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Article ; Online: Nurses’ intention to leave their jobs in relation to work environment factors in Polish hospitals

Iwona Malinowska-Lipień / Teresa Gabryś / Maria Kózka / Agnieszka Gniadek / Tomasz Brzostek

Medycyna Pracy, Vol 74, Iss 5, Pp 377-

Cross-sectional study

2023 Volume 387

Abstract: Background The lack of nursing staff is a current problem not only in Poland, but also in the world. The decision of nurses to leave the workplace, apart from the financial aspect, often results from unfavourable working conditions related to the work ... ...

Abstract	Background The lack of nursing staff is a current problem not only in Poland, but also in the world. The decision of nurses to leave the workplace, apart from the financial aspect, often results from unfavourable working conditions related to the work environment. Material and Methods The study was multicentre, cross-sectional. The study was conducted among a group of 1509 nurses employed in surgical and internal medicine wards in 21 hospitals in Poland. The key variables of the study were: the intention of the nurses to leave their jobs, the nurses’ working environment, the level of satisfaction, the level of occupational burnout and the number of patients cared for on the last shift, the number of nurses on the last shift. The Practice Environment Scale of the Nursing Work Index (PES-NWI) and the Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI) questionnaire were used in the research. Results Almost half of the surveyed nurses (48.84%) declared their willingness to leave their current workplace. The statistical analysis showed that nurses declaring their willingness to quit their job in the hospital where they were employed were significantly younger (42.88 vs. 45.04, p = 0.000), had shorter total length of service overall (19.96 vs. 23.20), and also in the hospital where they were employed (15.86 vs. 18.50, p = 0.000). The increase in the number of patients by one was significantly associated with a 1% increase in the risk of leaving work (OR = 1.01, 95% CI 1.00–1.02). An increase in emotional exhaustion significantly increased the risk of leaving work by 2% (OR = 1.02, 95% CI 0.99–1.03). Conclusions Younger age of nurses, greater workload resulting from more patients and occupational burnout – emotional exhaustion is correlated with the risk of leaving work in the hospital. A lower risk of leaving the job is associated with a higher level of job satisfaction in the hospital, salary and promotion opportunities. Med Pr Work Health Saf. 2023;74(5):377–87.
Keywords	nurses ; work environment ; occupational burnout ; hospitals ; emotional exhaustion ; intention to leave work ; Public aspects of medicine ; RA1-1270
Subject code	300 ; 150
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-12-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	Nofer Institute of Occupational Medicine
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: Factors Influencing the Rationing of Nursing Care in Selected Polish Hospitals

Zuzanna Radosz-Knawa / Alicja Kamińska / Iwona Malinowska-Lipień / Tomasz Brzostek / Agnieszka Gniadek

Healthcare, Vol 10, Iss 2190, p

2022 Volume 2190

Abstract: Introduction: The rationalization of nursing care can be a direct consequence of the low employment rate or unfavorable working environment of nurses. Aim: The aim of the study was to learn about the factors influencing the rationing of nursing care. ... ...

Abstract	Introduction: The rationalization of nursing care can be a direct consequence of the low employment rate or unfavorable working environment of nurses. Aim: The aim of the study was to learn about the factors influencing the rationing of nursing care. Methods: The study group consisted of 209 nurses working in internal medicine departments. The study used the method of a diagnostic survey, a survey technique with the use of research tools: the BERNCA-R questionnaire and the PES-NWI questionnaire (which includes the occupational burnout questionnaire). Results: The mean total BERNCA score for rationing nursing care was 1.94 ± 0.75 on a scale from 0 to 4. A statistically significant relationship was demonstrated between the work environment and the rationing of nursing care. The results of the BERNCA-R scale correlated statistically significantly and positively (r ˃ 0) with two (out of three) subscales of the occupational burnout questionnaire (MBI—Maslach Burnout Inventory): emotional exhaustion and depersonalization ( p < 0.001), and with all types of adverse events analyzed ( p < 0.05). Conclusions: The higher the frequency of care rationing, the worse the assessment of working conditions by nurses, and, therefore, more frequent care rationing determined the more frequent occurrence of adverse events. The more frequent the care rationing, the more frequent adverse events occur.
Keywords	BERNCA-R ; rationing ; Polish hospitals ; Medicine ; R
Subject code	650
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-10-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	MDPI AG
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: Cultural adaptation of the Safety Attitudes Questionnaire - Short Form (SAQ-SF) in Poland.

