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Article: Prevalence of Bartonella sp. in United States military working dogs with infectious endocarditis: a retrospective case–control study

Davis, A.Z / Jaffe, D.A / Honadel, T.E / Lapsley, W.D / Wilber-Raymond, J.L / Kasten, R.W / Chomel, B.B

Journal of veterinary cardiology. 2020 Feb., v. 27

2020

Abstract: Bartonella infection has been associated with endocarditis in humans, dogs, cats and cattle. In order to evaluate the importance of this pathogen as a possible source of endocarditis in United States military working dogs (MWDs), we performed a ... ...

Abstract	Bartonella infection has been associated with endocarditis in humans, dogs, cats and cattle. In order to evaluate the importance of this pathogen as a possible source of endocarditis in United States military working dogs (MWDs), we performed a retrospective case–control study on 26 dogs with histological diagnosis of culture negative endocarditis (n = 18), endomyocarditis (n = 5) or endocardiosis (n = 3) and 28 control dogs without any histological cardiac lesions.DNA was extracted from paraffin embedded cardiac valves and tissues from case and control dogs and submitted to PCR testing with primers targeting the Bartonella gltA gene. PCR-RFLP using four restriction endonucleases and partial sequencing was then performed to determine the Bartonella species involved.Nineteen (73%) cases were PCR positive for Bartonella, including B. henselae (8 dogs), B. vinsonii subsp. berkhoffii (6 dogs), B. washoensis (2 dogs) and B. elizabethae (1 dog). Only one control dog was weakly PCR positive for Bartonella. Based on the type of histological diagnosis, 13 (72.2%) dogs with endocarditis, 3 (60%) dogs with endomyocarditis and all 3 dogs with endocardiosis were Bartonella PCR positive.Bartonella sp. Infections were correlated with cardiopathies in US military working dogs. Systemic use of insecticides against ectoparasites and regular testing of MWDs for Bartonella infection seem highly appropriate to prevent such life-threatening exposures.
Keywords	Bartonella elizabethae ; Bartonella henselae ; Bartonella vinsonii subsp. berkhoffii ; bacterial infections ; case-control studies ; complications (disease) ; disease prevalence ; dog diseases ; dogs ; ectoparasites ; endocarditis ; genes ; histology ; insecticides ; pathogens ; polymerase chain reaction ; restriction endonucleases ; restriction fragment length polymorphism ; retrospective studies ; tissues ; working animals ; United States
Language	English
Dates of publication	2020-02
Size	p. 1-9.
Publishing place	Elsevier B.V.
Document type	Article
ZDB-ID	2198278-8
ISSN	1875-0834 ; 1760-2734
ISSN (online)	1875-0834
ISSN	1760-2734
DOI	10.1016/j.jvc.2019.11.005
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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Article ; Online: Prevalence of Bartonella sp. in United States military working dogs with infectious endocarditis: a retrospective case-control study.

Davis, A Z / Jaffe, D A / Honadel, T E / Lapsley, W D / Wilber-Raymond, J L / Kasten, R W / Chomel, B B

Journal of veterinary cardiology : the official journal of the European Society of Veterinary Cardiology

2019 Volume 27, Page(s) 1–9

Abstract: Objectives: Bartonella infection has been associated with endocarditis in humans, dogs, cats and cattle. In order to evaluate the importance of this pathogen as a possible source of endocarditis in United States military working dogs (MWDs), we ... ...

