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Article ; Online: Airspace Dimension Assessment for early detection of lung function impairment in the peripheral airways of firefighters

Marta A. Kisiel / Gui-Hong Cai / Madeleine Petersson Sjögren / Jakob Löndahl / Jonas Jakobsson / Per Wollmer / Andrei Malinovschi / Magnus Svartengren

ERJ Open Research, Vol 9, Iss

2023 Volume 2

Abstract: Introduction Firefighters have increased risk of chronic respiratory disease. Standard clinical techniques used in medical checkups may not detect the earliest microstructural changes in peripheral airways. A new technique called Airspace Dimension ... ...

Abstract	Introduction Firefighters have increased risk of chronic respiratory disease. Standard clinical techniques used in medical checkups may not detect the earliest microstructural changes in peripheral airways. A new technique called Airspace Dimension Assessment (AiDA) has been shown to enable early detection of emphysema in COPD. This method may be useful in the occupational setting to detect early pulmonary changes and enable prevention. The aim of the present study was to evaluate whether AiDA detects changes in the most peripheral airways of firefighters. Methods AiDA, measuring the effective airspace radius (rAiDA) and zero-second recovery (R0), was used as a complement to other standardised lung function measures in 21 male firefighters and 16 age-matched male controls. Results There were significant differences in rAiDA and R0 between firefighters (mean±sd rAiDA 0.301±0.024 mm; mean±sd R0 0.336±0.116 arbitrary units) and controls (mean±sd rAiDA 0.276±0.044 mm; mean±sd R0 0.5760.168 arbitrary units), p=0.03 and p<0.001, respectively. Higher forced vital capacity was found in firefighters (mean 101% of predicted) than in controls (mean 93% of predicted; p=0.03). No significant differences were found with regard to either the ratio between forced expiratory volume in 1 s and forced vital capacity or forced expiratory volume in 1 s. The majority of firefighters had diffusing capacity of the lung for carbon monoxide, oscillometry and single-breath nitrogen washout values within the normal ranges. Conclusion AiDA parameters can provide information on early pulmonary peripheral changes that may not be seen with standard techniques used in screening of pulmonary function.
Keywords	Medicine ; R
Subject code	610
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-04-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	European Respiratory Society
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: Infectivity of exhaled SARS-CoV-2 aerosols is sufficient to transmit covid-19 within minutes

Malin Alsved / Kristina Nyström / Sara Thuresson / David Nygren / Marianela Patzi-Churqui / Tareq Hussein / Carl-Johan Fraenkel / Patrik Medstrand / Jakob Löndahl

Scientific Reports, Vol 13, Iss 1, Pp 1-

2023 Volume 9

Abstract: Abstract Exhaled SARS-CoV-2-containing aerosols contributed significantly to the rapid and vast spread of covid-19. However, quantitative experimental data on the infectivity of such aerosols is missing. Here, we quantified emission rates of infectious ... ...

Abstract	Abstract Exhaled SARS-CoV-2-containing aerosols contributed significantly to the rapid and vast spread of covid-19. However, quantitative experimental data on the infectivity of such aerosols is missing. Here, we quantified emission rates of infectious viruses in exhaled aerosol from individuals within their first days after symptom onset from covid-19. Six aerosol samples from three individuals were culturable, of which five were successfully quantified using TCID50. The source strength of the three individuals was highest during singing, when they exhaled 4, 36, or 127 TCID50/s, respectively. Calculations with an indoor air transmission model showed that if an infected individual with this emission rate entered a room, a susceptible person would inhale an infectious dose within 6 to 37 min in a room with normal ventilation. Thus, our data show that exhaled aerosols from a single person can transmit covid-19 to others within minutes at normal indoor conditions.
Keywords	Medicine ; R ; Science ; Q
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-12-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	Nature Portfolio
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: Aerosolization and recovery of viable murine norovirus in an experimental setup

Malin Alsved / Anders Widell / Henrik Dahlin / Sara Karlson / Patrik Medstrand / Jakob Löndahl

Scientific Reports, Vol 10, Iss 1, Pp 1-

2020 Volume 10

Abstract: Abstract Noroviruses are the major cause for viral acute gastroenteritis in the world. Despite the existing infection prevention strategies in hospitals, the disease continues to spread and causes extensive and numerous outbreaks. Hence, there is a need ... ...

