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Article ; Online: Arctic Sea Ice Decline and Geoengineering Solutions

Alec P. Bennett / Troy J. Bouffard / Uma S. Bhatt

Challenges, Vol 13, Iss 22, p

Cascading Security and Ethical Considerations

2022 Volume 22

Abstract: Climate change is generating sufficient risk for nation-states and citizens throughout the Arctic to warrant potentially radical geoengineering solutions. Currently, geoengineering solutions such as surface albedo modification or aerosol deployment are ... ...

Abstract	Climate change is generating sufficient risk for nation-states and citizens throughout the Arctic to warrant potentially radical geoengineering solutions. Currently, geoengineering solutions such as surface albedo modification or aerosol deployment are in the early stages of testing and development. Due to the scale of deployments necessary to enact change, and their preliminary nature, these methods are likely to result in unforeseen consequences. These consequences may range in severity from local ecosystem impacts to large scale changes in available solar energy. The Arctic is an area that is experiencing rapid change, increased development, and exploratory interest, and proposed solutions have the potential to produce new risks to both natural and human systems. This article examines potential security and ethical considerations of geoengineering solutions in the Arctic from the perspectives of securitization, consequentialism, and risk governance approaches, and argues that proactive and preemptive frameworks at the international level, and especially the application of risk governance approaches, will be needed to prevent or limit negative consequences resulting from geoengineering efforts. Utilizing the unique structures already present in Arctic governance provides novel options for addressing these concerns from both the perspective of inclusive governance and through advancing the understanding of uncertainty analysis and precautionary principles.
Keywords	geoengineering ; securitization ; ethics ; climate change ; arctic security ; risk governance ; Technology ; T ; Science (General) ; Q1-390
Subject code	170
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-05-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	MDPI AG
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: Exploring a Nexus of National and Human Security

Cameron David Carlson / Troy J Bouffard / Dana Woodward

Journal of Human Security, Vol 16, Iss 1, Pp 30-

Food and Energy Challenges in the U.S. Arctic

2020 Volume 40

Abstract: Changes in the U.S. Arctic are challenging both the national and human security dynamics of the region. Historically, the region’s significance had been defined by national security concerns, but the emerging concept of human security has come to provide ...

Abstract	Changes in the U.S. Arctic are challenging both the national and human security dynamics of the region. Historically, the region’s significance had been defined by national security concerns, but the emerging concept of human security has come to provide a useful framework through which to define and demonstrate the nexus between the two. This paper provides an overview of the relationship between national and human security and the concerns shared by individuals working in both areas, with a more narrowed focus on the interrelated issues of both food and energy security within the U.S. Arctic. Considering the substantial overlap of aspects of food and energy on both national as well as human security, an analysis of the relationships involving each provides meaningful and extended context of the term “security” for the Arctic region.
Keywords	arctic ; national security ; human security ; food security ; energy security ; arctic security ; Social Sciences ; H
Subject code	300
Language	English
Publishing date	2020-02-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	Librelloph
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: Advances in altimetric snow depth estimates using bi-frequency SARAL and CryoSat-2 Ka–Ku measurements

F. Garnier / S. Fleury / G. Garric / J. Bouffard / M. Tsamados / A. Laforge / M. Bocquet / R. M. Fredensborg Hansen / F. Remy

The Cryosphere, Vol 15, Pp 5483-

2021 Volume 5512

Abstract: Although snow depth on sea ice is a key parameter for sea ice thickness (SIT) retrieval, there currently does not exist reliable estimations. In the Arctic, nearly all SIT products use a snow depth climatology (the modified Warren-99 climatology, W99m) ... ...

