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Article ; Online: Assessing exhibition swine as potential disseminators of infectious disease through the detection of five respiratory pathogens at agricultural exhibitions

Sarah E. Lauterbach / Sarah W. Nelson / Meghann E. Robinson / Josh N. Lorbach / Jacqueline M. Nolting / Andrew S. Bowman

Veterinary Research, Vol 50, Iss 1, Pp 1-

2019 Volume 5

Abstract: Abstract Widespread geographic movement and extensive comingling of exhibition swine facilitates the spread and transmission of infectious pathogens. Nasal samples were collected from 2862 pigs at 102 exhibitions and tested for five pathogens. At least ... ...

Abstract	Abstract Widespread geographic movement and extensive comingling of exhibition swine facilitates the spread and transmission of infectious pathogens. Nasal samples were collected from 2862 pigs at 102 exhibitions and tested for five pathogens. At least one pathogen was molecularly detected in pigs at 63 (61.8%) exhibitions. Influenza A virus was most prevalent and was detected in 498 (17.4%) samples. Influenza D virus was detected in two (0.07%) samples. More than one pathogen was detected in 165 (5.8%) samples. Influenza A virus remains a top threat to animal and human health, but other pathogens may be disseminated through the exhibition swine population.
Keywords	Veterinary medicine ; SF600-1100
Language	English
Publishing date	2019-09-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	BMC
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: Influenza Vaccination of Swine Reduces Public Health Risk at the Swine-Human Interface

Joshua N. Lorbach / Sarah W. Nelson / Sarah E. Lauterbach / Jacqueline M. Nolting / Eben Kenah / Dillon S. McBride / Marie R. Culhane / Christa Goodell / Andrew S. Bowman

mSphere, Vol 6, Iss

2021 Volume 3

Abstract: ABSTRACT Influenza A viruses (IAV) in swine (IAV-S) pose serious risk to public health through spillover at the human-animal interface. Continued zoonotic transmission increases the likelihood novel IAV-S capable of causing the next influenza pandemic ... ...

Abstract	ABSTRACT Influenza A viruses (IAV) in swine (IAV-S) pose serious risk to public health through spillover at the human-animal interface. Continued zoonotic transmission increases the likelihood novel IAV-S capable of causing the next influenza pandemic will emerge from this animal reservoir. Because current mitigation strategies are insufficient to prevent IAV zoonosis, we investigated the ability of swine vaccination to decrease IAV-S zoonotic transmission risk. We assessed postchallenge viral shedding in market-age swine vaccinated with either live-attenuated influenza virus (LAIV), killed influenza virus (KV), or sham vaccine (NV). We also assessed postchallenge transmission by exposing naive ferrets to pigs with contact types reflective of those experienced by humans in a field setting. LAIV and KV swine groups exhibited a nearly 100-fold reduction in peak nasal titer (LAIV mean, 4.55 log 50% tissue culture infectious dose [TCID50]/ml; KV mean, 4.53 log TCID50/ml) compared to NV swine (mean, 6.40 log TCID50/ml). Air sampling during the postchallenge period revealed decreased cumulative IAV in LAIV and KV study room air (LAIV, area under the concentration-time curve [AUC] of 57.55; KV, AUC = 24.29) compared to the NV study room (AUC = 86.92). Pairwise survival analysis revealed a significant delay in onset of infection among ferrets exposed to LAIV pigs versus NV pigs (rate ratio, 0.66; P = 0.028). Ferrets exposed to vaccinated pigs had lower cumulative virus titers in nasal wash samples (LAIV versus NV, P < 0.0001; KV versus NV, P= 0.3490) and experienced reduced clinical signs during infection. Our findings support the implementation of preexhibition influenza vaccination of swine to reduce the public health risk posed by IAV-S at agricultural exhibitions. IMPORTANCE Swine exhibited at agricultural fairs in North America have been the source of repeated zoonotic influenza A virus transmission, which creates a pathway for influenza pandemic emergence. We investigated the effect of using either live-attenuated influenza virus or killed influenza virus vaccines as prefair influenza vaccination of swine on zoonotic influenza transmission risk. Ferrets were exposed to the pigs in order to simulate human exposure in a field setting. We observed reductions in influenza A virus shedding in both groups of vaccinated pigs as well as the corresponding ferret exposure groups, indicating vaccination improved outcomes on both sides of the interface. There was also significant delay in onset of infection among ferrets that were exposed to live-attenuated virus-vaccinated pigs, which might be beneficial during longer fairs. Our findings indicate that policies mandating influenza vaccination of swine before fairs, while not currently common, would reduce the public health risk posed by influenza zoonosis.
Keywords	disease transmission ; infectious ; infectious disease ; influenza A virus ; preventive medicine ; swine ; Microbiology ; QR1-502
Subject code	630
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-06-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	American Society for Microbiology
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: Porcine Hemagglutinating Encephalomyelitis Virus and Respiratory Disease in Exhibition Swine, Michigan, USA, 2015

