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Article ; Online: Benefit of Bovine Viral Diarrhoea (BVD) Eradication in Cattle on Pestivirus Seroprevalence in Sheep

Andrea Franziska Huser / Jessica Grace Schär / Claudia Bachofen / Elena de Martin / Jasmine Portmann / Hanspeter Stalder / Matthias Schweizer

Frontiers in Veterinary Science, Vol

2021 Volume 8

Abstract: Bovine viral diarrhoea virus (BVDV) and Border disease virus (BDV) are closely related pestiviruses of cattle and sheep, respectively. Both viruses may be transmitted between either species, but control programs are restricted to BVDV in cattle. In 2008, ...

Abstract	Bovine viral diarrhoea virus (BVDV) and Border disease virus (BDV) are closely related pestiviruses of cattle and sheep, respectively. Both viruses may be transmitted between either species, but control programs are restricted to BVDV in cattle. In 2008, a program to eradicate bovine viral diarrhoea (BVD) in cattle was started in Switzerland. As vaccination is prohibited, the cattle population is now widely naïve to pestivirus infections. In a recent study, we determined that nearly 10% of cattle are positive for antibodies to BDV. Here, we show that despite this regular transmission of BDV from small ruminants to cattle, we could only identify 25 cattle that were persistently infected with BDV during the last 12 years of the eradication program. In addition, by determining the BVDV and BDV seroprevalence in sheep in Central Switzerland before and after the start of the eradication, we provide evidence that BVDV is transmitted from cattle to sheep, and that the BVDV seroprevalence in sheep significantly decreased after its eradication in cattle. While BDV remains endemic in sheep, the population thus profited at least partially from BVD eradication in cattle. Importantly, on a national level, BVD eradication does not appear to be generally derailed by the presence of pestiviruses in sheep. However, with every single virus-positive cow, it is necessary to consider small ruminants as a potential source of infection, resulting in costly but essential investigations in the final stages of the eradication program.
Keywords	pestivirus ; bovine viral diarrhoea virus (BVDV) ; border disease virus (BDV) ; persistent infection ; seroprevalence ; virus transmission ; Veterinary medicine ; SF600-1100
Subject code	630
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-10-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	Frontiers Media S.A.
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: Establishment of well-differentiated camelid airway cultures to study Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus

Mitra Gultom / Annika Kratzel / Jasmine Portmann / Hanspeter Stalder / Astrid Chanfon Bätzner / Hans Gantenbein / Corinne Gurtner / Nadine Ebert / Hans Henrik Gad / Rune Hartmann / Horst Posthaus / Patrik Zanolari / Stephanie Pfaender / Volker Thiel / Ronald Dijkman

Scientific Reports, Vol 12, Iss 1, Pp 1-

2022 Volume 9

Abstract: Abstract In 2012, Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) emerged in Saudi Arabia and was mostly associated with severe respiratory illness in humans. Dromedary camels are the zoonotic reservoir for MERS-CoV. To investigate the biology of ...

Abstract	Abstract In 2012, Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) emerged in Saudi Arabia and was mostly associated with severe respiratory illness in humans. Dromedary camels are the zoonotic reservoir for MERS-CoV. To investigate the biology of MERS-CoV in camelids, we developed a well-differentiated airway epithelial cell (AEC) culture model for Llama glama and Camelus bactrianus. Histological characterization revealed progressive epithelial cellular differentiation with well-resemblance to autologous ex vivo tissues. We demonstrate that MERS-CoV displays a divergent cell tropism and replication kinetics profile in both AEC models. Furthermore, we observed that in the camelid AEC models MERS-CoV replication can be inhibited by both type I and III interferons (IFNs). In conclusion, we successfully established camelid AEC cultures that recapitulate the in vivo airway epithelium and reflect MERS-CoV infection in vivo. In combination with human AEC cultures, this system allows detailed characterization of the molecular basis of MERS-CoV cross-species transmission in respiratory epithelium.
Keywords	Medicine ; R ; Science ; Q
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-06-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	Nature Portfolio
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: A genome-wide CRISPR screen identifies interactors of the autophagy pathway as conserved coronavirus targets.

