction. The airway management of these patients poses great challenges for anesthesiologists and pediatricians alike. To date, there has been no direct comparison of the hyperangulated GlideScope® Spectrum LoPro (GLP), the straight GlideScope® Spectrum Miller (GSM), a conventional Macintosh (MC) and a conventional Miller blade (ML) in patients with PRS.
    Methods: For this purpose, 90 anesthesiologists (43 with limited experience, 47 with extensive experience) performed orotracheal intubation on an Air-Sim® Pierre Robin X manikin using GLP, GSM, MC and ML in randomized order. 'Time-to-vocal-cords', 'time-to-intubate', 'time-to-ventilate', the severity of oral-soft-tissue-trauma and the subjective evaluation of each device were recorded.
    Results: A significantly faster and better view of the vocal cords and lower oral-soft-tissue-trauma was achieved using the GLP (p<0.001). Though, there were no significant differences in the 'time-to-intubate' or 'time-to-ventilate'. The highest intubation success rate was found with GSM and the lowest with GLP (GSM 100%, ML 97.8%, MC 96.7%, GLP 93.3%). When using the videolaryngoscopes, there were no undetected esophageal intubations but in six cases prolonged attempts of intubation (>120s) with the GLP. In the sub-group with extensive experience, we found significantly shorter intubation times for the GSM and ML. The GLP was the tool of choice for most participants, while the conventional MC received the lowest rating.
    Conclusions: Videolaryngoscopy leads to increased safety for the prevention of undetected esophageal intubation in the airway management in a PRS manikin. Hyperangulated blades may ensure a good and fast view of the vocal cords and low oral-soft-tissue-trauma but pose a challenge during the placement of the tube. Specific skills and handling seem to be necessary to ensure a safe tube placement with this sort of blades.
    MeSH term(s) Infant, Newborn ; Humans ; Infant ; Pierre Robin Syndrome ; Anesthesiologists ; Laryngoscopes ; Intubation, Intratracheal/adverse effects ; Airway Management ; Manikins ; Soft Tissue Injuries ; Laryngoscopy
    Language English
    Publishing date 2023-08-03
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
    ZDB-ID 2267670-3
    ISSN 1932-6203 ; 1932-6203
    ISSN (online) 1932-6203
    ISSN 1932-6203
    DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0288816
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  6. Article: Managing One-Lung Ventilation in Tracheostomized Patients: A 6-Year Retrospective Analysis

    Golditz, Tobias / Schmidt, Joachim / Ackermann, Andreas / Danzl, Anja / Birkholz, Torsten / Sirbu, Horia / Irouschek, Andrea

    The Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgeon

    2024  

    Abstract: Background: To ensure safe and optimal surgical conditions in thoracic surgery, one-lung ventilation is crucial. Various techniques exist to achieve one-lung ventilation. Tracheotomized patients who require one-lung ventilation represent a unique and ... ...

    Abstract Background: To ensure safe and optimal surgical conditions in thoracic surgery, one-lung ventilation is crucial. Various techniques exist to achieve one-lung ventilation. Tracheotomized patients who require one-lung ventilation represent a unique and rare subgroup that demands specialized knowledge and skills. The very limited literature has discussed alternative methods, no randomized controlled trials have addressed this issue yet.
    Methods: We performed a retrospective analysis of patients who underwent one-lung ventilation in the Department of Thoracic Surgery of a German University Hospital between 2016 and 2021. The study assessed patient demographics, airway management techniques, ventilation parameters, and adverse events.
    Results: In 3,197 anesthesia procedures during the observation period, 152 patients had an existing tracheostomy, of which 56 required one-lung ventilation. Among others in 42 cases, a tracheostomy tube was combined with a bronchial blocker, and in 10 cases, a double-lumen tracheostomy tube was used. There were no severe complications. Intraoperative dislocations that required repositioning of the device occurred in six patients (13.3%) with bronchial blockers and one patient with double-lumen tracheostomy tube (10%).
    Conclusion: The management of one-lung ventilation in tracheotomized patients presents unique challenges. While double-lumen tracheostomy tubes have specific advantages, we recommend considering their use carefully. For most tracheotomized patients, bronchial blockers in conjunction with a tracheostomy tube are used, which offers safety and practicality, irrespective of the tracheostomy's age or type. Further research and randomized controlled trials are warranted to establish best practices for one-lung ventilation in this unique patient population.
    Keywords airway ; anesthesia ; practice ; guidelines ; trachea ; ventilation
    Language English
    Publishing date 2024-04-16
    Publisher Georg Thieme Verlag KG
    Publishing place Stuttgart ; New York
    Document type Article
    ZDB-ID 800050-5
    ISSN 1439-1902 ; 0171-6425 ; 0946-4778 ; 0172-6137
    ISSN (online) 1439-1902
    ISSN 0171-6425 ; 0946-4778 ; 0172-6137
    DOI 10.1055/s-0044-1782684
    Database Thieme publisher's database