Abstract	Abstract Noroviruses are the major cause for viral acute gastroenteritis in the world. Despite the existing infection prevention strategies in hospitals, the disease continues to spread and causes extensive and numerous outbreaks. Hence, there is a need to investigate the possibility of airborne transmission of norovirus. In this study, we developed an experimental setup for studies on the infectivity of aerosolized murine norovirus (MNV), a model for the human norovirus. Two aerosol generation principles were evaluated: bubble bursting, a common natural aerosolization mechanism, and nebulization, a common aerosolization technique in laboratory studies. The aerosolization setup was characterized by physical and viral dilution factors, generated aerosol particle size distributions, and the viral infectivity after aerosolization. We found a lower physical dilution factor when using the nebulization generator than with the bubble bursting generator. The viral dilution factor of the system was higher than the physical dilution; however, when comparing the physical and viral dilution factors, bubble bursting generation was more efficient. The infectivity per virus was similar using either generation principle, suggesting that the generation itself had a minor impact on MNV infectivity and that instead, the effect of drying in air could be a major reason for infectivity losses.
Keywords	Medicine ; R ; Science ; Q
Language	English
Publishing date	2020-09-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	Nature Publishing Group
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: Airborne environmental DNA metabarcoding for the monitoring of terrestrial insects—A proof of concept from the field

Fabian Roger / Hamid R. Ghanavi / Natalie Danielsson / Niklas Wahlberg / Jakob Löndahl / Lars B. Pettersson / Georg K. S. Andersson / Niklas Boke Olén / Yann Clough

Environmental DNA, Vol 4, Iss 4, Pp 790-

2022 Volume 807

Abstract: Abstract Biodiversity is in decline due to human‐induced pressures on ecosystems around the world. To be able to counteract this alarming trend, it is paramount to closely monitor biodiversity at global scales. Because this is practically impossible with ...

Abstract	Abstract Biodiversity is in decline due to human‐induced pressures on ecosystems around the world. To be able to counteract this alarming trend, it is paramount to closely monitor biodiversity at global scales. Because this is practically impossible with traditional methods, the last decade has seen a strong push for new solutions. In aquatic ecosystems, the monitoring of species from environmental DNA (eDNA) has emerged as one of the most powerful tools at our disposal, but in terrestrial ecosystems, the power of eDNA for monitoring has so far been hampered by the local scale of the samples. In this study, we report the successful detection of insects from airborne eDNA from samples taken in the field. We compare our results to two traditional insect monitoring methods (1) light traps for moth monitoring and (2) transect walks for the monitoring of butterflies and wild bees. Airborne eDNA metabarcoding revealed DNA from six classes of arthropods, and twelve order of insects—including representatives from the four largest orders: Diptera (flies), Lepidoptera (butterflies and moths), Coleoptera (beetles), and Hymenoptera (bees, wasps, and ants). We did not detect all species observed using traditional methods and suggest further directions for the development of airborne eDNA metabarcoding. We also recovered DNA from nine species of vertebrates, including frogs, birds, and mammals as well as from 12 other phyla. Airborne eDNA has the potential to become a powerful tool for terrestrial biodiversity monitoring, with many impactful applications including the monitoring of pests, invasive, or endangered species and disease vectors.
Keywords	aerosols ; biodiversity ; DNA barcoding ; environmental DNA ; Insecta ; Environmental sciences ; GE1-350 ; Microbial ecology ; QR100-130
Subject code	333
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-07-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	Wiley
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: Toxicity of stainless and mild steel particles generated from gas–metal arc welding in primary human small airway epithelial cells

Andrea Cediel-Ulloa / Christina Isaxon / Axel Eriksson / Daniel Primetzhofer / Mauricio A. Sortica / Lars Haag / Remco Derr / Giel Hendriks / Jakob Löndahl / Anders Gudmundsson / Karin Broberg / Anda R. Gliga

Scientific Reports, Vol 11, Iss 1, Pp 1-

2021 Volume 15

Abstract: Abstract Welding fumes induce lung toxicity and are carcinogenic to humans but the molecular mechanisms have yet to be clarified. The aim of this study was to evaluate the toxicity of stainless and mild steel particles generated via gas–metal arc welding ...