Annika Kratzel / Jenna N Kelly / Philip V'kovski / Jasmine Portmann / Yannick Brüggemann / Daniel Todt / Nadine Ebert / Neeta Shrestha / Philippe Plattet / Claudia A Staab-Weijnitz / Albrecht von Brunn / Eike Steinmann / Ronald Dijkman / Gert Zimmer / Stephanie Pfaender / Volker Thiel

PLoS Biology, Vol 19, Iss 12, p e

2021 Volume 3001490

Abstract: Over the past 20 years, 3 highly pathogenic human coronaviruses (HCoVs) have emerged-Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (SARS-CoV), Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV), and, most recently, Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ... ...

Abstract	Over the past 20 years, 3 highly pathogenic human coronaviruses (HCoVs) have emerged-Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (SARS-CoV), Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV), and, most recently, Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)-demonstrating that coronaviruses (CoVs) pose a serious threat to human health and highlighting the importance of developing effective therapies against them. Similar to other viruses, CoVs are dependent on host factors for their survival and replication. We hypothesized that evolutionarily distinct CoVs may exploit similar host factors and pathways to support their replication cycles. Herein, we conducted 2 independent genome-wide CRISPR/Cas-9 knockout (KO) screens to identify MERS-CoV and HCoV-229E host dependency factors (HDFs) required for HCoV replication in the human Huh7 cell line. Top scoring genes were further validated and assessed in the context of MERS-CoV and HCoV-229E infection as well as SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 infection. Strikingly, we found that several autophagy-related genes, including TMEM41B, MINAR1, and the immunophilin FKBP8, were common host factors required for pan-CoV replication. Importantly, inhibition of the immunophilin protein family with the compounds cyclosporine A, and the nonimmunosuppressive derivative alisporivir, resulted in dose-dependent inhibition of CoV replication in primary human nasal epithelial cell cultures, which recapitulate the natural site of virus replication. Overall, we identified host factors that are crucial for CoV replication and demonstrated that these factors constitute potential targets for therapeutic intervention by clinically approved drugs.
Keywords	Biology (General) ; QH301-705.5
Subject code	570
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-12-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	Public Library of Science (PLoS)
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: Disparate temperature-dependent virus-host dynamics for SARS-CoV-2 and SARS-CoV in the human respiratory epithelium.

PLoS Biology, Vol 19, Iss 3, p e

2021 Volume 3001158

Abstract: Since its emergence in December 2019, Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has spread globally and become a major public health burden. Despite its close phylogenetic relationship to SARS-CoV, SARS-CoV-2 exhibits increased human- ... ...

Abstract	Since its emergence in December 2019, Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has spread globally and become a major public health burden. Despite its close phylogenetic relationship to SARS-CoV, SARS-CoV-2 exhibits increased human-to-human transmission dynamics, likely due to efficient early replication in the upper respiratory epithelium of infected individuals. Since different temperatures encountered in the human upper and lower respiratory tract (33°C and 37°C, respectively) have been shown to affect the replication kinetics of several respiratory viruses, as well as host innate immune response dynamics, we investigated the impact of temperature on SARS-CoV-2 and SARS-CoV infection using the primary human airway epithelial cell culture model. SARS-CoV-2, in contrast to SARS-CoV, replicated to higher titers when infections were performed at 33°C rather than 37°C. Although both viruses were highly sensitive to type I and type III interferon pretreatment, a detailed time-resolved transcriptome analysis revealed temperature-dependent interferon and pro-inflammatory responses induced by SARS-CoV-2 that were inversely proportional to its replication efficiency at 33°C or 37°C. These data provide crucial insight on pivotal virus-host interaction dynamics and are in line with characteristic clinical features of SARS-CoV-2 and SARS-CoV, as well as their respective transmission efficiencies.
Keywords	Biology (General) ; QH301-705.5
Subject code	572
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-03-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	Public Library of Science (PLoS)
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: Determination of host proteins composing the microenvironment of coronavirus replicase complexes by proximity-labeling

Philip V'kovski / Markus Gerber / Jenna Kelly / Stephanie Pfaender / Nadine Ebert / Sophie Braga Lagache / Cedric Simillion / Jasmine Portmann / Hanspeter Stalder / Véronique Gaschen / Rémy Bruggmann / Michael H Stoffel / Manfred Heller / Ronald Dijkman / Volker Thiel

eLife, Vol

2019 Volume 8

Abstract: Positive-sense RNA viruses hijack intracellular membranes that provide niches for viral RNA synthesis and a platform for interactions with host proteins. However, little is known about host factors at the interface between replicase complexes and the ... ...