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  7. Article ; Online: Comparison of Glidescope Core, C-MAC Miller and conventional Miller laryngoscope for difficult airway management by anesthetists with limited and extensive experience in a simulated Pierre Robin sequence: A randomized crossover manikin study.

    Moritz, Andreas / Holzhauser, Luise / Fuchte, Tobias / Kremer, Sven / Schmidt, Joachim / Irouschek, Andrea

    PloS one

    2021  Volume 16, Issue 4, Page(s) e0250369

    Abstract: Background: Video laryngoscopy is an effective tool in the management of difficult pediatric airway. However, evidence to guide the choice of the most appropriate video laryngoscope (VL) for airway management in pediatric patients with Pierre Robin ... ...

    Abstract Background: Video laryngoscopy is an effective tool in the management of difficult pediatric airway. However, evidence to guide the choice of the most appropriate video laryngoscope (VL) for airway management in pediatric patients with Pierre Robin syndrome (PRS) is insufficient. Therefore, the aim of this study was to compare the efficacy of the Glidescope® Core™ with a hyperangulated blade, the C-MAC® with a nonangulated Miller blade (C-MAC® Miller) and a conventional Miller laryngoscope when used by anesthetists with limited and extensive experience in simulated Pierre Robin sequence.
    Methods: Forty-three anesthetists with limited experience and forty-three anesthetists with extensive experience participated in our randomized crossover manikin trial. Each performed endotracheal intubation with the Glidescope® Core™ with a hyperangulated blade, the C-MAC® with a Miller blade and the conventional Miller laryngoscope. "Time to intubate" was the primary endpoint. Secondary endpoints were "time to vocal cords", "time to ventilate", overall success rate, number of intubation attempts and optimization maneuvers, Cormack-Lehane score, severity of dental trauma and subjective impressions.
    Results: Both hyperangulated and nonangulated VLs provided superior intubation conditions. The Glidescope® Core™ enabled the best glottic view, caused the least dental trauma and significantly decreased the "time to vocal cords". However, the failure rate of intubation was 14% with the Glidescope® Core™, 4.7% with the Miller laryngoscope and only 2.3% with the C-MAC® Miller when used by anesthetists with extensive previous experience. In addition, the "time to intubate", the "time to ventilate" and the number of optimization maneuvers were significantly increased using the Glidescope® Core™. In the hands of anesthetists with limited previous experience, the failure rate was 11.6% with the Glidescope® Core™ and 7% with the Miller laryngoscope. Using the C-MAC® Miller, the overall success rate increased to 100%. No differences in the "time to intubate" or "time to ventilate" were observed.
    Conclusions: The nonangulated C-MAC® Miller facilitated correct placement of the endotracheal tube and showed the highest overall success rate. Our results therefore suggest that the C-MAC® Miller could be beneficial and may contribute to increased safety in the airway management of infants with PRS when used by anesthetists with limited and extensive experience.
    MeSH term(s) Adult ; Anesthetists ; Cross-Over Studies ; Female ; Glottis ; Humans ; Infant ; Intubation, Intratracheal/instrumentation ; Laryngoscopes/classification ; Laryngoscopy/instrumentation ; Male ; Manikins ; Middle Aged ; Pierre Robin Syndrome/surgery ; Video Recording/instrumentation
    Language English
    Publishing date 2021-04-22
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Comparative Study ; Journal Article
    ISSN 1932-6203
    ISSN (online) 1932-6203
    DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0250369
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  8. Article ; Online: Comparison of Glidescope® Go™, King Vision™, Dahlhausen VL, I‑View™ and Macintosh laryngoscope use during difficult airway management simulation by experienced and inexperienced emergency medical staff: A randomized crossover manikin study.

