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  1. Article ; Online: Spatial and Temporal Variability of Saxitoxin-Producing Cyanobacteria in U.S. Urban Lakes.

    Jeon, Youchul / Struewing, Ian / McIntosh, Kyle / Tidd, Marcie / Webb, Laura / Ryu, Hodon / Mash, Heath / Lu, Jingrang

    Toxins

    2024  Volume 16, Issue 2

    Abstract: Harmful cyanobacterial blooms (HCBs) are of growing global concern due to their production of toxic compounds, which threaten ecosystems and human health. Saxitoxins (STXs), commonly known as paralytic shellfish poison, are a neurotoxic alkaloid produced ...

    Abstract Harmful cyanobacterial blooms (HCBs) are of growing global concern due to their production of toxic compounds, which threaten ecosystems and human health. Saxitoxins (STXs), commonly known as paralytic shellfish poison, are a neurotoxic alkaloid produced by some cyanobacteria. Although many field studies indicate a widespread distribution of STX, it is understudied relative to other cyanotoxins such as microcystins (MCs). In this study, we assessed eleven U.S. urban lakes using qPCR,
    MeSH term(s) Humans ; Saxitoxin/analysis ; Lakes/analysis ; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/genetics ; Ecosystem ; Cyanobacteria/genetics ; Aphanizomenon/genetics
    Chemical Substances Saxitoxin (35523-89-8) ; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S
    Language English
    Publishing date 2024-02-01
    Publishing country Switzerland
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 2518395-3
    ISSN 2072-6651 ; 2072-6651
    ISSN (online) 2072-6651
    ISSN 2072-6651
    DOI 10.3390/toxins16020070
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  2. Article ; Online: Impact of harmful algal bloom severity on bacterial communities in a full-scale biological filtration system for drinking water treatment.

    Jeon, Youchul / Li, Lei / Bhatia, Mudit / Ryu, Hodon / Santo Domingo, Jorge W / Brown, Jess / Goetz, Jake / Seo, Youngwoo

    The Science of the total environment

    2024  Volume 927, Page(s) 171301

    Abstract: The occurrence of harmful algal blooms (HABs) in freshwater environments has been expanded worldwide with growing frequency and severity. HABs can pose a threat to public water supplies, raising concerns about safety of treated water. Many studies have ... ...

    Abstract The occurrence of harmful algal blooms (HABs) in freshwater environments has been expanded worldwide with growing frequency and severity. HABs can pose a threat to public water supplies, raising concerns about safety of treated water. Many studies have provided valuable information about the impacts of HABs and management strategies on the early-stage treatment processes (e.g., pre-oxidation and coagulation/flocculation) in conventional drinking water treatment plants (DWTPs). However, the potential effect of HAB-impacted water in the granular media filtration has not been well studied. Biologically-active filters (BAFs), which are used in drinking water treatment and rely largely on bacterial community interactions, have not been examined during HABs in full-scale DWTPs. In this study, we assessed the bacterial community structure of BAFs, functional profiles, assembly processes, and bio-interactions in the community during both severe and mild HABs. Our findings indicate that bacterial diversity in BAFs significantly decreases during severe HABs due to the predominance of bloom-associated bacteria (e.g., Spingopyxis, Porphyrobacter, and Sphingomonas). The excitation-emission matrix combined with parallel factor analysis (EEM-PARAFAC) confirmed that filter influent affected by the severe HAB contained a higher portion of protein-like substances than filter influent samples during a mild bloom. In addition, BAF community functions showed increases in metabolisms associated with intracellular algal organic matter (AOM), such as lipids and amino acids, during severe HABs. Further ecological process and network analyses revealed that severe HAB, accompanied by the abundance of bloom-associated taxa and increased nutrient availability, led to not only strong stochastic processes in the assembly process, but also a bacterial community with lower complexity in BAFs. Overall, this study provides deeper insights into BAF bacterial community structure, function, and assembly in response to HABs.
    MeSH term(s) Water Purification/methods ; Drinking Water/microbiology ; Harmful Algal Bloom ; Filtration ; Bacteria ; Microbiota ; Water Microbiology
    Chemical Substances Drinking Water
    Language English
    Publishing date 2024-02-28
    Publishing country Netherlands
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 121506-1
    ISSN 1879-1026 ; 0048-9697
    ISSN (online) 1879-1026
    ISSN 0048-9697
    DOI 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.171301
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  3. Article ; Online: Review: Current understanding on biological filtration for the removal of microcystins.