Abstract	Positive-sense RNA viruses hijack intracellular membranes that provide niches for viral RNA synthesis and a platform for interactions with host proteins. However, little is known about host factors at the interface between replicase complexes and the host cytoplasm. We engineered a biotin ligase into a coronaviral replication/transcription complex (RTC) and identified >500 host proteins constituting the RTC microenvironment. siRNA-silencing of each RTC-proximal host factor demonstrated importance of vesicular trafficking pathways, ubiquitin-dependent and autophagy-related processes, and translation initiation factors. Notably, detection of translation initiation factors at the RTC was instrumental to visualize and demonstrate active translation proximal to replication complexes of several coronaviruses. Collectively, we establish a spatial link between viral RNA synthesis and diverse host factors of unprecedented breadth. Our data may serve as a paradigm for other positive-strand RNA viruses and provide a starting point for a comprehensive analysis of critical virus-host interactions that represent targets for therapeutic intervention.
Keywords	coronavirus ; replicase complex ; proximity labeling ; virus-host interaction ; translation ; vesicular transport ; Medicine ; R ; Science ; Q ; Biology (General) ; QH301-705.5
Subject code	570
Language	English
Publishing date	2019-01-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	eLife Sciences Publications Ltd
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: Disparate temperature-dependent virus - host dynamics for SARS-CoV-2 and SARS-CoV in the human respiratory epithelium

Abstract: The human conductive respiratory tract spans a long anatomical distance and represents an important barrier to constrain invading respiratory pathogens. The disparate ambient temperatures found in the upper and lower respiratory tract have been ... ...

Abstract	The human conductive respiratory tract spans a long anatomical distance and represents an important barrier to constrain invading respiratory pathogens. The disparate ambient temperatures found in the upper and lower respiratory tract have been demonstrated to influence the replication kinetics of common cold viruses as well as the associated host responses. Here, we employed the human airway epithelial cell (hAEC) culture model to investigate the impact of ambient temperatures found in the upper and lower respiratory tract, 33°C and 37°C, respectively, on the viral replication kinetics and host innate immune response dynamics during SARS-CoV-2 and SARS-CoV infections. Strikingly, SARS-CoV-2, in contrast to SARS-CoV, replicated more efficiently at temperatures encountered in the upper respiratory tract, and displayed higher sensitivity to type I and type III IFNs than SARS-CoV. Time-resolved transcriptome analysis highlighted a temperature-dependent induction of IFN-mediated antiviral response, whose amplitude inversely correlated with the replication kinetic efficiencies of both SARS-CoV-2 and SARS-CoV at temperatures found in the upper and lower respiratory tract. Altogether, these data reflect clinical features of SARS-CoV-2 and SARS-CoV and subsequently, their associated human-to-human transmission efficiencies. They provide crucial insights of the profound impact of ambient temperatures on viral replication and associated pivotal virus - host interaction dynamics. This knowledge can be exploited for the development of novel intervention strategies against SARS-CoV-2.
Keywords	covid19
Publisher	biorxiv
Document type	Article ; Online
DOI	10.1101/2020.04.27.062315
Database	COVID19

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Article ; Online: Susceptibility of Well-Differentiated Airway Epithelial Cell Cultures from Domestic and Wild Animals to Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2

Mitra Gultom / Matthias Licheri / Laura Laloli / Manon Wider / Marina Strässle / Philip V’kovski / Silvio Steiner / Annika Kratzel / Tran Thi Nhu Thao / Lukas Probst / Hanspeter Stalder / Jasmine Portmann / Melle Holwerda / Nadine Ebert / Nadine Stokar-Regenscheit / Corinne Gurtner / Patrik Zanolari / Horst Posthaus / Simone Schuller /

Amanda Vicente-Santos / Andres Moreira-Soto / Eugenia Corrales-Aguilar / Nicolas Ruggli / Gergely Tekes / Veronika von Messling / Bevan Sawatsky / Volker Thiel / Ronald Dijkman

Emerging Infectious Diseases, Vol 27, Iss 7, Pp 1811-

2021 Volume 1820

Abstract: Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has spread globally, and the number of worldwide cases continues to rise. The zoonotic origins of SARS-CoV-2 and its intermediate and potential spillback host reservoirs, besides humans, remain ...