Abstract	Objectives: Bartonella infection has been associated with endocarditis in humans, dogs, cats and cattle. In order to evaluate the importance of this pathogen as a possible source of endocarditis in United States military working dogs (MWDs), we performed a retrospective case-control study on 26 dogs with histological diagnosis of culture negative endocarditis (n = 18), endomyocarditis (n = 5) or endocardiosis (n = 3) and 28 control dogs without any histological cardiac lesions. Methods: DNA was extracted from paraffin embedded cardiac valves and tissues from case and control dogs and submitted to PCR testing with primers targeting the Bartonella gltA gene. PCR-RFLP using four restriction endonucleases and partial sequencing was then performed to determine the Bartonella species involved. Results: Nineteen (73%) cases were PCR positive for Bartonella, including B. henselae (8 dogs), B. vinsonii subsp. berkhoffii (6 dogs), B. washoensis (2 dogs) and B. elizabethae (1 dog). Only one control dog was weakly PCR positive for Bartonella. Based on the type of histological diagnosis, 13 (72.2%) dogs with endocarditis, 3 (60%) dogs with endomyocarditis and all 3 dogs with endocardiosis were Bartonella PCR positive. Conclusions: Bartonella sp. Infections were correlated with cardiopathies in US military working dogs. Systemic use of insecticides against ectoparasites and regular testing of MWDs for Bartonella infection seem highly appropriate to prevent such life-threatening exposures.
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Bartonella/classification ; Bartonella/genetics ; Bartonella/isolation & purification ; Bartonella Infections/epidemiology ; Bartonella Infections/veterinary ; Case-Control Studies ; DNA, Bacterial ; Dog Diseases/epidemiology ; Dog Diseases/microbiology ; Dogs ; Endocarditis/microbiology ; Endocarditis/veterinary ; Female ; Male ; Myocarditis/microbiology ; Myocarditis/veterinary ; Polymerase Chain Reaction/veterinary ; Prevalence ; Retrospective Studies ; United States
Chemical Substances	DNA, Bacterial
Language	English
Publishing date	2019-11-16
Publishing country	Netherlands
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2198278-8
ISSN	1875-0834 ; 1760-2734
ISSN (online)	1875-0834
ISSN	1760-2734
DOI	10.1016/j.jvc.2019.11.005
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Article ; Online: Bartonella in dogs and fleas from Tulancingo, Hidalgo, Mexico.

Tobar, B Z / Lapsley, W D / Swain, W L / Jaffe, D A / Setien, A Aguilar / Galvez-Romero, G / Obregon-Morales, C / Olave-Leyva, J I / Chomel, B B

Medical and veterinary entomology

2020 Volume 34, Issue 3, Page(s) 302–308

Abstract: Bartonella sp. infection is quite common in free-roaming dogs in many tropical countries. However, limited information is available of the presence of these pathogens in Mexico. The present study looked at prevalence of Bartonella exposure and/or ... ...

Abstract	Bartonella sp. infection is quite common in free-roaming dogs in many tropical countries. However, limited information is available of the presence of these pathogens in Mexico. The present study looked at prevalence of Bartonella exposure and/or infection in dogs and their fleas in Central Mexico. Blood samples were collected from 31 stray dogs in August 2014 at the municipal pound, Tulancingo, Mexico, as well as fleas on 26 of them. Bartonella seropositivity was 46.9%, including 35.5% for Bartonella henselae, 45% for Bartonella clarridgeiae and 32.2% for Bartonella vinsonii subsp. berkhoffii. Three (9.7%) dogs were polymerase chain reaction (PCR) positive for the Bartonella gltA gene. Partial sequencing of that gene revealed that these three dogs were infected with B. henselae. In total, 86 fleas were collected from 26 dogs (range 1-9 fleas per dog), including 52 Ctenocephalides felis and 34 Ctenocephalides canis. Of 40 pools of fleas (20 pools of C. canis and 20 pools of C. felis), five (12.5%) were PCR positive for the Bartonella sp. gltA gene, including three C. canis pools (five fleas) and two C. felis pools (three fleas). All sequences showed 99.25% to 100% homology with B. henselae Houston I.
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Bartonella/isolation & purification ; Bartonella Infections/epidemiology ; Bartonella Infections/microbiology ; Bartonella Infections/veterinary ; Bartonella henselae/isolation & purification ; Dog Diseases/epidemiology ; Dog Diseases/microbiology ; Dogs ; Female ; Male ; Mexico/epidemiology ; Polymerase Chain Reaction/veterinary ; Prevalence ; Siphonaptera/microbiology
Language	English
Publishing date	2020-03-16
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	286021-1
ISSN	1365-2915 ; 0269-283X
ISSN (online)	1365-2915
ISSN	0269-283X
DOI	10.1111/mve.12438
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Book ; Online: Oxidation of elemental Hg in anthropogenic and marine airmasses

Timonen, H. / Ambrose, J. L. / Jaffe, D. A.

eISSN: 1680-7324

2013

Abstract: Mercury (Hg) is a neurotoxin that bioaccumulates in the food chain. Mercury is emitted to the atmosphere primarily in its elemental form, which has a long lifetime allowing global transport. It is known that atmospheric oxidation of gaseous elemental ... ...

