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Article ; Online: Integrated pest management can still deliver on its promise, with help from the bees.

Isaacs, Rufus

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

2021 Volume 118, Issue 48

MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Bees ; Pest Control
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-11-24
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't ; Comment
ZDB-ID	209104-5
ISSN	1091-6490 ; 0027-8424
ISSN (online)	1091-6490
ISSN	0027-8424
DOI	10.1073/pnas.2118532118
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Article ; Online: High pesticide exposure and risk to bees in pollinator plantings adjacent to conventionally managed blueberry fields.

Graham, Kelsey K / McArt, Scott / Isaacs, Rufus

The Science of the total environment

2024 Volume 922, Page(s) 171248

Abstract: Wildflower plantings adjacent to agricultural fields provide diverse floral resources and nesting sites for wild bees. However, their proximity to pest control activities in the crop may result in pesticide exposure if pesticides drift into pollinator ... ...

Abstract	Wildflower plantings adjacent to agricultural fields provide diverse floral resources and nesting sites for wild bees. However, their proximity to pest control activities in the crop may result in pesticide exposure if pesticides drift into pollinator plantings. To quantify pesticide residues in pollinator plantings, we sampled flowers and soil from pollinator plantings and compared them to samples from unenhanced field margins and crop row middles. At conventionally managed farms, flowers from pollinator plantings had similar exposure profiles to those from unenhanced field margins or crop row middles, with multiple pesticides and high and similar risk quotient (RQ) values (with pollinator planting RQ: 3.9; without pollinator planting RQ: 4.0). Whereas samples from unsprayed sites had significantly lower risk (RQ: 0.005). Soil samples had overall low risk to bees. Additionally, we placed bumble bee colonies (Bombus impatiens) in field margins of crop fields with and without pollinator plantings and measured residues in bee-collected pollen. Pesticide exposure was similar in pollen from sites with or without pollinator plantings, and risk was generally high (with pollinator planting RQ: 0.5; without pollinator planting RQ: 1.1) and not significant between the two field types. Risk was lower at sites where there was no pesticide activity (RQ: 0.3), but again there was no significant difference between management types. The insecticide phosmet, which is used on blueberry farms for control of Drosophila suzukii, accounted for the majority of elevated risk. Additionally, analysis of pollen collected by bumble bees found no significant difference in floral species richness between sites with or without pollinator plantings. Our results suggest that pollinator plantings do not reduce pesticide risk and do not increase pollen diversity collected by B. impatiens, further highlighting the need to reduce exposure through enhanced IPM adoption, drift mitigation, and removal of attractive flowering weeds prior to insecticide applications.
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Bees ; Pesticides ; Blueberry Plants ; Insecticides ; Pollen ; Soil ; Pollination
Chemical Substances	Pesticides ; Insecticides ; Soil
Language	English
Publishing date	2024-02-24
Publishing country	Netherlands
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	121506-1
ISSN	1879-1026 ; 0048-9697
ISSN (online)	1879-1026
ISSN	0048-9697
DOI	10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.171248
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Article ; Online: Regional Variation in Captures of Male Paralobesia viteana (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) in Monitoring Traps in Michigan Is Not Due to Geographical Variation in Male Response to Pheromone.

Mason, Keith / Isaacs, Rufus

Environmental entomology

2021 Volume 50, Issue 4, Page(s) 795–802

Abstract: Paralobesia viteana (Clemens), grape berry moth, is a major pest of grapes in Eastern North America. There is substantial regional variation in the response of male P. viteana to sex pheromone-baited monitoring traps in Michigan vineyards. Males are ... ...