    Jeon, Youchul / Baranwal, Parul / Li, Lei / Piezer, Kayla / Seo, Youngwoo

    Chemosphere

    2022  Volume 313, Page(s) 137160

    Abstract: Harmful algal blooms (HABs) have become a global problem not only in aquatic habitats but also in public health and safety due to the production of cyanotoxins as their secondary metabolites. Among the various identified cyanotoxin groups, microcystins ( ... ...

    Abstract Harmful algal blooms (HABs) have become a global problem not only in aquatic habitats but also in public health and safety due to the production of cyanotoxins as their secondary metabolites. Among the various identified cyanotoxin groups, microcystins (MCs) are one of the most prevalent cyanotoxin detected during HABs. Different strategies including advanced physical and chemical treatment processes have been developed to mitigate the threat of cyanotoxins in water utilities, but these have revealed certain limitations in terms of high operational costs, low removal efficacy, and harmful by-products formation. Recently, biological filtration systems (BFS) have gained attention for safe drinking water production as they can treat various natural organic matter (NOM) and emerging contaminants through a highly efficient and environmentally sustainable process. However, limited attention has been given to understand the current research progress, research challenges, and knowledge gaps for the successful implementation of BFS for MC removal. Therefore, in this review, currently identified MC biodegradation pathways and MC-degrading microorganisms with their degradation rates are summarized, which may be pivotal for studying bioaugmented BFS to enhance the MC removal during HABs. Moreover, both laboratory and field studies on BFS for MC removal are reviewed, followed by a discussion of current challenges and future research needs for the practical application of BFS.
    Language English
    Publishing date 2022-11-07
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 120089-6
    ISSN 1879-1298 ; 0045-6535 ; 0366-7111
    ISSN (online) 1879-1298
    ISSN 0045-6535 ; 0366-7111
    DOI 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.137160
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  4. Article: Assessing the chemical compositions and disinfection byproduct formation of biofilms: Application of fluorescence excitation-emission spectroscopy coupled with parallel factor analysis

    Li, Lei / Jeon, Youchul / Ryu, Hodon / Santo Domingo, Jorge W / Seo, Youngwoo

    Elsevier Ltd Chemosphere. 2020 May, v. 246

    2020  

    Abstract: There are increased concerns over the contributions of biofilms to disinfection byproduct (DBP) formation in engineered water systems (EWS). However, monitoring the biomolecular characteristics of biofilms to understand their impacts on DBP formation has ...

    Abstract There are increased concerns over the contributions of biofilms to disinfection byproduct (DBP) formation in engineered water systems (EWS). However, monitoring the biomolecular characteristics of biofilms to understand their impacts on DBP formation has been a great challenge as it requires complex analytical techniques. This study aimed to examine the applicability of fluorescence excitation-emission matrices (EEMs) coupled with parallel factor analysis (PARAFAC) to assess the chemical compositions and DBP formation of biofilms. Biofilms were collected from reactors grown on R2A media, as well as two drinking water-related organic substrates such as humic substances and algal organic matter. The chemical composition and formation of carbonaceous and nitrogenous DBPs of biofilms were continuously monitored every 21 days for 168 days and correlated with the derived EEM-PARAFAC components. Results indicated that all biofilm samples comprised mostly of protein-like components (∼90%), and to a lesser extent, humic-like components (∼10%). Strong correlations were generally found between tryptophan-like substances and the studied DBP formation (R2min ≥ 0.76, P < 0.05), indicating that they play a major role in producing biofilm-derived DBPs upon chlorination. Moreover, significant discrepancies between the chemical compositions and DBP formation of biofilms and their corresponding feed solutions were observed, likely due to biotransformation and biosorption processes. Overall, this work highlights that EEM-PARAFAC analysis is a promising tool to monitor the biomolecular characteristics of biofilm components and to predict the subsequent DBP formation in optimizing disinfection protocols for EWS.
    Keywords algae ; biofilm ; biosorption ; biotransformation ; byproducts ; chlorination ; disinfection ; drinking water ; factor analysis ; fluorescence ; humic substances ; monitoring ; spectroscopy
    Language English
    Dates of publication 2020-05
    Publishing place Elsevier Ltd
    Document type Article
    ZDB-ID 120089-6
    ISSN 1879-1298 ; 0045-6535 ; 0366-7111
    ISSN (online) 1879-1298
    ISSN 0045-6535 ; 0366-7111
    DOI 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.125745
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  5. Article: Impact of algal organic matter on the performance, cyanotoxin removal, and biofilms of biologically-active filtration systems