Abstract	Mercury (Hg) is a neurotoxin that bioaccumulates in the food chain. Mercury is emitted to the atmosphere primarily in its elemental form, which has a long lifetime allowing global transport. It is known that atmospheric oxidation of gaseous elemental mercury (GEM) generates reactive gaseous mercury (RGM) which plays an important role in the atmospheric mercury cycle by enhancing the rate of mercury deposition to ecosystems. However, the primary GEM oxidants, and the chemical composition of RGM are poorly known. Using speciated mercury measurements conducted at the Mt. Bachelor Observatory since 2005 we present two previously unidentified sources of RGM to the free troposphere (FT). Firstly, we observed elevated RGM concentrations, large RGM/GEM-ratios, and anti-correlation between RGM and GEM during Asian long-rang transport events, demonstrating that RGM is formed from GEM by in-situ oxidation in some anthropogenic pollution plumes in the FT. During the Asian pollution events the measured RGM/GEM-enhancement ratios reached peak values, up to ~0.20, which are significantly larger than ratios typically measured (RGM/GEM < 0.03) in the Asian source region. Secondly, we observed very high RGM levels – the highest reported in the FT – in clean air masses that were processed upwind of Mt. Bachelor Observatory over the Pacific Ocean. The high RGM concentrations (up to 700 pg m −3 ), high RGM/GEM-ratios (up to 1), and very low ozone levels during these events provide observational evidence indicating significant GEM oxidation in the lower FT in some conditions.
Subject code	333
Language	English
Publishing date	2013-03-08
Publishing country	de
Document type	Book ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article: Ozone and particulate matter enhancements from regional wildfires observed at Mount Bachelor during 2004–2011

Wigder, N.L / Jaffe, D.A / Saketa, F.A

Atmospheric environment. 2013 Aug., v. 75

2013

Abstract: We report observations of normalized enhancement ratios (NER) for 32 wildfires measured at Mount Bachelor Observatory in central Oregon during June–September 2004–2011. All 32 plumes resulted from wildfires originating in the western United States and ... ...

Abstract	We report observations of normalized enhancement ratios (NER) for 32 wildfires measured at Mount Bachelor Observatory in central Oregon during June–September 2004–2011. All 32 plumes resulted from wildfires originating in the western United States and Canada. The observed NER of PM₁ (particulate matter < 1 micron) to carbon monoxide (ΔPM₁/ΔCO) ranged from 0.06 to 0.42 μg m⁻³ ppbv⁻¹. The NER of ozone to CO (ΔO₃/ΔCO) ranged from 0.01 to 0.51 ppbv ppbv⁻¹ for the 13 observed plumes with a significant ΔO₃/ΔCO NER (p ≤ 0.01, R² ≥ 0.30). For wildfire plumes transported <540 km, or approximately <2 days, the ΔPM₁/ΔCO NER is found to increase with increasing distance, suggesting that there is significant secondary organic aerosol (SOA) production in these plumes. However, two plumes transported over greater time periods have relatively low ΔPM₁/ΔCO NER, indicating that PM₁ loss is greater than SOA production in these plumes. Of the three plumes transported the longest distance to MBO, only two have significant O₃ production. These two plumes were transported in boundary layer air masses, while the third was transported in a free tropospheric air mass, suggesting that conversion of nitrogen oxides (NOX) to peroxyacetyl nitrate (PAN) may be a factor affecting O₃ production in these plumes. Two wildfire plumes are mixed with urban emissions from the Seattle/Tacoma metropolitan area, and have relatively higher ΔO₃/ΔCO NER than other wildfire plumes transported over similar distances.
Keywords	aerosols ; air ; atmospheric chemistry ; carbon monoxide ; emissions ; nitrates ; nitrogen oxides ; ozone ; particulates ; troposphere ; wildfires ; Canada ; Oregon
Language	English
Dates of publication	2013-08
Size	p. 24-31.
Publishing place	Elsevier Ltd
Document type	Article
ZDB-ID	216368-8
ISSN	0004-6981 ; 1352-2310
ISSN	0004-6981 ; 1352-2310
DOI	10.1016/j.atmosenv.2013.04.026
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Article: Development and first results of an aircraft-based, high time resolution technique for gaseous elemental and reactive (oxidized) gaseous mercury.