Abstract	Paralobesia viteana (Clemens), grape berry moth, is a major pest of grapes in Eastern North America. There is substantial regional variation in the response of male P. viteana to sex pheromone-baited monitoring traps in Michigan vineyards. Males are readily captured in traps in the southwest region, whereas in the northwest very few males are captured, despite larval infestation in grapes in both regions. Y-tube olfactometers and field experiments determined the response of male moths from northern and southern populations to the pheromone blend used in monitoring lures and to females from both regions. In Y-tube choice tests, males responded similarly to the standard pheromone blend, and males did not preferentially choose females from either region. In field trials, traps baited with unmated females were deployed to test the preference of resident males for females from the two regions and for standard pheromone lures. In southwest Michigan vineyards, significantly more males were caught in traps with a 1.0-µg standard pheromone lure than in traps with captive females collected from vineyards in both regions or in traps with a blank lure control. A similar pattern of male captures among lure treatments was observed in northwest vineyards, although many fewer males were trapped and differences among treatments were not significant. We conclude that the observed regional differences in male response to pheromone traps are not caused by variation in pheromone-mediated behavioral responses, suggesting that other biotic and/or abiotic differences determine the regional variation in captures of this species.
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Female ; Insect Control ; Male ; Michigan ; Moths ; Pheromones/pharmacology ; Sex Attractants/pharmacology
Chemical Substances	Pheromones ; Sex Attractants
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-04-21
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	120799-4
ISSN	1938-2936 ; 0046-2268 ; 0046-225X
ISSN (online)	1938-2936
ISSN	0046-2268 ; 0046-225X
DOI	10.1093/ee/nvab033
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Article: Regional Variation in Captures of Male Paralobesia viteana (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) in Monitoring Traps in Michigan Is Not Due to Geographical Variation in Male Response to Pheromone

Mason, Keith / Isaacs, Rufus

Environmental entomology. 2021 Apr. 22, v. 50, no. 4

2021

Abstract	Paralobesia viteana (Clemens), grape berry moth, is a major pest of grapes in Eastern North America. There is substantial regional variation in the response of male P. viteana to sex pheromone-baited monitoring traps in Michigan vineyards. Males are readily captured in traps in the southwest region, whereas in the northwest very few males are captured, despite larval infestation in grapes in both regions.Y-tube olfactometers and field experiments determined the response of male moths from northern and southern populations to the pheromone blend used in monitoring lures and to females from both regions. InY-tube choice tests, males responded similarly to the standard pheromone blend, and males did not preferentially choose females from either region. In field trials, traps baited with unmated females were deployed to test the preference of resident males for females from the two regions and for standard pheromone lures. In southwest Michigan vineyards, significantly more males were caught in traps with a 1.0-µg standard pheromone lure than in traps with captive females collected from vineyards in both regions or in traps with a blank lure control. A similar pattern of male captures among lure treatments was observed in northwest vineyards, although many fewer males were trapped and differences among treatments were not significant. We conclude that the observed regional differences in male response to pheromone traps are not caused by variation in pheromone-mediated behavioral responses, suggesting that other biotic and/or abiotic differences determine the regional variation in captures of this species.
Keywords	Endopiza viteana ; entomology ; geographical variation ; larvae ; males ; olfactometers ; pests ; pheromone traps ; pheromones ; Michigan
Language	English
Dates of publication	2021-0422
Size	p. 795-802.
Publishing place	Entomological Society of America
Document type	Article
ISSN	0046-225X
DOI	10.1093/ee/nvab033
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Article ; Online: Systemic insecticides for control of stem gall wasp in highbush blueberry.

DeVisser, Amber K / Vandervoort, Christine / Isaacs, Rufus / Wise, John

Journal of economic entomology

2023 Volume 116, Issue 5, Page(s) 1737–1749

Abstract: The gall wasp, Hemadas nubilipennis Ashmead, is a pest of highbush and lowbush blueberry and can pose a challenge to control with foliar sprays due to adult activity being during bloom and because larval development is within plant tissues. We ... ...