Abstract	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has spread globally, and the number of worldwide cases continues to rise. The zoonotic origins of SARS-CoV-2 and its intermediate and potential spillback host reservoirs, besides humans, remain largely unknown. Because of ethical and experimental constraints and more important, to reduce and refine animal experimentation, we used our repository of well-differentiated airway epithelial cell (AEC) cultures from various domesticated and wildlife animal species to assess their susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2. We observed that SARS-CoV-2 replicated efficiently only in monkey and cat AEC culture models. Whole-genome sequencing of progeny viruses revealed no obvious signs of nucleotide transitions required for SARS-CoV-2 to productively infect monkey and cat AEC cultures. Our findings, together with previous reports of human-to-animal spillover events, warrant close surveillance to determine the potential role of cats, monkeys, and closely related species as spillback reservoirs for SARS-CoV-2.
Keywords	animal experimentation ethics ; coronavirus disease ; disease reservoirs ; epidemics ; epithelial cells ; outbreaks ; Medicine ; R ; Infectious and parasitic diseases ; RC109-216
Subject code	630
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-07-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: Determination of host cell proteins constituting the molecular microenvironment of coronavirus replicase complexes by proximity-labeling

Philip, V’kovski / Markus, Gerber / Jenna, Kelly / Stephanie, Pfaender / Nadine, Ebert / Sophie, Braga Lagache / Cedric, Simillion / Jasmine, Portmann / Hanspeter, Stalder / Véronique, Gaschen / Remy, Bruggmann / Michael, Stoffel / Manfred, Heller / Ronald, Dijkman / Volker, Thiel

bioRxiv

Abstract	Positive-sense RNA viruses hijack intracellular membranes that provide niches for viral RNA synthesis and a platform for interactions with host proteins. However, little is known about host factors at the interface between replicase complexes and the host cytoplasm. We engineered a biotin ligase into a coronaviral replication/transcription complex (RTC) and identified >500 host proteins constituting the RTC microenvironment. siRNA-silencing of each RTC-proximal host factor demonstrated importance of vesicular trafficking pathways, ubiquitin-dependent and autophagy-related processes, and translation initiation factors. Notably, detection of translation initiation factors at the RTC was instrumental to visualize and demonstrate active translation proximal to replication complexes of several coronaviruses. Collectively, we establish a spatial link between viral RNA synthesis and diverse host factors of unprecedented breadth. Our data may serve as a paradigm for other positive-strand RNA viruses and provide a starting point for a comprehensive analysis of critical virus-host interactions that represent targets for therapeutic intervention.
Keywords	covid19
Publisher	BioRxiv; MedRxiv
Document type	Article ; Online
DOI	10.1101/417907
Database	COVID19

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Article ; Online: Different features of Vδ2 T and NK cells in fatal and non-fatal human Ebola infections.

Eleonora Cimini / Domenico Viola / Mar Cabeza-Cabrerizo / Antonella Romanelli / Nicola Tumino / Alessandra Sacchi / Veronica Bordoni / Rita Casetti / Federica Turchi / Federico Martini / Joseph A Bore / Fara Raymond Koundouno / Sophie Duraffour / Janine Michel / Tobias Holm / Elsa Gayle Zekeng / Lauren Cowley / Isabel Garcia Dorival / Juliane Doerrbecker /

Nicole Hetzelt / Jonathan H J Baum / Jasmine Portmann / Roman Wölfel / Martin Gabriel / Osvaldo Miranda / Graciliano Díaz / José E Díaz / Yoel A Fleites / Carlos A Piñeiro / Carlos M Castro / Lamine Koivogui / N'Faly Magassouba / Boubacar Diallo / Paula Ruibal / Lisa Oestereich / David M Wozniak / Anja Lüdtke / Beate Becker-Ziaja / Maria R Capobianchi / Giuseppe Ippolito / Miles W Carroll / Stephan Günther / Antonino Di Caro / César Muñoz-Fontela / Chiara Agrati

PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases, Vol 11, Iss 5, p e

2017 Volume 0005645

Abstract: Human Ebola infection is characterized by a paralysis of the immune system. A signature of αβ T cells in fatal Ebola infection has been recently proposed, while the involvement of innate immune cells in the protection/pathogenesis of Ebola infection is ... ...