Swartzendruber, P C / Jaffe, D A / Finley, B

Environmental science & technology

2009 Volume 43, Issue 19, Page(s) 7484–7489

Abstract: We developed a high time resolution (2.5 min) aircraft instrument for gaseous elemental mercury (GEM) and reactive gaseous mercury (RGM). The system measures RGM with complementary denuder and difference techniques, which can be compared to check for ... ...

Abstract	We developed a high time resolution (2.5 min) aircraft instrument for gaseous elemental mercury (GEM) and reactive gaseous mercury (RGM). The system measures RGM with complementary denuder and difference techniques, which can be compared to check for consistency. In laboratory tests, the agreement of the two techniques was 15% (+/- 13%). In five test flights, RGM was generally below the detection limit of the difference technique (0.08-0.16 ng/m3) except for values of 200-500 pg/m3 in airmasses between 600-700 mb (Flight 1) and 850-550 mb (Right 4), which is consistent with previous observations of RGM at Mt Bachelor. There was a linear correlation between the denuder and difference techniques in each flight (range of slopes, 0.27-1.24) and across all flights (slope = 0.37, p < 1e-6). The correlation is evidence that the difference technique is able to measure RGM in real time, although RGM appears to not be fully captured or recovered by the denuder. The only factor common to all RGM enhancements was the low aerosol scattering coefficient (< 2 M/m). Particulate mercury was below the detection limit (27 pg/m3) for all samples. The mean GEM and total mercury (THg) profiles are in the middle of the range of other published profiles. The THg profile showed no gradient to 5.5 km (p = 0.12, r2 = 0.009).
MeSH term(s)	Air Pollutants/chemistry ; Air Pollution/analysis ; Aircraft ; Gases/chemistry ; Mercury/chemistry
Chemical Substances	Air Pollutants ; Gases ; Mercury (FXS1BY2PGL)
Language	English
Publishing date	2009-09-30
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.
ISSN	0013-936X
ISSN	0013-936X
DOI	10.1021/es901390t
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Book ; Online: Free tropospheric peroxyacetyl nitrate (PAN) and ozone at Mount Bachelor

Fischer, E. V. / Jaffe, D. A. / Weatherhead, E. C.

eISSN: 1680-7324

potential causes of variability and timescale for trend detection

2011

Abstract: We report on the first multi-year springtime measurements of PAN in the free troposphere over the US Pacific Northwest. The measurements were made at the summit of Mount Bachelor (43.979° N, 121.687° W; 2.7 km a.s.l.) by gas chromatography with electron ... ...

Abstract	We report on the first multi-year springtime measurements of PAN in the free troposphere over the US Pacific Northwest. The measurements were made at the summit of Mount Bachelor (43.979° N, 121.687° W; 2.7 km a.s.l.) by gas chromatography with electron capture detector during spring 2008, 2009 and 2010. This dataset provides an observational estimate of the month-to-month and springtime interannual variability of PAN mixing ratios in this region. Springtime seasonal mean (1 April–20 May) PAN mixing ratios at Mount Bachelor varied from 100 pptv to 152 pptv. The standard deviation of the three seasonal means was 28 pptv, 21 % of the springtime mean. We summarize the interannual variability in three factors expected to drive PAN variability: biomass burning, transport efficiency over the central and eastern Pacific, and transport temperature. Zhang et al. (2008) used the GEOS-Chem global chemical transport model to show that rising Asian NO x emissions from 2000 to 2006 resulted in a relatively larger positive trend in PAN than O 3 over western North America. However the model results only considered monotonic changes in Asian emissions, whereas other factors, such as biomass burning, isoprene emissions or climate change can induce greater variability in the atmospheric concentrations and thus extend the time needed for trend detection. We combined the observed variability in PAN and O 3 at Mount Bachelor with a range of possible future trends in these species to determine the observational requirements to detect such trends. Though the relative increase in PAN is expected to be larger than that of O 3 , PAN is more variable. If PAN mixing ratios are currently increasing at a rate of 4 % per year due to rising Asian emissions, we would detect a trend with 13 years of measurements at a site like Mount Bachelor. If the corresponding trend in O 3 is 1 % per year, the trends in O 3 and PAN would be detected on approximately the same timescale.
Subject code	551
Language	English
Publishing date	2011-06-20
Publishing country	de
Document type	Book ; Online
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Article: Causes of high O₃ in the lower free troposphere over the Pacific Northwest as observed at the Mt. Bachelor Observatory