Joshua N. Lorbach / Leyi Wang / Jacqueline M. Nolting / Madonna G. Benjamin / Mary Lea Killian / Yan Zhang / Andrew S. Bowman

Emerging Infectious Diseases, Vol 23, Iss 7, Pp 1168-

2017 Volume 1171

Abstract: Acute outbreaks of respiratory disease in swine at agricultural fairs in Michigan, USA, in 2015 raised concern for potential human exposure to influenza A virus. Testing ruled out influenza A virus and identified porcine hemagglutinating ... ...

Abstract	Acute outbreaks of respiratory disease in swine at agricultural fairs in Michigan, USA, in 2015 raised concern for potential human exposure to influenza A virus. Testing ruled out influenza A virus and identified porcine hemagglutinating encephalomyelitis virus as the cause of influenza-like illness in the affected swine.
Keywords	porcine hemagglutinating encephalomyelitis ; porcine hemagglutinating encephalomyelitis virus ; coronavirus ; swine ; influenza A virus ; disease outbreaks ; Medicine ; R ; Infectious and parasitic diseases ; RC109-216
Language	English
Publishing date	2017-07-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article: Influenza A Virus Surveillance in Underrepresented Avian Species in Ohio, USA, in 2015

Urig, Hannah E / Andrew S. Bowman / Blake A. Mathys / Dimitria A. Mathys / Jacqueline M. Nolting

Journal of wildlife diseases. 2017 Apr., v. 53, no. 2

2017

Abstract: We surveyed passerines and other terrestrial avian species for influenza A virus, resulting in molecular detection of virus from 1.5% of the 615 birds. However, no viral isolates were recovered. Little is known about the role that these undersurveilled ... ...

Abstract	We surveyed passerines and other terrestrial avian species for influenza A virus, resulting in molecular detection of virus from 1.5% of the 615 birds. However, no viral isolates were recovered. Little is known about the role that these undersurveilled avian species play in the ecology of influenza A virus.
Keywords	birds ; ecology ; Influenza A virus ; monitoring ; Passeriformes ; viruses ; wildlife diseases ; Ohio
Language	English
Dates of publication	2017-04
Size	p. 402-404.
Publishing place	Wildife Disease Association
Document type	Article
ZDB-ID	410709-3
ISSN	1943-3700 ; 0090-3558
ISSN (online)	1943-3700
ISSN	0090-3558
DOI	10.7589/2016-05-106
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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Article: Prevalence and characteristics of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli in finishing pigs: Implications on public health

Cha, Wonhee / Andrew S. Bowman / Jacqueline M. Nolting / Julie A. Funk / Leah E. Ruth / Pina M. Fratamico / Shannon D. Manning

International journal of food microbiology. 2018 Jan. 02, v. 264

2018

Abstract: Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) are important food-borne pathogens, which can cause serious illnesses, including hemorrhagic colitis and hemolytic uremic syndrome. To study the epidemiology of STEC in finishing pigs and examine the ... ...