Abstract	Although snow depth on sea ice is a key parameter for sea ice thickness (SIT) retrieval, there currently does not exist reliable estimations. In the Arctic, nearly all SIT products use a snow depth climatology (the modified Warren-99 climatology, W99m) constructed from in situ data obtained prior to the first significant impacts of climate change. In the Antarctic, the lack of information on snow depth remains a major obstacle in the development of reliable SIT products. In this study, we present the latest version of the altimetric snow depth (ASD) product computed over both hemispheres from the difference of the radar penetration into the snow pack between the Ka-band frequency SARAL/Altika and the Ku-band frequency CryoSat-2. The ASD solution is compared against a wide range of snow depth products including model data (Pan-Arctic Ice-Ocean Modelling and Assimilation System (PIOMAS) or its equivalent in the Antarctic the Global Ice-Ocean Modeling and Assimilation System (GIOMAS), the MERCATOR model, and NASA's Eulerian Snow On Sea Ice Model (NESOSIM, only in the Arctic)), the Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer-2 (AMSR2) passive radiometer data, and the Dual-altimeter Snow Thickness (DuST) Ka–Ku product (only in the Arctic). The ASD product is further validated in the Arctic against the ice mass balance (IMB) buoys, the CryoSat Validation Experiment (CryoVEx) and Operation Ice Bridge's (OIB) airborne measurements. These comparisons demonstrate that ASD is a relevant snow depth solution, with spatiotemporal patterns consistent with those of the alternative Ka–Ku DuST product but with a mean bias of about 6.5 cm. We also demonstrate that ASD is consistent with the validation data: comparisons with OIB's airborne snow radar in the Arctic during the period of 2014–2018 show a correlation of 0.66 and a RMSE of about 6 cm. Furthermore, a first-guess monthly climatology has been constructed in the Arctic from the ASD product, which shows a good agreement with OIB during 2009–2012. This climatology is shown to ...
Keywords	Environmental sciences ; GE1-350 ; Geology ; QE1-996.5
Subject code	551
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-12-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	Copernicus Publications
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: Scientific Cooperation

Troy J. BOUFFARD / Ekaterina URYUPOVA / Klaus DODDS / Vladimir E. ROMANOVSKY / Alec P. BENNETT / Dmitry STRELETSKIY

Арктика и Север, Vol 45, Pp 157-

Supporting Circumpolar Permafrost Monitoring and Data Sharing

2021 Volume 177

Abstract: Scientific cooperation is a well-supported narrative and theme, but in reality, presents many challenges and counter-productive difficulties. Moreover, data sharing specifically represents one of the more critical cooperation requirements, as part of the ...

Abstract	Scientific cooperation is a well-supported narrative and theme, but in reality, presents many challenges and counter-productive difficulties. Moreover, data sharing specifically represents one of the more critical cooperation requirements, as part of the “scientific method [which] allows for verification of results and extending research from prior results.” One of the important pieces of the climate change puzzle is permafrost. Currently, most permafrost data remain fragmented and restricted to national authorities, including scientific institutes. Important datasets reside in various government or university labs, where they remain largely unknown or where access restrictions prevent effective use. A lack of shared research—especially data—significantly reduces effectiveness of understanding permafrost overall. Whereas it is not possible for a nation to effectively conduct the variety of modeling and research needed to comprehensively understand impacts to permafrost, a global community can. However, decision and policy makers, especially on the international stage, struggle to understand how best to anticipate and prepare for changes, and thus support for scientific recommendations during policy development. This article explores the global data systems on permafrost, which remain sporadic, rarely updated, and with almost nothing about the subsea permafrost publicly available. The authors suggest that the global permafrost monitoring system should be real time (within technical and reasonable possibility), often updated and with open access to the data. Following a brief background, this article will offer three supporting themes, 1) the current state of permafrost data, 2) rationale and methods to share data, and 3) implications for global and national interests.
Keywords	permafrost ; permafrost monitoring ; permafrost data ; data sharing ; Social Sciences ; H
Subject code	306
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-12-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	Northern Arctic Federal University
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: Scientific Cooperation

Troy J. Bouffard / Ekaterina Uryupova / Klaus Dodds / Vladimir E. Romanovsky / Alec P. Bennett / Dmitry Streletskiy

Land, Vol 10, Iss 590, p

Supporting Circumpolar Permafrost Monitoring and Data Sharing

2021 Volume 590

Abstract: While the world continues to work toward an understanding and projections of climate change impacts, the Arctic increasingly becomes a critical component as a bellwether region. Scientific cooperation is a well-supported narrative and theme in general, ... ...

Abstract	While the world continues to work toward an understanding and projections of climate change impacts, the Arctic increasingly becomes a critical component as a bellwether region. Scientific cooperation is a well-supported narrative and theme in general, but in reality, presents many challenges and counter-productive difficulties. Moreover, data sharing specifically represents one of the more critical cooperation requirements, as part of the “scientific method [which] allows for verification of results and extending research from prior results”. One of the important pieces of the climate change puzzle is permafrost. In general, observational data on permafrost characteristics are limited. Currently, most permafrost data remain fragmented and restricted to national authorities, including scientific institutes. The preponderance of permafrost data is not available openly—important datasets reside in various government or university labs, where they remain largely unknown or where access restrictions prevent effective use. Although highly authoritative, separate data efforts involving creation and management result in a very incomplete picture of the state of permafrost as well as what to possibly anticipate. While nations maintain excellent individual permafrost research programs, a lack of shared research—especially data—significantly reduces effectiveness of understanding permafrost overall. Different nations resource and employ various approaches to studying permafrost, including the growing complexity of scientific modeling. Some are more effective than others and some achieve different purposes than others. Whereas it is not possible for a nation to effectively conduct the variety of modeling and research needed to comprehensively understand impacts to permafrost, a global community can. In some ways, separate scientific communities are not necessarily concerned about sharing data—their work is secured. However, decision and policy makers, especially on the international stage, struggle to understand how best ...
Keywords	permafrost ; permafrost monitoring ; permafrost data ; data sharing ; national security ; Agriculture ; S
Subject code	306
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-06-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	MDPI AG
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article: Evaluation of new CryoSat-2 products over the ocean