    Moritz, Andreas / Leonhardt, Veronika / Prottengeier, Johannes / Birkholz, Torsten / Schmidt, Joachim / Irouschek, Andrea

    PloS one

    2020  Volume 15, Issue 7, Page(s) e0236474

    Abstract: Background: In pre-hospital emergency care, video laryngoscopes (VLs) with disposable blades are preferably used due to hygienic reasons. However, there is limited existing data on the use of VLs with disposable blades by emergency medical staff. ... ...

    Abstract Background: In pre-hospital emergency care, video laryngoscopes (VLs) with disposable blades are preferably used due to hygienic reasons. However, there is limited existing data on the use of VLs with disposable blades by emergency medical staff. Therefore, the aim of this study was to compare the efficacy of four different VLs with disposable blades and the conventional standard Macintosh laryngoscope, when used by anesthetists with extensive previous experience and paramedics with little previous experience in endotracheal intubation (ETI) in a simulated difficult airway.
    Methods: Fifty-eight anesthetists and fifty-four paramedics participated in our randomized crossover manikin trial. Each performed ETI with the new Glidescope® Go™, the Dahlhausen VL, the King Vision™, the I-View™ and the Macintosh laryngoscope. "Time to intubate" was the primary endpoint. Secondary endpoints were "time to vocal cords", "time to ventilate", overall success rate, number of intubation attempts and optimization maneuvers, Cormack-Lehane score, severity of dental compression and subjective impressions.
    Results: The Glidescope® Go™, the Dahlhausen VL and the King Vision™ provided superior intubation conditions in both groups without affecting the number of intubation attempts or the time required for successful intubation. When used by anesthetists with extensive experience in ETI, the use of VLs did not affect the overall success rate. In the hands of paramedics with little previous experience in ETI, the failure rate with the Macintosh laryngoscope (14.8%) decreased to 3.7% using the Glidescope® Go™ and the Dahlhausen VL. Despite the advantages of hyperangulated video laryngoscopes, the I-View™ performed worst.
    Conclusions: VLs with hyperangulated blades facilitated ETI in both groups and decreased the failure rate by an absolute 11.1% when used by paramedics with little previous experience in ETI. Our results therefore suggest that hyperangulated VLs could be beneficial and might be the method of choice in comparable settings, especially for emergency medical staff with less experience in ETI.
    MeSH term(s) Allied Health Personnel ; Anesthetists ; Computer Simulation ; Cross-Over Studies ; Emergency Service, Hospital ; Humans ; Intubation, Intratracheal ; Laryngoscopes ; Larynx/diagnostic imaging ; Manikins ; Medical Staff ; Self Report ; Video Recording
    Language English
    Publishing date 2020-07-30
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Comparative Study ; Journal Article
    ISSN 1932-6203
    ISSN (online) 1932-6203
    DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0236474
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  9. Article ; Online: Combined recurrent laryngeal nerve monitoring and one-lung ventilation using the EZ-Blocker and an electromyographic endotracheal tube.

    Moritz, Andreas / Schmidt, Joachim / Schreiner, Waldemar / Birkholz, Torsten / Sirbu, Horia / Irouschek, Andrea

    Journal of cardiothoracic surgery

    2019  Volume 14, Issue 1, Page(s) 111

    Abstract: Background: Intraoperative neuromuscular monitoring (IONM) is a widespread procedure to identify and protect the recurrent laryngeal nerve (RLN) during thyroid surgery. However, for left thoracic surgery with high risk of RLN injury, both reliable ... ...