Abstract	Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) are important food-borne pathogens, which can cause serious illnesses, including hemorrhagic colitis and hemolytic uremic syndrome. To study the epidemiology of STEC in finishing pigs and examine the potential risks they pose for human STEC infections, we conducted a longitudinal cohort study in three finishing sites. Six cohorts of pigs (2 cohorts/site, 20 pigs/cohort) were randomly selected, and fecal samples (n=898) were collected every two weeks through their finishing period. Eighty-two pigs (68.3%) shed STEC at least once, and the proportion of STEC-positive pigs varied across sites (50–97.5%) and cohorts (15–100%). Clinically important serotypes, O157:H7 (stx2c, eae) and O26:H11 (stx1a, eae), were recovered from two pigs at sites C and A, respectively. The most common serotype isolated was O59:H21 (stx2e), which was particularly prevalent in site B as it was recovered from all STEC positive pigs (n=39). Each cohort showed different patterns of STEC shedding, which were associated with the prevalent serotype. The median shedding duration of STEC in pigs was 28days, consistent with our prior study. However, among pigs shedding O59:H21 at least once, pigs in cohort B2 had a significantly longer shedding duration of 42days (P<0.05) compared to other cohorts. Stx2e was the most commonly observed stx variant in finishing pigs (93.9%), in accordance with the previous studies. Stx2e has been reported to be significantly associated with edema disease in pigs, however, the pathogenicity in humans warrants further investigations. Nonetheless, our findings affirm that pigs are an important reservoir for human STEC infections, and that the circulating serotypes in a cohort and site management factors may significantly affect the prevalence of STEC. Molecular characterization of STEC isolates and epidemiological studies to identify risk factors for shedding in pigs are strongly warranted to further address the significance to public health and to develop mitigation strategies.
Keywords	cohort studies ; colitis ; edema ; epidemiological studies ; feces ; finishing ; food pathogens ; hemolytic uremic syndrome ; humans ; pathogenicity ; public health ; risk factors ; serotypes ; Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli ; swine
Language	English
Dates of publication	2018-0102
Size	p. 8-15.
Publishing place	Elsevier B.V.
Document type	Article
ZDB-ID	87122-9
ISSN	1879-3460 ; 0168-1605
ISSN (online)	1879-3460
ISSN	0168-1605
DOI	10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2017.10.017
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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Article ; Online: Inactivation of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus using heated water

Michele M. Zentkovich / Sarah W. Nelson / Jason W. Stull / Jacqueline M. Nolting / Andrew S. Bowman

Veterinary and Animal Science, Vol 1, Iss C, Pp 1-

2016 Volume 3

Abstract: Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) is a very contagious swine pathogen that spreads easily via the fecal-oral route, notably from contaminated fomites. The present study investigated heated water as a method for rapid thermal inactivation of PEDV. ... ...

Abstract	Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) is a very contagious swine pathogen that spreads easily via the fecal-oral route, notably from contaminated fomites. The present study investigated heated water as a method for rapid thermal inactivation of PEDV. Cell-culture adapted PEDV was treated with water at varying temperatures and viral titers were measured at multiple time points post-treatment. Viable PEDV was not recovered after a ten second or longer treatment with water heated to ≥76 °C; however, PEDV nucleic acid was detected in all samples regardless of treatment. Hot water decontamination could be considered in settings where chemical disinfection is impractical.
Keywords	Swine ; Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus ; Temperature ; Fomites ; Water ; Veterinary medicine ; SF600-1100
Language	English
Publishing date	2016-12-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	Elsevier
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: Spatiotemporal changes in influenza A virus prevalence among wild waterfowl inhabiting the continental United States throughout the annual cycle

Cody M. Kent / Andrew M. Ramey / Joshua T. Ackerman / Justin Bahl / Sarah N. Bevins / Andrew S. Bowman / Walter M. Boyce / Carol J. Cardona / Michael L. Casazza / Troy D. Cline / Susan E. De La Cruz / Jeffrey S. Hall / Nichola J. Hill / Hon S. Ip / Scott Krauss / Jennifer M. Mullinax / Jacqueline M. Nolting / Magdalena Plancarte / Rebecca L. Poulson /

Jonathan A. Runstadler / Richard D. Slemons / David E. Stallknecht / Jeffery D. Sullivan / John Y. Takekawa / Richard J. Webby / Robert G. Webster / Diann J. Prosser

Scientific Reports, Vol 12, Iss 1, Pp 1-

2022 Volume 10

Abstract: Abstract Avian influenza viruses can pose serious risks to agricultural production, human health, and wildlife. An understanding of viruses in wild reservoir species across time and space is important to informing surveillance programs, risk models, and ... ...