Iwona Malinowska-Lipień / Piotr Brzyski / Teresa Gabryś / Agnieszka Gniadek / Maria Kózka / Paweł Kawalec / Tomasz Brzostek / Allison Squires

PLoS ONE, Vol 16, Iss 2, p e

2021 Volume 0246340

Abstract: Background It is essential to provide safe healthcare in complex, difficult, and quickly changing conditions. The quality of healthcare services directly influences the safety of both the patients and staff. Understanding healthcare staff attitudes ... ...

Abstract	Background It is essential to provide safe healthcare in complex, difficult, and quickly changing conditions. The quality of healthcare services directly influences the safety of both the patients and staff. Understanding healthcare staff attitudes toward safety in the healthcare delivery context is foundational for building a culture of safety. Aim of the work To adapt, via a structured translation methodology, the Safety Attitudes Questionnaire-Short Form (SAQ-SF), which assesses how employees of the health care sector perceive the safety climate in their workplace, to the Polish context. Methods Using a content validation approach to structure the translation process, we tested and psychometrically analysed the translated SAQ-SF. The sample comprised 322 employees of a district hospital (second referral level, which ensures 24/7 emergency care services) in Poland. Results The reliability of the sub-scales of the Polish version of the SAQ-SF ranged from 0.66 to 0.95. The discriminatory power of particular SAQ items ranged between 0.02 and 0.90. For 6 out of the 8 scale dimensions, the questions with the highest factor loadings were those measuring the same dimensions of the safety climate, according to the original scale. Conclusions The Polish version of the SAQ-SF (SAQ-SF-PL) meets the criteria of psychometric and functional validation as well as demonstrates good reliability as a measure of patient safety culture in the Polish context. The SAQ-SF-PL is an instrument that enable a valid and reliable assessment of patient safety climate in the Polish healthcare facilities and identify opportunities for improvement. International comparisons will also become easier.
Keywords	Medicine ; R ; Science ; Q
Subject code	650
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-01-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	Public Library of Science (PLoS)
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: Nurses and physicians attitudes towards factors related to hospitalized patient safety.

Iwona Malinowska-Lipień / Agnieszka Micek / Teresa Gabryś / Maria Kózka / Krzysztof Gajda / Agnieszka Gniadek / Tomasz Brzostek / Allison Squires

PLoS ONE, Vol 16, Iss 12, p e

2021 Volume 0260926

Abstract: Introduction The attitudes of healthcare staff towards patients' safety, including awareness of the risk for adverse events, are significant elements of an organization's safety culture. Aim of research To evaluate nurses and physicians' attitudes ... ...

Abstract	Introduction The attitudes of healthcare staff towards patients' safety, including awareness of the risk for adverse events, are significant elements of an organization's safety culture. Aim of research To evaluate nurses and physicians' attitudes towards factors influencing hospitalized patient safety. Materials and methods The research included 606 nurses and 527 physicians employed in surgical and medical wards in 21 Polish hospitals around the country. The Polish adaptation of the Safety Attitudes Questionnaire (SAQ) was used to evaluate the factors influencing attitudes towards patient safety. Results Both nurses and physicians scored highest in stress recognition (SR) (71.6 and 80.86), while they evaluated working conditions (WC) the lowest (45.82 and 52,09). Nurses achieved statistically significantly lower scores compared to physicians in every aspect of the safety attitudes evaluation (p<0.05). The staff working in surgical wards obtained higher scores within stress recognition (SR) compared to the staff working in medical wards (78.12 vs. 73.72; p = 0.001). Overall, positive working conditions and effective teamwork can contribute to improving employees' attitudes towards patient safety. Conclusions The results help identify unit level vulnerabilities associated with staff attitudes toward patient safety. They underscore the importance of management strategies that account for staff coping with occupational stressors to improve patient safety.
Keywords	Medicine ; R ; Science ; Q
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-01-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	Public Library of Science (PLoS)
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: Dual practice of nurses in Poland against the current staff resources