Abstract	Abstract Welding fumes induce lung toxicity and are carcinogenic to humans but the molecular mechanisms have yet to be clarified. The aim of this study was to evaluate the toxicity of stainless and mild steel particles generated via gas–metal arc welding using primary human small airway epithelial cells (hSAEC) and ToxTracker reporter murine stem cells, which track activation of six cancer-related pathways. Metal content (Fe, Mn, Ni, Cr) of the particles was relatively homogenous across particle size. The particles were not cytotoxic in reporter stem cells but stainless steel particles activated the Nrf2-dependent oxidative stress pathway. In hSAEC, both particle types induced time- and dose-dependent cytotoxicity, and stainless steel particles also increased generation of reactive oxygen species. The cellular metal content was higher for hSAEC compared to the reporter stem cells exposed to the same nominal dose. This was, in part, related to differences in particle agglomeration/sedimentation in the different cell media. Overall, our study showed differences in cytotoxicity and activation of cancer-related pathways between stainless and mild steel welding particles. Moreover, our data emphasizes the need for careful assessment of the cellular dose when comparing studies using different in vitro models.
Keywords	Medicine ; R ; Science ; Q
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-11-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	Nature Portfolio
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: Indoor Model Simulation for COVID-19 Transport and Exposure

Tareq Hussein / Jakob Löndahl / Sara Thuresson / Malin Alsved / Afnan Al-Hunaiti / Kalle Saksela / Hazem Aqel / Heikki Junninen / Alexander Mahura / Markku Kulmala

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, Vol 18, Iss 2927, p

2021 Volume 2927

Abstract: Transmission of respiratory viruses is a complex process involving emission, deposition in the airways, and infection. Inhalation is often the most relevant transmission mode in indoor environments. For severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 ( ... ...

Abstract	Transmission of respiratory viruses is a complex process involving emission, deposition in the airways, and infection. Inhalation is often the most relevant transmission mode in indoor environments. For severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the risk of inhalation transmission is not yet fully understood. Here, we used an indoor aerosol model combined with a regional inhaled deposited dose model to examine the indoor transport of aerosols from an infected person with novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) to a susceptible person and assess the potential inhaled dose rate of particles. Two scenarios with different ventilation rates were compared, as well as adult female versus male recipients. Assuming a source strength of 10 viruses/s, in a tightly closed room with poor ventilation (0.5 h −1 ), the respiratory tract deposited dose rate was 140–350 and 100–260 inhaled viruses/hour for males and females; respectively. With ventilation at 3 h −1 the dose rate was only 30–90 viruses/hour. Correcting for the half-life of SARS-CoV-2 in air, these numbers are reduced by a factor of 1.2–2.2 for poorly ventilated rooms and 1.1–1.4 for well-ventilated rooms. Combined with future determinations of virus emission rates, the size distribution of aerosols containing the virus, and the infectious dose, these results could play an important role in understanding the full picture of potential inhalation transmission in indoor environments.
Keywords	SARS-CoV-2 ; expiratory droplet ; inhaled dose ; indoor aerosol modeling ; Medicine ; R
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-03-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	MDPI AG
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: Airspace Dimension Assessment (AiDA) by inhaled nanoparticles

Madeleine Petersson-Sjögren / Ho-Fung Chan / Guilhem J. Collier / Graham Norquay / Lars E. Olsson / Per Wollmer / Jakob Löndahl / Jim M. Wild

Scientific Reports, Vol 11, Iss 1, Pp 1-

benchmarking with hyperpolarised 129Xe diffusion-weighted lung MRI

2021 Volume 9

Abstract: Abstract Enlargements of distal airspaces can indicate pathological changes in the lung, but accessible and precise techniques able to measure these regions are lacking. Airspace Dimension Assessment with inhaled nanoparticles (AiDA) is a new method ... ...