Abstract	The gall wasp, Hemadas nubilipennis Ashmead, is a pest of highbush and lowbush blueberry and can pose a challenge to control with foliar sprays due to adult activity being during bloom and because larval development is within plant tissues. We hypothesized that systemic insecticides that move within the blueberry vascular system would reach areas where H. nubilipennis eggs are laid, causing larval mortality. Three application methods, crown injection, soil drench, and foliar spray were applied to potted 'Jersey' blueberry bushes at 50% and 100% rates to quantify systemic residue concentrations in shoots and leaves. Additionally, systemic insecticides were evaluated for control of gall wasps using single-shoot bioassays and measuring larval mortality at 0.01%, 0.1%, 1%, and 10% of field rate provided within a floral pick. Systemic insecticides tested in both studies included imidacloprid, flupyradifurone, and spirotetramat. The potted bush residue study determined that insecticides moved from three tested sites of entry: the roots, crown cavity, and foliage. Results from the shoot bioassays found that the mean percent larval survival of H. nubilipennis was negatively correlated with the concentration of AI detected in galls. Imidacloprid and spirotetramat were found to have the greatest potential for control of H. nubilipennis due to mortality in the shoot bioassays and similar residue concentrations in the potted bush studies to shoot bioassays. Future research should evaluate systemic insecticides applied in highbush blueberry plantings for control of H. nubilipennis using the bioassay mortality assessment method developed in this study.
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Insecticides/pharmacology ; Wasps ; Blueberry Plants ; Larva ; Neonicotinoids ; Aza Compounds ; Nitro Compounds ; Spiro Compounds
Chemical Substances	Insecticides ; imidacloprid (3BN7M937V8) ; spirotetramat (4G7KR034OX) ; Neonicotinoids ; Aza Compounds ; Nitro Compounds ; Spiro Compounds
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-08-21
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	3031-4
ISSN	1938-291X ; 0022-0493
ISSN (online)	1938-291X
ISSN	0022-0493
DOI	10.1093/jee/toad162
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Article ; Online: Heat of the moment: extreme heat poses a risk to bee-plant interactions and crop yields.

Walters, Jenna / Zavalnitskaya, Jennifer / Isaacs, Rufus / Szendrei, Zsofia

Current opinion in insect science

2022 Volume 52, Page(s) 100927

Abstract: Extreme heat events threaten the development, functioning, and success of bee pollinators and crops that rely on pollinators for high yields. While direct effects of extreme heat and climate warming have gained more attention, the indirect effects on ... ...

Abstract	Extreme heat events threaten the development, functioning, and success of bee pollinators and crops that rely on pollinators for high yields. While direct effects of extreme heat and climate warming have gained more attention, the indirect effects on bees and crops remain largely unexplored. Extreme heat can directly alter the nutritional value of floral rewards, which indirectly contributes to lower bee survival, development, and reproduction with implications for pollination. Phenological mismatches between bee activity and crop flowering are also expected. Heat-stressed crop plants with reduced floral rewards may reduce bee foraging and nesting, limiting pollination services. Understanding how extreme heat affects bee-crop interactions will be essential for resilient production of pollinator-dependent crops in this era of climate change.
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Bees ; Climate Change ; Crops, Agricultural ; Extreme Heat ; Hot Temperature ; Pollination
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-04-29
Publishing country	Netherlands
Document type	Journal Article ; Review ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't ; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.
ZDB-ID	2772833-X
ISSN	2214-5753 ; 2214-5745
ISSN (online)	2214-5753
ISSN	2214-5745
DOI	10.1016/j.cois.2022.100927
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Article: Heat of the moment: extreme heat poses a risk to bee–plant interactions and crop yields