Calafat, F.M / H. Snaith / J. Bouffard / P. Cipollini / P. Féménias

Remote sensing of environment. 2017 Mar. 15, v. 191

2017

Abstract: The CryoSat-2 satellite, primarily dedicated to precise monitoring of the Cryosphere, is demonstrating its capability to provide valuable altimetric data also over the ocean. Here we present the results of a global assessment and validation of the new ... ...

Abstract	The CryoSat-2 satellite, primarily dedicated to precise monitoring of the Cryosphere, is demonstrating its capability to provide valuable altimetric data also over the ocean. Here we present the results of a global assessment and validation of the new Geophysical Ocean Product (GOP) distributed by the European Space Agency (ESA) since April 2014, focusing on the sea surface height anomaly (SSHA), the significant wave height (SWH), and the wind speed. Our assessment involves only Low Resolution Mode (LRM) and Pseudo LRM (PLRM) data, since full SAR processing is not already operationally implemented in the GOP. The global assessment is conducted on the basis of measurement noise and along-track spectral and crossover analysis, whereas the validation is performed against a variety of in situ observations such as tide gauges, buoys and Argo floats as well as data from the WaveWatch III (WWIII) model. The performance of the GOP is compared to that of Jason-2 and CryoSat-2 data from the Radar Altimeter Database System (RADS). The mean value of the 20-Hz SSHA noise at 2m SWH is 6.3cm for LRM and 10.2cm for PLRM, and the standard deviation of the crossovers is ~5.4cm. The mean 20-HZ SWH noise over the global oceans is 49.4cm and 69.8cm, for LRM and PLRM respectively. CryoSat-2 and Jason-2 show almost identical performance when SSHAs are validated against tide gauges, with a median correlation and root mean square difference (RMSD) of 0.78 and 7.1cm for the GOP, 0.76 and 7.3cm for Jason-2, and 0.79 and 7.8cm for CryoSat-2 from RADS. The median correlation with Argo-derived steric heights is 0.68 for the GOP, 0.74 for Jason-2, and 0.67 for CryoSat-2 from RADS. However, the correlation shows a strong latitudinal dependence, with higher values at low latitudes (median value larger than 0.80 in the 10°S-10°N band). The median RMSD between the SSHAs and steric heights is 5.3cm for the GOP, 4.6cm for Jason-2, and 5.1cm for CryoSat-2 from RADS. The GOP and Jason-2 show also identical performance when SWHs are compared to buoy data, with a slope and RMS error of 0.98 and 15cm for GOP, 0.97 and 16cm for Jason-2, and 1.05 and 17cm for CryoSat-2 from RADS. On the other hand, the GOP wind speed exhibits a bias of about 2m/s relative to both Jason-2 and to buoy data. Differences between the GOP and WWIII SWH are smaller than 20% of the SWH almost everywhere. In summary the GOP products are fit for oceanographic applications.
Keywords	databases ; gauges ; geophysics ; latitude ; models ; monitoring ; oceans ; radar ; remote sensing ; satellites ; statistical analysis ; wind speed
Language	English
Dates of publication	2017-0315
Size	p. 131-144.
Publishing place	Elsevier Inc.
Document type	Article
ZDB-ID	431483-9
ISSN	0034-4257
ISSN	0034-4257
DOI	10.1016/j.rse.2017.01.009
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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Article ; Online: CryoSat Ice Baseline-D validation and evolutions

M. Meloni / J. Bouffard / T. Parrinello / G. Dawson / F. Garnier / V. Helm / A. Di Bella / S. Hendricks / R. Ricker / E. Webb / B. Wright / K. Nielsen / S. Lee / M. Passaro / M. Scagliola / S. B. Simonsen / L. Sandberg Sørensen / D. Brockley / S. Baker /

S. Fleury / J. Bamber / L. Maestri / H. Skourup / R. Forsberg / L. Mizzi

The Cryosphere, Vol 14, Pp 1889-

2020 Volume 1907

Abstract: The ESA Earth Explorer CryoSat-2 was launched on 8 April 2010 to monitor the precise changes in the thickness of terrestrial ice sheets and marine floating ice. To do that, CryoSat orbits the planet at an altitude of around 720 km with a retrograde orbit ...