Iwona Malinowska-Lipień / Teresa Gabryś / Maria Kózka / Agnieszka Gniadek / Tadeusz Wadas / Edyta Ozga / Tomasz Brzostek

Medycyna Pracy, Vol 72, Iss 2, Pp 113-

2021 Volume 121

Abstract: Background Employment of health care workers simultaneously in 2 workplaces (the so called dual practice) is a common phenomenon in almost every country. In Poland, a possibility of employment in 2 or more workplaces arose with the socio-political ... ...

Abstract	Background Employment of health care workers simultaneously in 2 workplaces (the so called dual practice) is a common phenomenon in almost every country. In Poland, a possibility of employment in 2 or more workplaces arose with the socio-political changes and the reform of the health care system. In Poland, the scale of the phenomenon, as well as its motifs and potential effects influencing both employees and the whole health care system, are still not known despite numerous studies being conducted to that end. Material and Methods The study group consisted of 1023 nurses (males and females) employed in public and non-public health care facilities in the territory of the Lesser Poland Voivodeship. The research tool was the authors’ poll questionnaire. In the statistical elaboration, the non-parametric Mann-Whitney U test and the χ 2 independence test were used. For all the analyses, the maximum permissible error of type I, α = 0.05, was accepted, and p ≤ 0.05 was recognized as statistically significant. Results Work experience of the nurses studied ranged 1–43 years, on average it was 23.1 years (SD = 11.1). Persons aged >40 years accounted for 77.5% (N = 793), out of whom 38.2% (N = 391) were aged 41–years and 39.3% (N = 402) >50 years. In the study group, 450 (44%) people were employed in 2 workplaces, out of whom 93.5% in the nurse position, working >160 h/month (39%). A decisive reason to take up an additional job (93.3% of the study group) were financial matters. Conclusions Financial matters are the main reason for which almost half of the studied nurses undertake additional employment, in the scope twice as high as the work load. Research suggests the need to verify the Central Registry of Nurses and Midwives in order to precisely estimate the number of dual practice positions and the number of persons employed as nurses not only in the south of Poland but also in whole country. The results point to the necessity of further research concerning both the reasons for and consequences of dual ...
Keywords	nurses ; health care ; staff resources ; nurses’ dual practice ; dual employment ; holding multiple jobs ; Public aspects of medicine ; RA1-1270
Subject code	300
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-04-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	Nofer Institute of Occupational Medicine
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: Nurses and physicians attitudes towards factors related to hospitalized patient safety

Iwona Malinowska-Lipień / Agnieszka Micek / Teresa Gabryś / Maria Kózka / Krzysztof Gajda / Agnieszka Gniadek / Tomasz Brzostek / Allison Squires

PLoS ONE, Vol 16, Iss

2021 Volume 12

Abstract: Introduction The attitudes of healthcare staff towards patients’ safety, including awareness of the risk for adverse events, are significant elements of an organization’s safety culture. Aim of research To evaluate nurses and physicians’ attitudes ... ...

Abstract	Introduction The attitudes of healthcare staff towards patients’ safety, including awareness of the risk for adverse events, are significant elements of an organization’s safety culture. Aim of research To evaluate nurses and physicians’ attitudes towards factors influencing hospitalized patient safety. Materials and methods The research included 606 nurses and 527 physicians employed in surgical and medical wards in 21 Polish hospitals around the country. The Polish adaptation of the Safety Attitudes Questionnaire (SAQ) was used to evaluate the factors influencing attitudes towards patient safety. Results Both nurses and physicians scored highest in stress recognition (SR) (71.6 and 80.86), while they evaluated working conditions (WC) the lowest (45.82 and 52,09). Nurses achieved statistically significantly lower scores compared to physicians in every aspect of the safety attitudes evaluation (p<0.05). The staff working in surgical wards obtained higher scores within stress recognition (SR) compared to the staff working in medical wards (78.12 vs. 73.72; p = 0.001). Overall, positive working conditions and effective teamwork can contribute to improving employees’ attitudes towards patient safety. Conclusions The results help identify unit level vulnerabilities associated with staff attitudes toward patient safety. They underscore the importance of management strategies that account for staff coping with occupational stressors to improve patient safety.
Keywords	Medicine ; R ; Science ; Q
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-01-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	Public Library of Science (PLoS)
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: Emotional Control among Nurses against Work Conditions and the Support Received during the SARS-CoV-2 Pandemic