    Jeon, Youchul / Li, Lei / Calvillo, Jose / Ryu, Hodon / Santo Domingo, Jorge W / Choi, Onekyun / Brown, Jess / Seo, Youngwoo

    Elsevier Ltd Water research. 2020 Oct. 01, v. 184

    2020  

    Abstract: The occurrence of harmful algal blooms dominated by toxic cyanobacteria has induced continuous loadings of algal organic matter (AOM) and toxins in drinking water treatment plants. However, the impact of AOM on the active biofilms and microbial community ...

    Abstract The occurrence of harmful algal blooms dominated by toxic cyanobacteria has induced continuous loadings of algal organic matter (AOM) and toxins in drinking water treatment plants. However, the impact of AOM on the active biofilms and microbial community structures of biologically-active filtration (BAF), which directly affects the contaminant removal, is not well understood. In this study, we systematically examined the effects of AOM on BAF performance and bacterial biofilm formation over 240 days, tracing the removal of specific AOM components, a cyanotoxin [microcystin-LR (MC-LR)], and microbial community responses. The component analysis (excitation and emission matrix analysis) results for AOM revealed that terrestrial humic-like substances showed the highest removal among all the identified components and were strongly correlated to MC-LR removal. In addition, reduced empty bed contact time and deactivation of biofilms significantly decreased BAF performances for both AOM and MC-LR. The active biofilm, bacterial community structure, and mlrA gene (involved in microcystin degradation) abundance demonstrated that bacterial biofilm composition responded to AOM and MC-LR, in which Rhodocyclaceae, Saprospiraceae, and Comamonadaceae were dominant. In addition, MC-LR biodegradation appeared to be more active at the top than at the bottom layer in BAF. Overall, this study provides deeper insights into the role of biofilms and filter operation on the fate of AOM and MC-LR in BAF.
    Keywords Comamonadaceae ; Cyanobacteria ; Rhodocyclaceae ; algae ; bacterial communities ; biodegradation ; biofilm ; community structure ; filtration ; genes ; microcystin-LR ; organic matter ; research ; toxicity ; water
    Language English
    Dates of publication 2020-1001
    Publishing place Elsevier Ltd
    Document type Article
    Note NAL-AP-2-clean
    ZDB-ID 202613-2
    ISSN 1879-2448 ; 0043-1354
    ISSN (online) 1879-2448
    ISSN 0043-1354
    DOI 10.1016/j.watres.2020.116120
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  6. Article ; Online: Dynamics of the physiochemical and community structures of biofilms under the influence of algal organic matter and humic substances.

    Li, Lei / Jeon, Youchul / Lee, Sang-Hoon / Ryu, Hodon / Santo Domingo, Jorge W / Seo, Youngwoo

    Water research

    2019  Volume 158, Page(s) 136–145

    Abstract: Increased loading of algal organic matter (AOM) during harmful algal blooms not only burdens water treatment processes but also challenges safe drinking water delivery. While organic constituents promote biofilm growth in drinking water distribution ... ...