Walters, Jenna / Zavalnitskaya, Jennifer / Isaacs, Rufus / Szendrei, Zsofia

Current opinion in insect science. 2022,

2022

Abstract	Extreme heat events threaten the development, functioning, and success of bee pollinators and crops that rely on pollinators for high yields. While direct effects of extreme heat and climate warming have gained more attention, the indirect effects on bees and crops remain largely unexplored. Extreme heat can directly alter the nutritional value of floral rewards, which indirectly contributes to lower bee survival, development, and reproduction with implications for pollination. Phenological mismatches between bee activity and crop flowering are also expected. Heat-stressed crop plants with reduced floral rewards may reduce bee foraging and nesting, limiting pollination services. Understanding how extreme heat affects bee–crop interactions will be essential for resilient production of pollinator-dependent crops in this era of climate change.
Keywords	bees ; climate ; heat ; nutritive value ; phenology ; pollination ; risk
Language	English
Publishing place	Elsevier Inc.
Document type	Article
Note	Pre-press version
ZDB-ID	2772833-X
ISSN	2214-5753 ; 2214-5745
ISSN (online)	2214-5753
ISSN	2214-5745
DOI	10.1016/j.cois.2022.100927
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Article ; Online: Susceptibility of grape berry moth, Paralobesia viteana (Clemens) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) to insecticides in Michigan vineyards

Hubhachen, Zhaorigetu / Pointon, Henry / Perkins, Jacquelyn A. / Isaacs, Rufus

Journal of Applied Entomology. 2023 Sept., v. 147, no. 8 p.688-692

2023

Abstract: Grape berry moth is a major pest of vineyards across eastern North America. Increasing infestations in Michigan commercial vineyards under active pest management have raised concerns about insecticide resistance in this species. We tested the ... ...

Abstract	Grape berry moth is a major pest of vineyards across eastern North America. Increasing infestations in Michigan commercial vineyards under active pest management have raised concerns about insecticide resistance in this species. We tested the susceptibility of male moths of this pest from 5 vineyards in southwestern Michigan over 2 years using a range of concentrations, followed by probit analysis of the resulting mortality data. In 2021 and 2022, topical applications of phosmet and zeta‐cypermethrin were applied to moths collected from each vineyard, and the LC₅₀, LC₉₀ and LC₉₉ values were calculated for each population. The LC₅₀ values were similar among sites, whereas the LC₉₉ values for phosmet were highly variable across years, with sensitivity 2.78 times higher in 2022 than 2021 at Farm 2 and 61.66‐fold higher in 2021 at Farm 3. Sensitivity to zeta‐cypermethrin was generally similar between years at the LC₅₀ level, but it was variable at the LC₉₉, with two sites showing lower sensitivity in 2022 compared to 2021 and three farms with an increased sensitivity in 2022. The response to carbaryl was similar for Farm 3 across both years. However, in 2022 the LC₅₀, LC₉₀ and LC₉₉ values in Farm 3 were 2.34, 6.33 and 14.29‐fold, respectively, higher compared to those in Farm 5. In conclusion, our results show that sensitivity to insecticides in grape berry moth populations in southwest Michigan vineyards is highly variable between different farms and across years. These results highlight the need for continued monitoring of sensitivity to insecticides in this species, and development and implementation of alternative control strategies in vineyards to maintain pest susceptibility to insecticides.
Keywords	Endopiza viteana ; carbaryl ; entomology ; farms ; insecticide resistance ; males ; mortality ; pests ; phosmet ; probit analysis ; vineyards ; Michigan
Language	English
Dates of publication	2023-09
Size	p. 688-692.
Publishing place	John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
Document type	Article ; Online
Note	JOURNAL ARTICLE
ZDB-ID	631360-7
ISSN	1439-0418 ; 0044-2240 ; 0931-2048
ISSN (online)	1439-0418
ISSN	0044-2240 ; 0931-2048
DOI	10.1111/jen.13143
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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Article ; Online: Optimization of a Larval Sampling Method for Monitoring Drosophila suzukii (Diptera: Drosophilidae) in Blueberries.

Van Timmeren, Steven / Davis, Amelia R / Isaacs, Rufus

Journal of economic entomology

2021 Volume 114, Issue 4, Page(s) 1690–1700

Abstract: Managing spotted-wing drosophila, Drosophila suzukii (Matsumura), in fruit crops is complicated by the unreliability of currently available traps for monitoring adult flies, combined with the difficulty of detecting larval infestation before fruit damage ...