Iwona Malinowska-Lipień / Tadeusz Wadas / Joanna Sułkowska / Magdalena Suder / Teresa Gabryś / Maria Kózka / Agnieszka Gniadek / Tomasz Brzostek

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, Vol 18, Iss 9415, p

2021 Volume 9415

Abstract: Introduction. Working in the state of a pandemic is a huge mental load for the medical environment. Aim. Evaluation of emotional control among nurses against work conditions and the support received during the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. Material and methods. ... ...

Abstract	Introduction. Working in the state of a pandemic is a huge mental load for the medical environment. Aim. Evaluation of emotional control among nurses against work conditions and the support received during the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. Material and methods. The research was performed among nurses ( n = 577) working during the pandemic caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus in infectious ( n = 201) and non-infectious ( n = 376) wards in 11 Polish hospitals. To evaluate work conditions, the questionnaire prepared by the authors and the Emotional Control Scale (Courtauld Emotional Control Scale—CECS), which rates the control of anger, depression, and fear were used. Results. In the entire research group, fear had the highest rate of suppression among the negative emotions—18.25 points, 17.91 points in infectious wards and 18.44 points among nurses working in non-infectious wards; p > 0.05. The nurses fear was significantly repressed when there was no possibility of the nurses having to perform a COVID-19 test in the workplace; p < 0.05. A larger emotional supressed occurred in nurses who simultaneously declared the perception of increased stress level; p < 0.05. Conclusions. A high level of emotion suppression, especially regarding fear, combined with higher stress levels, occurring irrespective of the ward, points at the need for mental support for the researched nurses.
Keywords	emotional control ; nurses ; anger ; fear ; depression ; COVID-19 ; Medicine ; R
Subject code	150
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-09-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	MDPI AG
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: The Correlation between Nurses’ COVID-19 Infections and Their Emotional State and Work Conditions during the SARS-CoV-2 Pandemic

Iwona Malinowska-Lipień / Magdalena Suder / Tadeusz Wadas / Teresa Gabryś / Maria Kózka / Agnieszka Gniadek / Tomasz Brzostek

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, Vol 18, Iss 12715, p

2021 Volume 12715

Abstract: The COVID-19 pandemic caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus has significantly influenced the functioning of Polish hospitals, and thus, the working conditions of nurses. Research on the presence of specific negative emotions in nurses may help identify deficits ...

Abstract	The COVID-19 pandemic caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus has significantly influenced the functioning of Polish hospitals, and thus, the working conditions of nurses. Research on the presence of specific negative emotions in nurses may help identify deficits in the future, as well as directing preventive actions. The present research was performed among nurses ( n = 158) working in Polish healthcare facilities during the third wave of the COVID-19 pandemic caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus, where Group A ( n = 79) consisted of nurses diagnosed with COVID-19, and Group B ( n = 79) nurses who have never been infected with COVID-19. To perform the research, the Courtauld Emotional Control Scale (CECS), Trait Anxiety Scale (Polish: SL-C) and the authors’ survey questionnaire were used. A positive test result was generally determined more often among nurses who indicated a noninfectious ward as their main workplace, compared to nurses employed in infectious wards (64.55% positive vs 33.45% negative). Over a half of the subjects identified moderate levels of emotion suppression as the method to regulate strong emotions, while one-quarter cited high levels of suppression. Anxiety was suppressed at high and moderate levels by 97% of the subjects, depression by 86.71%, and anger by 79.48%. Infection with COVID-19 results in a higher level of anxiety and depression, as well as a feeling of increased work load.
Keywords	emotions ; nurses ; COVID-19 ; workplace ; workload ; Medicine ; R
Subject code	150
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-12-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	MDPI AG
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: Impact of the Work Environment on Patients’ Safety as Perceived by Nurses in Poland—A Cross-Sectional Study