Abstract	Abstract Avian influenza viruses can pose serious risks to agricultural production, human health, and wildlife. An understanding of viruses in wild reservoir species across time and space is important to informing surveillance programs, risk models, and potential population impacts for vulnerable species. Although it is recognized that influenza A virus prevalence peaks in reservoir waterfowl in late summer through autumn, temporal and spatial variation across species has not been fully characterized. We combined two large influenza databases for North America and applied spatiotemporal models to explore patterns in prevalence throughout the annual cycle and across the continental United States for 30 waterfowl species. Peaks in prevalence in late summer through autumn were pronounced for dabbling ducks in the genera Anas and Spatula, but not Mareca. Spatially, areas of high prevalence appeared to be related to regional duck density, with highest predicted prevalence found across the upper Midwest during early fall, though further study is needed. We documented elevated prevalence in late winter and early spring, particularly in the Mississippi Alluvial Valley. Our results suggest that spatiotemporal variation in prevalence outside autumn staging areas may also represent a dynamic parameter to be considered in IAV ecology and associated risks.
Keywords	Medicine ; R ; Science ; Q
Subject code	333
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-07-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	Nature Portfolio
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: Subclinical Influenza Virus A Infections in Pigs Exhibited at Agricultural Fairs, Ohio, USA, 2009–2011

Andrew S. Bowman / Jacqueline M. Nolting / Sarah W. Nelson / Richard D. Slemons

Emerging Infectious Diseases, Vol 18, Iss 12, Pp 1945-

2012 Volume 1950

Abstract: Agricultural fairs are associated with bidirectional, interspecies transmission of influenza virus A between humans and pigs. We examined pigs exhibited at agricultural fairs in Ohio during 2009–2011 for signs of influenza-like illness and collected ... ...

Abstract	Agricultural fairs are associated with bidirectional, interspecies transmission of influenza virus A between humans and pigs. We examined pigs exhibited at agricultural fairs in Ohio during 2009–2011 for signs of influenza-like illness and collected nasal swab specimens from a representative subset of these animals. Influenza virus A was recovered from pigs at 12/53 (22.6%) fairs during the 3-year sampling period. Pigs at 10/12 (83.3%) fairs from which influenza virus A was recovered did not show signs of influenza-like illness. Hemagglutinin, neuraminidase, and matrix gene combinations of the isolates were consistent with influenza virus A concurrently circulating among swine herds in the United States. Subclinical influenza virus A infections in pigs at agricultural fairs may pose a risk to human health and create challenges for passive surveillance programs for influenza virus A in swine herds.
Keywords	Influenza virus A ; swine ; subclinical ; infection ; livestock ; exhibits ; Medicine ; R ; Infectious and parasitic diseases ; RC109-216
Language	English
Publishing date	2012-12-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: Swine-to-Human Transmission of Influenza A(H3N2) Virus at Agricultural Fairs, Ohio, USA, 2012

Andrew S. Bowman / Sarah W. Nelson / Shannon L. Page / Jacqueline M. Nolting / Mary L. Killian / Srinand Sreevatsan / Richard D. Slemons

Emerging Infectious Diseases, Vol 20, Iss 9, Pp 1472-

2014 Volume 1480

Abstract: Agricultural fairs provide an opportunity for bidirectional transmission of influenza A viruses. We sought to determine influenza A virus activity among swine at fairs in the United States. As part of an ongoing active influenza A virus surveillance ... ...