    Abstract Background: Intraoperative neuromuscular monitoring (IONM) is a widespread procedure to identify and protect the recurrent laryngeal nerve (RLN) during thyroid surgery. However, for left thoracic surgery with high risk of RLN injury, both reliable recurrent laryngeal nerve monitoring and one-lung ventilation could interfere.
    Methods: In this prospective study, a new method for IONM during one-lung ventilation combining RLN monitoring with an electromyographic (EMG) endotracheal tube (ETT) and lung separation using the EZ-Blocker (EZB) is described and its clinical feasibility and effectiveness were assessed.
    Results: A total of 14 patients undergoing left upper lobe surgery and left upper mediastinal lymph node dissection were enrolled. The EZB was introduced and positioned without any problems and sufficient lung collapse was achieved in all patients. No tracheobronchial injuries or immediate complications occurred. A stable EMG signal was present in all patients and no RLN palsy and no negative side effects of the NIM EMG ETT or the EZB were observed postoperatively.
    Conclusions: The described method is technically feasible, easy to apply and save. It provides both reliable IONM and independent lung separation for optimal surgical exposure. The combined use of the EZB and the NIM EMG ETT might reduce the risk for RLN palsy and impaired lung separation during left thoracic surgery with high risk for RLN injury.
    MeSH term(s) Aged ; Electromyography/methods ; Female ; Humans ; Intraoperative Complications ; Intubation, Intratracheal/methods ; Lung Neoplasms/surgery ; Lymph Node Excision/adverse effects ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Monitoring, Intraoperative/methods ; One-Lung Ventilation/methods ; Prospective Studies ; Recurrent Laryngeal Nerve Injuries/etiology ; Recurrent Laryngeal Nerve Injuries/prevention & control ; Thoracic Surgical Procedures/adverse effects
    Language English
    Publishing date 2019-06-19
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article
    ISSN 1749-8090
    ISSN (online) 1749-8090
    DOI 10.1186/s13019-019-0927-6
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  10. Article ; Online: The EZ-blocker for one-lung ventilation in patients undergoing thoracic surgery: clinical applications and experience in 100 cases in a routine clinical setting.

    Moritz, Andreas / Irouschek, Andrea / Birkholz, Torsten / Prottengeier, Johannes / Sirbu, Horia / Schmidt, Joachim

    Journal of cardiothoracic surgery

    2018  Volume 13, Issue 1, Page(s) 77

    Abstract: Background: In certain clinical situations the insertion of a double-lumen tube (DLT) for one-lung ventilation (OLV) is not feasible or unfavorable. In these cases, the EZ-Blocker (EZB) may serve as an alternative. The aim of our analysis was to report ... ...

    Abstract Background: In certain clinical situations the insertion of a double-lumen tube (DLT) for one-lung ventilation (OLV) is not feasible or unfavorable. In these cases, the EZ-Blocker (EZB) may serve as an alternative. The aim of our analysis was to report on the clinical applications and our experience with the EZB for one-lung ventilation in 100 patients undergoing thoracic surgery.
    Methods: All anesthetic records from patients older than 18 years of age undergoing general anesthesia in the department of thoracic surgery with intraoperative use of an EZB for OLV at the University Hospital of Erlangen in four consecutive years were analyzed retrospectively.
    Results: Most frequently, EZB was used in difficult airway (27%) and for surgical procedures with high risk for left recurrent laryngeal nerve injury (21%), followed by application in intubated (12%) or tracheostomized (11%) patients. 11% of the patients had an increased risk of gastric regurgitation. Almost all EZBs were placed free of complications (99%). Clinically sufficient lung collapse was achieved in all patients. No serious airway injuries or immediate complications were documented.
    Conclusions: The EZB is an efficient, easy-to-use and safe airway device and enables OLV in several clinical situations, when conventional DLTs are not feasible or less favorable. Three major applications were depicted from the data: expected difficult airway, surgical procedures with necessity of intraoperative recurrent laryngeal nerve monitoring and already intubated or tracheostomized patients.
    MeSH term(s) Aged ; Anesthesia, General ; Female ; Humans ; Intraoperative Period ; Intubation, Intratracheal/adverse effects ; Male ; Middle Aged ; One-Lung Ventilation/instrumentation ; One-Lung Ventilation/methods ; Pulmonary Atelectasis/etiology ; Recurrent Laryngeal Nerve/pathology ; Respiration, Artificial/adverse effects ; Retrospective Studies ; Thoracic Surgical Procedures/adverse effects ; Tracheostomy
    Keywords covid19
    Language English
    Publishing date 2018-06-25
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article
    ISSN 1749-8090
    ISSN (online) 1749-8090
    DOI 10.1186/s13019-018-0767-9
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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