    Abstract Increased loading of algal organic matter (AOM) during harmful algal blooms not only burdens water treatment processes but also challenges safe drinking water delivery. While organic constituents promote biofilm growth in drinking water distribution systems (DWDS), the effects of AOM on biofilm formation in DWDS are not well understood. Herein, three parallel biofilm reactors were used to assess and compare how treated AOM- and humic substance (HS)-impacted bulk water, and R2A medium (a control) affect biofilm development for 168 days. The 16S rRNA gene sequencing analysis revealed that the bacterial communities in biofilms were clustered with the organic matter types in bulk water, where Family Comamonadaceae was the most dominant but showed different temporal dynamics depending on the organic matter characteristics in bulk water. Higher diversity was observed in the biofilms grown in AOM-impacted bulk water (BFAOM) than biofilms grown in HS-impacted (BFHS) and R2A-impacted bulk water (BFR2A) as the biofilms matured. In addition, some taxa (e.g., Rhodobacteraceae and Sphingomonadaceae) were enriched in BFAOM compared to BFHS and BFR2A. The biofilm image analysis results indicated that compared to BFHS, BFAOM and BFR2A had relatively thinner and heterogeneous physical structures with lower amounts of cell biomass, extracellular polymeric substances (EPS), and higher EPS protein/polysaccharide ratios. Overall, this study revealed how AOM- and HS-impacted bulk water shape the physiochemical and community structures of biofilms, which can provide insights into assessing biofilm-associated risks and optimizing disinfection practices for biofilm control in DWDS.
    MeSH term(s) Biofilms ; Disinfection ; Drinking Water ; Humic Substances ; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S
    Chemical Substances Drinking Water ; Humic Substances ; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S
    Language English
    Publishing date 2019-04-10
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 202613-2
    ISSN 1879-2448 ; 0043-1354
    ISSN (online) 1879-2448
    ISSN 0043-1354
    DOI 10.1016/j.watres.2019.04.014
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  7. Article ; Online: Assessing the chemical compositions and disinfection byproduct formation of biofilms: Application of fluorescence excitation-emission spectroscopy coupled with parallel factor analysis.

    Li, Lei / Jeon, Youchul / Ryu, Hodon / Santo Domingo, Jorge W / Seo, Youngwoo

    Chemosphere

    2019  Volume 246, Page(s) 125745

    Abstract: There are increased concerns over the contributions of biofilms to disinfection byproduct (DBP) formation in engineered water systems (EWS). However, monitoring the biomolecular characteristics of biofilms to understand their impacts on DBP formation has ...

    Abstract There are increased concerns over the contributions of biofilms to disinfection byproduct (DBP) formation in engineered water systems (EWS). However, monitoring the biomolecular characteristics of biofilms to understand their impacts on DBP formation has been a great challenge as it requires complex analytical techniques. This study aimed to examine the applicability of fluorescence excitation-emission matrices (EEMs) coupled with parallel factor analysis (PARAFAC) to assess the chemical compositions and DBP formation of biofilms. Biofilms were collected from reactors grown on R2A media, as well as two drinking water-related organic substrates such as humic substances and algal organic matter. The chemical composition and formation of carbonaceous and nitrogenous DBPs of biofilms were continuously monitored every 21 days for 168 days and correlated with the derived EEM-PARAFAC components. Results indicated that all biofilm samples comprised mostly of protein-like components (∼90%), and to a lesser extent, humic-like components (∼10%). Strong correlations were generally found between tryptophan-like substances and the studied DBP formation (R
    MeSH term(s) Biofilms ; Disinfectants/analysis ; Disinfection/methods ; Drinking Water/chemistry ; Factor Analysis, Statistical ; Fluorescence ; Halogenation ; Humic Substances/analysis ; Nitrogen/analysis ; Spectrometry, Fluorescence/methods ; Water Pollutants, Chemical/analysis ; Water Purification/methods
    Chemical Substances Disinfectants ; Drinking Water ; Humic Substances ; Water Pollutants, Chemical ; Nitrogen (N762921K75)
    Language English
    Publishing date 2019-12-27
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 120089-6
    ISSN 1879-1298 ; 0045-6535 ; 0366-7111
    ISSN (online) 1879-1298
    ISSN 0045-6535 ; 0366-7111
    DOI 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.125745
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  8. Article: Dynamics of the physiochemical and community structures of biofilms under the influence of algal organic matter and humic substances

