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  1. Article: SARS-CoV-2 mechanisms of cell tropism in various organs considering host factors.

    Behboudi, Emad / Nooreddin Faraji, Seyed / Daryabor, Gholamreza / Mohammad Ali Hashemi, Seyed / Asadi, Maryam / Edalat, Fahime / Javad Raee, Mohammad / Hatam, Gholamreza

    Heliyon

    2024  Volume 10, Issue 4, Page(s) e26577

    Abstract: A critical step in the drug design for SARS-CoV-2 is to discover its molecular targets. This study comprehensively reviewed the molecular mechanisms of SARS-CoV-2, exploring host cell tropism and interaction targets crucial for cell entry. The findings ... ...

    Abstract A critical step in the drug design for SARS-CoV-2 is to discover its molecular targets. This study comprehensively reviewed the molecular mechanisms of SARS-CoV-2, exploring host cell tropism and interaction targets crucial for cell entry. The findings revealed that beyond ACE2 as the primary entry receptor, alternative receptors, co-receptors, and several proteases such as TMPRSS2, Furin, Cathepsin L, and ADAM play critical roles in virus entry and subsequent pathogenesis. Additionally, SARS-CoV-2 displays tropism in various human organs due to its diverse receptors. This review delves into the intricate details of receptors, host proteases, and the involvement of each organ. Polymorphisms in the ACE2 receptor and mutations in the spike or its RBD region contribute to the emergence of variants like Alpha, Beta, Gamma, Delta, and Omicron, impacting the pathogenicity of SARS-CoV-2. The challenge posed by mutations raises questions about the effectiveness of existing vaccines and drugs, necessitating consideration for updates in their formulations. In the urgency of these critical situations, repurposed drugs such as Camostat Mesylate and Nafamostat Mesylate emerge as viable pharmaceutical options. Numerous drugs are involved in inhibiting receptors and host factors crucial for SARS-CoV-2 entry, with most discussed in this review. In conclusion, this study may provide valuable insights to inform decisions in therapeutic approaches.
    Language English
    Publishing date 2024-02-20
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article ; Review
    ZDB-ID 2835763-2
    ISSN 2405-8440
    ISSN 2405-8440
    DOI 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e26577
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  2. Article: C-20 ketone reduction of hydrocortisone by rice field microalga Chlorella vulgaris MCCS 013

    Ghasemi, Younes / Rasoul-Amini, Sara / Hossein Morowvat, Mohammad / Bagher Ghoshoon, Mohammad / Javad Raee, Mohammad / Khoubani, Soraya / Negintaji, Narges / Nouri, Fatemeh / Parvizi, Rezvan

    Chemistry of natural compounds. 2009 Nov., v. 45, no. 6

    2009  

    Abstract: A unicellular microalga, Chlorella vulgaris, was isolated from rice field and applied in the biotransformation experiment of hydrocortisone (1). This strain has not been previously tested for hydrocortisone bioconversion. Fermentation was carried out in ... ...

    Abstract A unicellular microalga, Chlorella vulgaris, was isolated from rice field and applied in the biotransformation experiment of hydrocortisone (1). This strain has not been previously tested for hydrocortisone bioconversion. Fermentation was carried out in BG-11 medium supplemented with 0.05% substrate at 25°C for 14 days incubation. The products obtained were chromatographically purified followed by their characterization using spectroscopic methods. 11β,17α,20β,21-Tetrahydroxypregn-4-en-3-one (2), 11β,17β-dihydroxyandrost-4-en-3-one (3), and 11β-hydroxyandrost-4-ene-3,17-dione (4) were the main bioproducts in the hydrocortisone bioconversion. Bioreaction characteristics observed were 20-ketone reduction for accumulation of compound 2 and side chain degradation of the substrate to prepare compounds 3 and 4. Time course study showed the accumulation of the product 2 from the second day of the fermentation and 3 as well as 4 from the third day. All the metabolites reached their maximum concentration in seven days. Microalgal 18S rRNA gene was also amplified by PCR. PCR products were sequenced to confirm their authenticity as 18S rRNA gene of microalgae. The result of PCR blasted with other sequenced microalgae in NCBI showed 100% homology to the 18S small subunit rRNA of six strains of Chlorella vulgaris.
    Keywords Chlorella vulgaris ; biobased products ; biotransformation ; cortisol ; fermentation ; genes ; ketones ; metabolites ; microalgae ; paddies ; polymerase chain reaction ; ribosomal RNA ; spectroscopy
    Language English
    Dates of publication 2009-11
    Size p. 824-828.
    Publisher Springer US
    Publishing place Boston
    Document type Article
    ZDB-ID 213866-9
    ISSN 0009-3130
    ISSN 0009-3130
    DOI 10.1007/s10600-010-9496-6
    Database NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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