Ambrose, J.L / Reidmiller, D.R / Jaffe, D.A

Atmospheric environment. 2011 Sept., v. 45, no. 30

2011

Abstract: We measured O₃, CO, Hg, sub-micron particle scattering of mid-visible light (σₛₚ), and water vapor (WV) at the Mt. Bachelor Observatory (MBO) in central Oregon, USA since 2004. The data were used to identify sources of large ozone enhancements in the ... ...

Abstract	We measured O₃, CO, Hg, sub-micron particle scattering of mid-visible light (σₛₚ), and water vapor (WV) at the Mt. Bachelor Observatory (MBO) in central Oregon, USA since 2004. The data were used to identify sources of large ozone enhancements in the lower free troposphere (FT). A total of 25 high-ozone events, defined as time periods when the 8-h averaged O₃ mixing ratio was >70.0ppbv, were recorded. The events occurred between early March and late September. For 18 of the 25 event days we were able to identify sources based on (1) relative enhancements of O₃, CO, Hg and WV compared with the corresponding monthly distributions and (2) supporting data from the Hybrid Single-Particle Lagrangian Integrated Trajectory (HYSPLIT) model, the Navy Aerosol Analysis and Prediction System (NAAPS) global aerosol model, and Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) satellite-derived active fire counts from the Fire Information for Resource Management System (FIRMS). Our analysis suggests that enhanced O₃ levels during all the identified events were transported to MBO in the FT and were driven mostly by subsidence of O₃-rich air masses from the upper troposphere/lower stratosphere (UT/LS), Asian long range transport (ALRT) and mixed ALRT+UT/LS influences. The UT/LS events were depleted in CO and total atmospheric mercury (TAM) compared to monthly median values. Levels of O₃ and CO tended to be anti-correlated during UT/LS events, consistent with transport from clean regions in the UT. Conversely, the ALRT events were characterized by concomitant enhancements in CO and TAM with mean values during each event that were >70th percentile values for the months during which the events occurred. Unlike for UT/LS events, levels of O₃ and CO during ALRT events tended to be correlated, consistent with photochemical O₃ production in polluted air masses transported across the Pacific. The mixed ALRT+UT/LS events exhibited characteristics that were intermediate between those of the ALRT and UT/LS events. For the classifiable cases the fractional distribution of each event type was: UT/LS, ∼44% (n=8); ALRT+UT/LS, ∼33% (n=6); ALRT, ∼22% (n=4). In terms of the total number of classifiable high-ozone event hours UT/LS, ALRT+UT/LS and ALRT events accounted for ∼52% (t=85), ∼36% (t=59) and ∼13% (t=21), respectively. The results indicate that downward mixing of O₃-rich air masses from the UT/LS together with trans-Pacific transport of urban/industrial and biomass burning emissions from the Asian continent are the most important mechanisms for delivering high O₃ levels (i.e., 8-h averages >70.0ppbv) to the lower FT in the Pacific Northwest.
Keywords	aerosols ; air ; atmospheric chemistry ; biomass ; burning ; emissions ; mercury ; mixing ; models ; moderate resolution imaging spectroradiometer ; ozone ; prediction ; resource management ; stratosphere ; subsidence ; troposphere ; water vapor ; Asia ; Oregon
Language	English
Dates of publication	2011-09
Size	p. 5302-5315.
Publishing place	Elsevier Ltd
Document type	Article
ZDB-ID	216368-8
ISSN	0004-6981 ; 1352-2310
ISSN	0004-6981 ; 1352-2310
DOI	10.1016/j.atmosenv.2011.06.056
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Article ; Online: Development, testing, and deployment of an air sampling manifold for spiking elemental and oxidized mercury during the Reno Atmospheric Mercury Intercomparison Experiment (RAMIX).

Finley, B D / Jaffe, D A / Call, K / Lyman, S / Gustin, M Sexauer / Peterson, C / Miller, M / Lyman, T

Environmental science & technology

2013 Volume 47, Issue 13, Page(s) 7277–7284

Abstract: The Reno Atmospheric Mercury Intercomparison Experiment (RAMIX) was in Reno, NV from August 22, 2011 to September 16, 2011. The goals of the experiment were to compare existing and new methods for measurements of ambient elemental and oxidized Hg, and to ...