Abstract	Human Ebola infection is characterized by a paralysis of the immune system. A signature of αβ T cells in fatal Ebola infection has been recently proposed, while the involvement of innate immune cells in the protection/pathogenesis of Ebola infection is unknown. Aim of this study was to analyze γδ T and NK cells in patients from the Ebola outbreak of 2014-2015 occurred in West Africa, and to assess their association with the clinical outcome.Nineteen Ebola-infected patients were enrolled at the time of admission to the Ebola Treatment Centre in Guinea. Patients were divided in two groups on the basis of the clinical outcome. The analysis was performed by using multiparametric flow cytometry established by the European Mobile Laboratory in the field. A low frequency of Vδ2 T-cells was observed during Ebola infection, independently from the clinical outcome. Moreover, Vδ2 T-cells from Ebola patients massively expressed CD95 apoptotic marker, suggesting the involvement of apoptotic mechanisms in Vδ2 T-cell loss. Interestingly, Vδ2 T-cells from survivors expressed an effector phenotype and presented a lower expression of the CTLA-4 exhaustion marker than fatalities, suggesting a role of effector Vδ2 T-cells in the protection. Furthermore, patients with fatal Ebola infection were characterized by a lower NK cell frequency than patients with non fatal infection. In particular, both CD56bright and CD56dim NK frequency were very low both in fatal and non fatal infections, while a higher frequency of CD56neg NK cells was associated to non-fatal infections. Finally, NK activation and expression of NKp46 and CD158a were independent from clinical outcome.Altogether, the data suggest that both effector Vδ2 T-cells and NK cells may play a role in the complex network of protective response to EBOV infection. Further studies are required to characterize the protective effector functions of Vδ2 and NK cells.
Keywords	Arctic medicine. Tropical medicine ; RC955-962 ; Public aspects of medicine ; RA1-1270
Subject code	610
Language	English
Publishing date	2017-05-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	Public Library of Science (PLoS)
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: European Surveillance for West Nile Virus in Mosquito Populations

Nicholas Johnson / Alexander Mathis / Francis Schaffner / Michele Dottori / Paolo Bonilauri / Mattia Calzolari / Ana Vázquez / Santiago Ruiz / Jasmine Portmann / Anya Rossi-Pedruzzi / Spiros Mourelatos / Eleonora Flacio / Mauro Tonolla / Nicola Patocchi / Gioia Capelli / Valentina Federici / Maria Goffredo / Hanna Jöst / Doreen Werner /

Anthony J. Wilson / Alexander Vaux / Jolyon Medlock / Helge Kampen / Martin H. Groschup / Jordi Figuerola / Anna Papa / Giovanni Savini / Olivier Engler

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, Vol 10, Iss 10, Pp 4869-

2013 Volume 4895

Abstract: A wide range of arthropod-borne viruses threaten both human and animal health either through their presence in Europe or through risk of introduction. Prominent among these is West Nile virus (WNV), primarily an avian virus, which has caused multiple ... ...

Abstract	A wide range of arthropod-borne viruses threaten both human and animal health either through their presence in Europe or through risk of introduction. Prominent among these is West Nile virus (WNV), primarily an avian virus, which has caused multiple outbreaks associated with human and equine mortality. Endemic outbreaks of West Nile fever have been reported in Italy, Greece, France, Romania, Hungary, Russia and Spain, with further spread expected. Most outbreaks in Western Europe have been due to infection with WNV Lineage 1. In Eastern Europe WNV Lineage 2 has been responsible for human and bird mortality, particularly in Greece, which has experienced extensive outbreaks over three consecutive years. Italy has experienced co-circulation with both virus lineages. The ability to manage this threat in a cost-effective way is dependent on early detection. Targeted surveillance for pathogens within mosquito populations offers the ability to detect viruses prior to their emergence in livestock, equine species or human populations. In addition, it can establish a baseline of mosquito-borne virus activity and allow monitoring of change to this over time. Early detection offers the opportunity to raise disease awareness, initiate vector control and preventative vaccination, now available for horses, and encourage personal protection against mosquito bites. This would have major benefits through financial savings and reduction in equid morbidity/mortality. However, effective surveillance that predicts virus outbreaks is challenged by a range of factors including limited resources, variation in mosquito capture rates (too few or too many), difficulties in mosquito identification, often reliant on specialist entomologists, and the sensitive, rapid detection of viruses in mosquito pools. Surveillance for WNV and other arboviruses within mosquito populations varies between European countries in the extent and focus of the surveillance. This study reviews the current status of WNV in mosquito populations across Europe and how this is informing our understanding of virus epidemiology. Key findings such as detection of virus, presence of vector species and invasive mosquito species are summarized, and some of the difficulties encountered when applying a cost-effective surveillance programme are highlighted.
Keywords	West Nile virus ; mosquito ; surveillance ; vector ; invasive species ; Medicine ; R
Language	English
Publishing date	2013-10-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	MDPI AG
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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