Abstract	Abstract Enlargements of distal airspaces can indicate pathological changes in the lung, but accessible and precise techniques able to measure these regions are lacking. Airspace Dimension Assessment with inhaled nanoparticles (AiDA) is a new method developed for in vivo measurement of distal airspace dimensions. The aim of this study was to benchmark the AiDA method against quantitative measurements of distal airspaces from hyperpolarised 129Xe diffusion-weighted (DW)-lung magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). AiDA and 129Xe DW-MRI measurements were performed in 23 healthy volunteers who spanned an age range of 23–70 years. The relationship between the 129Xe DW-MRI and AiDA metrics was tested using Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient. Significant correlations were observed between AiDA distal airspace radius (r AiDA) and mean 129Xe apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) (p < 0.005), distributed diffusivity coefficient (DDC) (p < 0.001) and distal airspace dimension (Lm D) (p < 0.001). A mean bias of − 1.2 µm towards r AiDA was observed between 129Xe Lm D and r AiDA, indicating that r AiDA is a measure of distal airspace dimension. The AiDA R 0 intercept correlated with MRI 129Xe α (p = 0.02), a marker of distal airspace heterogeneity. This study demonstrates that AiDA has potential to characterize the distal airspace microstructures and may serve as an alternative method for clinical examination of the lungs.
Keywords	Medicine ; R ; Science ; Q
Subject code	610
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-02-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	Nature Portfolio
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: Outdoor air pollution from industrial chemicals causing new onset of asthma or COPD

Harald Lux / Xaver Baur / Lygia Therese Budnik / Astrid Heutelbeck / João Paulo Teixeira / Emeri Neumann / Diana Adliene / Judita Puišo / David Lucas / Jakob Löndahl / Athanasios Damialis / Ozlem Goksel / Hans Orru

Journal of Occupational Medicine and Toxicology, Vol 15, Iss 1, Pp 1-

a systematic review protocol

2020 Volume 10

Abstract: Abstract Background Until today, industrial sources contribute to the multifaceted contamination of environmental air. Exposure to air pollutants has the potential to initiate and promote asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). At global ...

Abstract	Abstract Background Until today, industrial sources contribute to the multifaceted contamination of environmental air. Exposure to air pollutants has the potential to initiate and promote asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). At global scale, both entities cause the majority of about 4 million annual deaths by respiratory disease. However, we identified industrial contamination as a subgroup of air pollution that may be associated with this burden and is underinvestigated in research. Therefore, the aim of this study is to investigate associations between substances industrially released into environmental air and the occurrence of asthma and COPD in the human population. Here we present the protocol for our systematic review of the current evidence. Methods The following determinations will be applied during the systematic review process and are specified in the protocol that complies with the PRISMA-P statement. Populations of children and adults, as well as outdoor workers, exposed to industrially released air pollutants are of interest. Eligible studies may include subjects as controls who are non- or less exposed to the investigated air pollutants. The outcomes new-onset asthma and/or COPD investigated with risk ratio, odds ratio, hazard ratio, incidence rate ratio, cumulative incidence, and incidence rate are eligible. We will search the electronic literature databases EMBASE, MEDLINE, and Web of Science for peer-reviewed reports of incidence studies and incidence case-control studies. After systematic sorting of initial records, included studies will be subjected to quality assessment. Data will be synthesized qualitatively and, if appropriate, quantitatively for risk ratio and odds ratio. We will maintain and provide a PRISMA report. Discussion Results of this systematic review may indicate alterations of incidence and risk of asthma and/or COPD in populations within industrial exposure radiuses including outdoor workplaces. Specific causal substances and compositions will be ...
Keywords	Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease ; Outdoor exposure ; Occupational exposure ; Air pollution ; Systematic literature review ; Respiratory disease ; Industrial medicine. Industrial hygiene ; RC963-969
Subject code	333
Language	English
Publishing date	2020-12-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	BMC
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article: Respiratory tract deposition of inhaled roadside ultrafine refractory particles in a polluted megacity of South-East Asia

Kecorius, Simonas / Leizel Madueño / Jakob Löndahl / Edgar Vallar / Maria Cecilia Galvez / Luisito F. Idolor / Mylene Gonzaga-Cayetano / Thomas Müller / Wolfram Birmili / Alfred Wiedensohler

Science of the total environment. 2019 May 01, v. 663

2019

Abstract: Recent studies demonstrate that Black Carbon (BC) pollution in economically developing megacities remain higher than the values, which the World Health Organization considers to be safe. Despite the scientific evidence of the degrees of BC exposure, ... ...