Abstract	The Reno Atmospheric Mercury Intercomparison Experiment (RAMIX) was in Reno, NV from August 22, 2011 to September 16, 2011. The goals of the experiment were to compare existing and new methods for measurements of ambient elemental and oxidized Hg, and to test these with quantitative spikes of Hg(0), HgBr2, O3 and water vapor. In this paper we describe the design, testing, and deployment of a high flow manifold system designed to deliver ambient air and spiked compounds to multiple instruments simultaneously. The manifold was constructed of 1" OD PFA tubing and heated to 115 °C for the entire active zone. Manifold flow was controlled at ∼200 LPM using a blower and a velocity sensor in a feedback control system. Permeation tubes in controlled ovens were used to deliver Hg(0) and HgBr2. Ozone was generated from a small UV lamp in a flow of high purity O2. Water vapor was generated by pumping a flow of purified N2 through heated, high purity water. The spiking delivery for Hg(0), HgBr2, O3, and water vapor after dilution in the manifold ranged up to 20 ng m(-3), 0.64 ng m(-3), 100 ppbv, and 20 g kg(-1), respectively. During laboratory tests the average transmission efficiencies for Hg(0), HgBr2, and O3 were found to be 92%, 76%, and 93%, respectively.
MeSH term(s)	Air Pollutants/analysis ; Bromides/analysis ; Environmental Monitoring/instrumentation ; Environmental Monitoring/methods ; Equipment Design ; Mercury/analysis ; Mercury Compounds/analysis ; Nevada ; Oxidation-Reduction ; Ozone/analysis ; Water/analysis
Chemical Substances	Air Pollutants ; Bromides ; Mercury Compounds ; Water (059QF0KO0R) ; Ozone (66H7ZZK23N) ; Mercury (FXS1BY2PGL) ; mercuric bromide (P986675T8V)
Language	English
Publishing date	2013-07-02
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.
ISSN	1520-5851
ISSN (online)	1520-5851
DOI	10.1021/es304185a
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Article: Development, Testing, And Deployment of an Air Sampling Manifold for Spiking Elemental and Oxidized Mercury During the Reno Atmospheric Mercury Intercomparison Experiment (RAMIX)

Finley, B. D / Call K / Gustin M. Sexauer / Jaffe D. A / Lyman S / Lyman T / Miller M / Peterson C

Environmental Science & Technology. 2013 July 02, v. 47, no. 13

2013

Abstract	The Reno Atmospheric Mercury Intercomparison Experiment (RAMIX) was in Reno, NV from August 22, 2011 to September 16, 2011. The goals of the experiment were to compare existing and new methods for measurements of ambient elemental and oxidized Hg, and to test these with quantitative spikes of Hgâ°, HgBrâ, Oâ and water vapor. In this paper we describe the design, testing, and deployment of a high flow manifold system designed to deliver ambient air and spiked compounds to multiple instruments simultaneously.The manifold was constructed of 1â OD PFA tubing and heated to 115 Â°C for the entire active zone. Manifold flow was controlled at â¼200 LPM using a blower and a velocity sensor in a feedback control system. Permeation tubes in controlled ovens were used to deliver Hgâ° and HgBrâ. Ozone was generated from a small UV lamp in a flow of high purity Oâ. Water vapor was generated by pumping a flow of purified Nâ through heated, high purity water. The spiking delivery for Hgâ°, HgBrâ, Oâ, and water vapor after dilution in the manifold ranged up to 20 ng mâÂ³, 0.64 ng mâÂ³, 100 ppbv, and 20 g kgâÂ¹, respectively. During laboratory tests the average transmission efficiencies for Hgâ°, HgBrâ, and Oâ were found to be 92%, 76%, and 93%, respectively.
Keywords	air ; laboratory experimentation ; mercury ; nitrogen ; ovens ; oxygen ; ozone ; superoxide anion ; water vapor ; Nevada
Language	English
Dates of publication	2013-0702
Size	p. 7277-7284.
Publishing place	American Chemical Society
Document type	Article
ISSN	1520-5851
DOI	10.1021%2Fes304185a
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