Iwona Malinowska-Lipień / Agnieszka Micek / Teresa Gabryś / Maria Kózka / Krzysztof Gajda / Agnieszka Gniadek / Tomasz Brzostek / Jason Fletcher / Allison Squires

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, Vol 18, Iss 12057, p

2021 Volume 12057

Abstract: Numerous studies have found that organizational features connected with the work environment of nurses have a significant influence on patients’ safety. The aim of this research was to capture nurses’ opinions about patients’ safety and discern ... ...

Abstract	Numerous studies have found that organizational features connected with the work environment of nurses have a significant influence on patients’ safety. The aim of this research was to capture nurses’ opinions about patients’ safety and discern relationships with work environment characteristics. This cross-sectional study surveyed 1825 nurses. The research used questionnaire consisting of four parts: (1) covered The Practice Environment Scale of the Nursing Work Index (PES-NWI); (2) assessed the quality of nursing care and care safety; (3) contained information on the most recent duty served by the nurses and (4) captured social and demographic data of participants. The research identified strong association between patient safety assessment and work environment of nurses in the aspect of employment adequacy, cooperation between nurses and doctors, support for nurses from the managing staff, the possibility to participate in the management as well as professional promotion of nurses employed in the hospital ( p < 0.001). Nurses rated patient safety higher when responsible for a smaller number of patients. Work environment factors such as proper staffing, good cooperation with doctors, support from the management, as well as professional independence are significantly related to nurses’ assessment of patients’ safety.
Keywords	patient safety ; work environment ; working conditions ; workload ; Medicine ; R
Subject code	300
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-11-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	MDPI AG
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: Glutamatergic dysregulation in mood disorders: opportunities for the discovery of novel drug targets.

Małgorzata, Panek / Paweł, Kawalec / Iwona, Malinowska Lipień / Brzostek, Tomasz / Andrzej, Pilc

Expert opinion on therapeutic targets

2020 Volume 24, Issue 12, Page(s) 1187–1209

Abstract: Introduction: Recently, a considerable attention has been paid to glutamatergic conception of mood disorders. The development of new treatment strategies targeted at glutamate provides new opportunities for the treatment of mood disorders. It is ... ...

Abstract	Introduction: Recently, a considerable attention has been paid to glutamatergic conception of mood disorders. The development of new treatment strategies targeted at glutamate provides new opportunities for the treatment of mood disorders. It is expected that these novel therapeutic options will provide a fast and sustained antidepressant effect and will be better tolerated by patients than the currently available antidepressants. Areas covered: This paper discusses glutamatergic abnormalities in mood disorders and reviews novel glutamate-based drugs developed for the treatment of these disorders. We have searched the PubMed and EMBASE databases, presented the results of relevant clinical studies and also describe novel glutamate-based agents that are under investigation. Expert opinion: The glutamatergic system plays many important roles in energy metabolism of the brain and neurotransmission; therefore, any attempt to identify novel therapeutic targets within this system seems justified. The effective development of new glutamate-based drugs requires, among others, a more in-depth exploration and understanding of the anatomy, function, and localization of different glutamatergic receptors in the brain. In our opinion, novel glutamate-based antidepressants will find application in the treatment of mood disorders and present an option will be widely used in clinical practice in the future.
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Antidepressive Agents/pharmacology ; Brain/metabolism ; Brain/physiopathology ; Drug Development ; Glutamic Acid/metabolism ; Humans ; Molecular Targeted Therapy ; Mood Disorders/drug therapy ; Mood Disorders/physiopathology ; Receptors, Glutamate/metabolism
Chemical Substances	Antidepressive Agents ; Receptors, Glutamate ; Glutamic Acid (3KX376GY7L)
Language	English
Publishing date	2020-11-03
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Review
ZDB-ID	2055208-7
ISSN	1744-7631 ; 1472-8222
ISSN (online)	1744-7631
ISSN	1472-8222
DOI	10.1080/14728222.2020.1836160
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