    Li, Lei / Jeon, Youchul / Lee, Sang-Hoon / Ryu, Hodon / Santo Domingo, Jorge W / Seo, Youngwoo

    Elsevier Ltd Water research. 2019 July 01, v. 158

    2019  

    Abstract: Increased loading of algal organic matter (AOM) during harmful algal blooms not only burdens water treatment processes but also challenges safe drinking water delivery. While organic constituents promote biofilm growth in drinking water distribution ... ...

    Abstract Increased loading of algal organic matter (AOM) during harmful algal blooms not only burdens water treatment processes but also challenges safe drinking water delivery. While organic constituents promote biofilm growth in drinking water distribution systems (DWDS), the effects of AOM on biofilm formation in DWDS are not well understood. Herein, three parallel biofilm reactors were used to assess and compare how treated AOM- and humic substance (HS)-impacted bulk water, and R2A medium (a control) affect biofilm development for 168 days. The 16S rRNA gene sequencing analysis revealed that the bacterial communities in biofilms were clustered with the organic matter types in bulk water, where Family Comamonadaceae was the most dominant but showed different temporal dynamics depending on the organic matter characteristics in bulk water. Higher diversity was observed in the biofilms grown in AOM-impacted bulk water (BFAOM) than biofilms grown in HS-impacted (BFHS) and R2A-impacted bulk water (BFR2A) as the biofilms matured. In addition, some taxa (e.g., Rhodobacteraceae and Sphingomonadaceae) were enriched in BFAOM compared to BFHS and BFR2A. The biofilm image analysis results indicated that compared to BFHS, BFAOM and BFR2A had relatively thinner and heterogeneous physical structures with lower amounts of cell biomass, extracellular polymeric substances (EPS), and higher EPS protein/polysaccharide ratios. Overall, this study revealed how AOM- and HS-impacted bulk water shape the physiochemical and community structures of biofilms, which can provide insights into assessing biofilm-associated risks and optimizing disinfection practices for biofilm control in DWDS.
    Keywords Comamonadaceae ; Rhodobacteraceae ; Sphingomonadaceae ; algae ; algal blooms ; bacterial communities ; biofilm ; biomass ; disinfection ; drinking water ; humic substances ; image analysis ; polymers ; polysaccharides ; ribosomal RNA ; risk ; sequence analysis ; temporal variation ; water distribution ; water treatment
    Language English
    Dates of publication 2019-0701
    Size p. 136-145.
    Publishing place Elsevier Ltd
    Document type Article
    ZDB-ID 202613-2
    ISSN 1879-2448 ; 0043-1354
    ISSN (online) 1879-2448
    ISSN 0043-1354
    DOI 10.1016/j.watres.2019.04.014
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  9. Article ; Online: Feasibility of using a particle counter or flow-cytometer for bacterial enumeration in the assimilable organic carbon (AOC) analysis method.

    Aggarwal, Srijan / Jeon, Youchul / Hozalski, Raymond M

    Biodegradation

    2015  Volume 26, Issue 5, Page(s) 387–397

    Abstract: Assimilable organic carbon (AOC) is one of the major determinants of microbial growth and stability in drinking water distribution systems. Nevertheless, AOC measurements are rarely conducted in practice owing, in part, to the tedious and time-consuming ... ...