Abstract	Managing spotted-wing drosophila, Drosophila suzukii (Matsumura), in fruit crops is complicated by the unreliability of currently available traps for monitoring adult flies, combined with the difficulty of detecting larval infestation before fruit damage is apparent. A simple method to extract larvae from fruit in liquid, strain the solution, then count them in a coffee filter was developed recently for use in integrated pest management programs. Here, we present a series of experiments conducted to improve fruit sampling by making it faster, less expensive, and more accurate. The volume of blueberries sampled (59-473 ml) did not significantly affect the detection of second and third instars, but we found that 118-ml samples were best for detecting the smallest larvae. These small instars were more detectable when berries were lightly squeezed before immersion, whereas larger instars were similarly detectable without using this step. We also found that immersing fruit for 30 min was sufficient before counting larvae, and similar numbers of larvae were found in the filter using room temperature water rather than a salt solution. The process of filtering, detection, and counting larvae took only 2-4 min per sample to process, depending on larval density. Using a microscope to count the larvae was consistently the best approach for detecting D. suzukii larvae. Based on these results, we discuss how fruit sampling can be streamlined within IPM programs, so growers and their advisors can improve control and reduce the cost of monitoring this invasive pest.
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Blueberry Plants ; Drosophila ; Fruit ; Insect Control ; Larva
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-06-02
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't ; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.
ZDB-ID	3031-4
ISSN	1938-291X ; 0022-0493
ISSN (online)	1938-291X
ISSN	0022-0493
DOI	10.1093/jee/toab096
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Article ; Online: Identity and diversity of pollens collected by two managed bee species while in blueberry fields for pollination.

Graham, Kelsey K / Milbrath, Meghan O / Killewald, Michael / Soehnlen, Annuet / Zhang, Yajun / Isaacs, Rufus

Environmental entomology

2023 Volume 52, Issue 5, Page(s) 907–917

Abstract: The nutritional needs and foraging behavior of managed bees often lead to pollen collection from flowers other than the focal crop during crop pollination. To understand the pollen needs and preferences of managed bees during blueberry pollination, we ... ...

Abstract	The nutritional needs and foraging behavior of managed bees often lead to pollen collection from flowers other than the focal crop during crop pollination. To understand the pollen needs and preferences of managed bees during blueberry pollination, we identified pollen collected by Apis mellifera Linnaeus, 1758 (Hymenoptera: Apidae) and Bombus impatiens Cresson, 1863 (Hymenoptera: Apidae) colonies across two years. Bumble bees collected a wider diversity of pollens compared to honey bees, whereas honey bees were more focused on abundant resources. Despite blueberries being the most abundant resource in the landscape, it was not the most collected pollen by either bee species in 2018. However, it was the most collected pollen by bumble bees in 2019 and they collected substantially more blueberry pollen than honey bees in both years. In 2018, buckthorn, Rhamnus L. (Rosales: Rhamnaceae) or Frangula Mill. (Rosales: Rhamnaceae), and willow, Salix L. (Malpighiales: Salicaceae), pollens were abundantly collected by both bee species. In 2019, cherry, Prunus L. (Rosales: Rosaceae), and willow (Salix) pollens were collected at high proportions by both species. Brambles, Rubus L. (Rosales: Rosaceae), and white clover, Trifolium repens L. (Fabales: Fabaceae), were also common pollen sources for honey bees, whereas oak, Quercus L. (Fagales: Fagaceae), was collected by bumble bees. Landscape analyses also revealed that certain land cover types were positively correlated with the collection of preferred pollen types. Herbaceous wetlands were associated with collection of buckthorn (Rhamnus/Frangula), willow (Salix), and cherry (Prunus) pollen, which were primary pollen resources for both bee species. There was no correlation between landscape diversity and pollen diversity, suggesting that colonies forage based on nutritional requirements rather than resource availability.
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-07-25
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	120799-4
ISSN	1938-2936 ; 0046-2268 ; 0046-225X
ISSN (online)	1938-2936
ISSN	0046-2268 ; 0046-225X
DOI	10.1093/ee/nvad072
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