Abstract	The ESA Earth Explorer CryoSat-2 was launched on 8 April 2010 to monitor the precise changes in the thickness of terrestrial ice sheets and marine floating ice. To do that, CryoSat orbits the planet at an altitude of around 720 km with a retrograde orbit inclination of 92 ∘ and a quasi repeat cycle of 369 d (30 d subcycle). To reach the mission goals, the CryoSat products have to meet the highest quality standards to date, achieved through continual improvements of the operational processing chains. The new CryoSat Ice Baseline-D, in operation since 27 May 2019, represents a major processor upgrade with respect to the previous Ice Baseline-C. Over land ice the new Baseline-D provides better results with respect to the previous baseline when comparing the data to a reference elevation model over the Austfonna ice cap region, improving the ascending and descending crossover statistics from 1.9 to 0.1 m. The improved processing of the star tracker measurements implemented in Baseline-D has led to a reduction in the standard deviation of the point-to-point comparison with the previous star tracker processing method implemented in Baseline-C from 3.8 to 3.7 m. Over sea ice, Baseline-D improves the quality of the retrieved heights inside and at the boundaries of the synthetic aperture radar interferometric (SARIn or SIN) acquisition mask, removing the negative freeboard pattern which is beneficial not only for freeboard retrieval but also for any application that exploits the phase information from SARIn Level 1B (L1B) products. In addition, scatter comparisons with the Beaufort Gyre Exploration Project (BGEP; https://www.whoi.edu/beaufortgyre , last access: October 2019) and Operation IceBridge (OIB; Kurtz et al., 2013) in situ measurements confirm the improvements in the Baseline-D freeboard product quality. Relative to OIB, the Baseline-D freeboard mean bias is reduced by about 8 cm, which roughly corresponds to a 60 % decrease with respect to Baseline-C. The BGEP data indicate a similar tendency with a mean draft ...
Keywords	Environmental sciences ; GE1-350 ; Geology ; QE1-996.5
Subject code	290
Language	English
Publishing date	2020-06-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	Copernicus Publications
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: The Copernicus Polar Ice and Snow Topography Altimeter (CRISTAL) high-priority candidate mission

M. Kern / R. Cullen / B. Berruti / J. Bouffard / T. Casal / M. R. Drinkwater / A. Gabriele / A. Lecuyot / M. Ludwig / R. Midthassel / I. Navas Traver / T. Parrinello / G. Ressler / E. Andersson / C. Martin-Puig / O. Andersen / A. Bartsch / S. Farrell / S. Fleury /

S. Gascoin / A. Guillot / A. Humbert / E. Rinne / A. Shepherd / M. R. van den Broeke / J. Yackel

The Cryosphere, Vol 14, Pp 2235-

2020 Volume 2251

Abstract: The Copernicus Polar Ice and Snow Topography Altimeter (CRISTAL) mission is one of six high-priority candidate missions (HPCMs) under consideration by the European Commission to enlarge the Copernicus Space Component. Together, the high-priority ... ...

Abstract	The Copernicus Polar Ice and Snow Topography Altimeter (CRISTAL) mission is one of six high-priority candidate missions (HPCMs) under consideration by the European Commission to enlarge the Copernicus Space Component. Together, the high-priority candidate missions fill gaps in the measurement capability of the existing Copernicus Space Component to address emerging and urgent user requirements in relation to monitoring anthropogenic CO 2 emissions, polar environments, and land surfaces. The ambition is to enlarge the Copernicus Space Component with the high-priority candidate missions in the mid-2020s to provide enhanced continuity of services in synergy with the next generation of the existing Copernicus Sentinel missions. CRISTAL will carry a dual-frequency synthetic-aperture radar altimeter as its primary payload for measuring surface height and a passive microwave radiometer to support atmospheric corrections and surface-type classification. The altimeter will have interferometric capabilities at Ku-band for improved ground resolution and a second (non-interferometric) Ka-band frequency to provide information on snow layer properties. This paper outlines the user consultations that have supported expansion of the Copernicus Space Component to include the high-priority candidate missions, describes the primary and secondary objectives of the CRISTAL mission, identifies the key contributions the CRISTAL mission will make, and presents a concept – as far as it is already defined – for the mission payload.
Keywords	Environmental sciences ; GE1-350 ; Geology ; QE1-996.5
Language	English
Publishing date	2020-07-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	Copernicus Publications
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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