Abstract	Agricultural fairs provide an opportunity for bidirectional transmission of influenza A viruses. We sought to determine influenza A virus activity among swine at fairs in the United States. As part of an ongoing active influenza A virus surveillance project, nasal swab samples were collected from exhibition swine at 40 selected Ohio agricultural fairs during 2012. Influenza A(H3N2) virus was isolated from swine at 10 of the fairs. According to a concurrent public health investigation, 7 of the 10 fairs were epidemiologically linked to confirmed human infections with influenza A(H3N2) variant virus. Comparison of genome sequences of the subtype H3N2 isolates recovered from humans and swine from each fair revealed nucleotide identities of >99.7%, confirming zoonotic transmission between swine and humans. All influenza A(H3N2) viruses isolated in this study, regardless of host species or fair, were >99.5% identical, indicating that 1 virus strain was widely circulating among exhibition swine in Ohio during 2012.
Keywords	Influenza A virus ; swine ; public health ; livestock ; exhibits ; zoonotic infections ; Medicine ; R ; Infectious and parasitic diseases ; RC109-216
Language	English
Publishing date	2014-09-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article: Detection of influenza A virus from agricultural fair environment: Air and surfaces

Lauterbach, Sarah E / Andrew S. Bowman / Courtney M. Wright / Jacqueline M. Nolting / Joshua N. Lorbach / Maria D. King / Michele M. Zentkovich / Nola T. Bliss / Raymond M. Pierson / Sarah W. Nelson

Preventive veterinary medicine. 2018 May 01, v. 153

2018

Abstract: Agricultural fairs facilitate an environment conducive to the spread of influenza A virus with large numbers of pigs from various different locales comingling for several days (5–8 days). Fairs are also associated with zoonotic transmission of influenza ... ...

Abstract	Agricultural fairs facilitate an environment conducive to the spread of influenza A virus with large numbers of pigs from various different locales comingling for several days (5–8 days). Fairs are also associated with zoonotic transmission of influenza A virus as humans have unrestricted contact with potentially infected swine throughout the fair’s duration. Since 2005, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention has reported 468 cases of variant influenza A virus, with most cases having had exposure to swine at agricultural fairs. Many mechanisms have been proposed as potential direct and indirect routes of transmission that may be enhancing intra- and inter-species transmission of influenza A virus at fairs. This study examines airborne respiratory droplets and portable animal-care items as potential routes of transmission that may be contributing to enhanced viral spread throughout the swine barn and the resulting variant cases of influenza A. Air samples were taken from inside swine barns at 25 fairs between the years 2013 and 2014. Influenza A virus was detected molecularly in 11 of 59 (18.6%) air samples, representing 4 of the 25 fairs. Viable H1N1 virus, matching virus recovered from swine at the fair, was recovered from the air at one fair in 2013. During the summer of 2016, 75 of 400 (18.8%) surface samples tested positive for molecular presence of influenza A virus and represented 10 of 20 fairs. Seven viral isolates collected from four fairs were recovered from the surfaces. Whole genome sequences of the viruses recovered from the surfaces are >99% identical to the viruses recovered from individual pigs at each respective fair. The detection and recovery of influenza A virus from both the air and surfaces found within the swine barn at agricultural fairs provide evidence for potential viral transmission through these routes, which may contribute to both intra- and inter-species transmission, threatening public health. These findings reinforce the need for new and improved mitigation strategies at agricultural fairs in order to reduce the risk to animal and public health.
Keywords	agricultural exhibitions ; air ; animal care ; barns ; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention ; droplets ; humans ; influenza ; Influenza A virus ; public health ; risk reduction ; summer ; swine ; virus transmission ; viruses
Language	English
Dates of publication	2018-0501
Size	p. 24-29.
Publishing place	Elsevier B.V.
Document type	Article
ZDB-ID	43399-8
ISSN	1873-1716 ; 0167-5877
ISSN (online)	1873-1716
ISSN	0167-5877
DOI	10.1016/j.prevetmed.2018.02.019
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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