    Abstract Assimilable organic carbon (AOC) is one of the major determinants of microbial growth and stability in drinking water distribution systems. Nevertheless, AOC measurements are rarely conducted in practice owing, in part, to the tedious and time-consuming nature of the bioassay. Herein, we compared three alternative cell count approaches [flow cytometry with staining (FC-S), flow cytometry without staining (FC-NS), and particle counting (Coulter counter; CC)] for bacterial enumeration as a means to expedite the AOC bioassay. Our results suggest that of the three methods only FC-S provides a suitable alternative to plate counting for rapid and accurate enumeration of both P17 and NOX in the AOC bioassay. While the cell counts obtained by FC-NS were linearly correlated with those obtained using the traditional heterotrophic plate count (HPC) method (FC-NS: R(2) = 0.89-0.96), the AOC values obtained by FC-NS were overestimated by 18-57 %. The CC approach was unsuccessful in enumerating Spirillum strain NOX cells because of the relatively small size of that organism. The CC counts were linearly correlated with HPC for Pseudomonas fluorescens strain P-17 (P17) cells (R(2) = 0.83) but like FC-NS, the CC approach also overestimated the AOC values (for P-17). The advantage of the FC-S method over the other two is improved sensitivity and the ability to specifically enumerate whole cells (and likely viable) as opposed to non-viable cells, cell debris, and other contaminating particles introduced by the test water itself or sample handling.
    MeSH term(s) Bacteria/cytology ; Bacteria/growth & development ; Bacteria/metabolism ; Carbon/metabolism ; Drinking Water/microbiology ; Flow Cytometry/methods ; Water Purification
    Chemical Substances Drinking Water ; Carbon (7440-44-0)
    Language English
    Publishing date 2015-09
    Publishing country Netherlands
    Document type Evaluation Studies ; Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't ; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.
    ZDB-ID 1056014-2
    ISSN 1572-9729 ; 0923-9820
    ISSN (online) 1572-9729
    ISSN 0923-9820
    DOI 10.1007/s10532-015-9741-6
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  10. Article ; Online: Ecological insights into assembly processes and network structures of bacterial biofilms in full-scale biologically active carbon filters under ozone implementation.

    Li, Lei / Ning, Daliang / Jeon, Youchul / Ryu, Hodon / Santo Domingo, Jorge W / Kang, Dae-Wook / Kadudula, Anusha / Seo, Youngwoo

    The Science of the total environment

    2020  Volume 751, Page(s) 141409

    Abstract: To address the adverse effects of harmful algal blooms, there are increased demands over the implementation of ozone coupled with biologically active carbon (BAC) filters in the drinking water treatment plants. Although the microbial biofilms are vital ... ...

    Abstract To address the adverse effects of harmful algal blooms, there are increased demands over the implementation of ozone coupled with biologically active carbon (BAC) filters in the drinking water treatment plants. Although the microbial biofilms are vital elements to support the proper performance of BAC filters, except for taxonomic affiliations, little is known about the assembly mechanisms of microbial communities in the full-scale BAC filters. This study aimed to examine how the assembly processes and their associated factors (e.g., influent characteristics, biological interactions) drive the temporal dynamics of bacterial communities in full-scale BAC filters, which underwent ozone implementation (five consecutive seasons from 2017 to 2018). The results revealed that along with the increase of bacterial taxonomic richness and evenness, stochastic processes became more crucial to determine the bacterial community assembly in the summer and autumn after ozone implementation (relative contribution: 61.23% and 83.75%, respectively). Moreover, their corresponding networks possessed simple network structures with lower modularity than other seasons, which implied lesser biological interactions among bacterial populations. The correlation between taxonomic and predicted functional diversities using functional redundancy index indicated that relatively high levels of bacterial functional redundancy (>0.83) were generally present in BAC filters. However, compared to other seasons, significantly higher degrees of functional redundancy existed in the summer and autumn after ozone implementation (0.85 ± 0.01 and 0.86 ± 0.01, respectively). Overall, this work improves our understanding of the microbial ecology of full-scale BAC filters by providing a conceptual framework that characterizes bacterial biofilm assembly processes relevant to performance optimization of full-scale BAC filters.
    MeSH term(s) Bacteria ; Biofilms ; Charcoal ; Ozone ; Water Purification
    Chemical Substances Charcoal (16291-96-6) ; Ozone (66H7ZZK23N)
    Language English
    Publishing date 2020-08-08
    Publishing country Netherlands
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 121506-1
    ISSN 1879-1026 ; 0048-9697
    ISSN (online) 1879-1026
    ISSN 0048-9697
    DOI 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.141409
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