Abstract	Recent studies demonstrate that Black Carbon (BC) pollution in economically developing megacities remain higher than the values, which the World Health Organization considers to be safe. Despite the scientific evidence of the degrees of BC exposure, there is still a lack of understanding on how the severe levels of BC pollution affect human health in these regions. We consider information on the respiratory tract deposition dose (DD) of BC to be essential in understanding the link between personal exposure to air pollutants and corresponding health effects.In this work, we combine data on fine and ultrafine refractory particle number concentrations (BC proxy), and activity patterns to derive the respiratory tract deposited amounts of BC particles for the population of the highly polluted metropolitan area of Manila, Philippines. We calculated the total DD of refractory particles based on three metrics: refractory particle number, surface area, and mass concentrations. The calculated DD of total refractory particle number in Metro Manila was found to be 1.6 to 17 times higher than average values reported from Europe and the U.S. In the case of Manila, ultrafine particles smaller than 100 nm accounted for more than 90% of the total deposited refractory particle dose in terms of particle number.This work is a first attempt to quantitatively evaluate the DD of refractory particles and raise awareness in assessing pollution-related health effects in developing megacities. We demonstrate that the majority of the population may be highly affected by BC pollution, which is known to have negative health outcomes if no actions are taken to mitigate its emission. For the governments of such metropolitan areas, we suggest to revise currently existing environmental legislation, raise public awareness, and to establish supplementary monitoring of black carbon in parallel to already existing PM10 and PM2.5 measures.
Keywords	World Health Organization ; air pollutants ; air pollution ; carbon ; cities ; environmental law ; human health ; metropolitan areas ; monitoring ; particulates ; respiratory system ; roadsides ; surface area ; Europe ; Philippines ; United States
Language	English
Dates of publication	2019-0501
Size	p. 265-274.
Publishing place	Elsevier B.V.
Document type	Article
ZDB-ID	121506-1
ISSN	1879-1026 ; 0048-9697
ISSN (online)	1879-1026
ISSN	0048-9697
DOI	10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.01.338
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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Article: Inhalation and Dermal Uptake of Particle and Gas-Phase Phthalates—A Human Exposure Study

Andersen, Christina / Annette M. Krais / Axel C. Eriksson / Jonas Jakobsson / Jakob Löndahl / Jörn Nielsen / Christian H. Lindh / Joakim Pagels / Anders Gudmundsson / Aneta Wierzbicka

Environmental science & technology. 2018 Sept. 28, v. 52, no. 21

2018

Abstract: Phthalates are ubiquitous in indoor environments, which raises concern about their endocrine-disrupting properties. However, studies of human uptake from airborne exposure are limited. We studied the inhalation uptake and dermal uptake by air-to-skin ... ...

Abstract	Phthalates are ubiquitous in indoor environments, which raises concern about their endocrine-disrupting properties. However, studies of human uptake from airborne exposure are limited. We studied the inhalation uptake and dermal uptake by air-to-skin transfer with clean clothing as a barrier of two deuterium-labeled airborne phthalates: particle-phase D₄-DEHP (di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate) and gas-phase D₄-DEP (diethyl phthalate). Sixteen participants, wearing trousers and long-sleeved shirts, were under controlled conditions exposed to airborne phthalates in four exposure scenarios: dermal uptake alone and combined inhalation + dermal uptake of both phthalates. The results showed an average uptake of D₄-DEHP by inhalation of 0.0014 ± 0.00088 (μg kg–¹ bw)/(μg m–³)/h. No dermal uptake of D₄-DEHP was observed during the 3 h exposure with clean clothing. The deposited dose of D₄-DEHP accounted for 26% of the total inhaled D₄-DEHP mass. For D₄-DEP, the average uptake by inhalation + dermal was 0.0067 ± 0.0045 and 0.00073 ± 0.00051 (μg kg–¹ bw)/(μg m–³)/h for dermal uptake. Urinary excretion factors of metabolites after inhalation were estimated to 0.69 for D₄-DEHP and 0.50 for D₄-DEP. Under the described settings, the main uptake of both phthalates was through inhalation. The results demonstrate the differences in uptake of gas and particles and highlight the importance of considering the deposited dose in particle uptake studies.
Keywords	breathing ; clothing ; diethyl phthalate ; excretion ; gases ; humans ; metabolites
Language	English
Dates of publication	2018-0928
Size	p. 12792-12800.
Publishing place	American Chemical Society
Document type	Article
ISSN	1520-5851
DOI	10.1021/acs.est.8b03761
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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