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  1. Article ; Online: Incentivizing stewardship in a biodiversity hot spot

    Raphael Anammasiya Ayambire / Jeremy Pittman / Andrea Olive

    FACETS, Vol 6, Iss 1, Pp 1307-

    land managers in the grasslands

    2021  Volume 1322

    Abstract: Federal and provincial governments of Canada recently signed onto a Pan-Canadian Approach to Transforming Species at Risk Conservation. The approach is based on collaboration among jurisdictions and stakeholders to enhance multiple species and ecosystem- ... ...

    Abstract Federal and provincial governments of Canada recently signed onto a Pan-Canadian Approach to Transforming Species at Risk Conservation. The approach is based on collaboration among jurisdictions and stakeholders to enhance multiple species and ecosystem-based conservation in selected biodiversity hot spots. In this review paper, we focus on one of the biodiversity hot spots—the South of the Divide area in the province of Saskatchewan—to propose appropriate mechanisms to incentivize stewardship on agricultural Crown lands. Through a focused review and synthesis of empirical studies, we propose a range of policy instruments and incentives that can help deliver multi-species at risk conservation on Crown agricultural lands in Saskatchewan. We outline a range of policy instruments and incentives that are relevant to conservation on Crown agricultural lands and argue that a portfolio of options will have the greatest social acceptability. More germane is the need to foster collaboration between the government of Saskatchewan, other provincial/territorial governments, and the federal government, nongovernmental organizations, and land managers. Such collaboration is critical for enhanced decision-making and institutional change that reflects the urgent call for creating awareness of species at risk policies, building trust, and leveraging the local knowledge of land managers for conservation.
    Keywords species at risk conservation ; grassland ecosystems ; land stewardship ; incentives ; policy ; Education ; L ; Science ; Q
    Subject code 333
    Language English
    Publishing date 2021-01-01T00:00:00Z
    Publisher Canadian Science Publishing
    Document type Article ; Online
    Database BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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  2. Article ; Online: How does network governance affect social-ecological fit across the land-sea interface? An empirical assessment from the Lesser Antilles

    Jeremy Pittman / Derek Armitage

    Ecology and Society, Vol 22, Iss 4, p

    2017  Volume 5

    Abstract: Governance across the land-sea interface presents many challenges related to (1) the engagement of diverse actors and systems of knowledge, (2) the coordinated management of shared ecological resources, and (3) the development of mechanisms to address or ...

    Abstract Governance across the land-sea interface presents many challenges related to (1) the engagement of diverse actors and systems of knowledge, (2) the coordinated management of shared ecological resources, and (3) the development of mechanisms to address or account for biogeochemical (e.g., nutrient flows) and ecological (e.g., species movements) interdependencies between marine and terrestrial systems. If left unaddressed, these challenges can lead to multiple problems of social-ecological fit stemming from governance fragmentation or inattention to various components of land-sea systems. Network governance is hypothesized to address these multiple challenges, yet its specific role in affecting social-ecological fit across the land-sea interface is not well understood. We aim to improve this understanding by examining how network governance affects social-ecological fit across the land-sea interface in two empirical case studies from the Lesser Antilles: Dominica and Saint Lucia. We found that network governance plays a clear role in coordinating management of shared resources and providing capacity to address interactions between ecological entities. Yet, its potential role in engaging diverse actors and addressing, specifically, biogeochemical interactions across the land-sea interface has not been fully realized. Our research suggests that network governance is beneficial, but not sufficient, to improve social-ecological fit across the land-sea interface. Strategically leveraging the network processes (e.g., triadic closure) leading to the existing governance networks could prove useful in addressing the current deficiencies in the networks. Additionally, the interplay between hierarchical and networked modes of governance appears to be a critical issue in determining social-ecological fit at the land-sea interface.
    Keywords land– ; sea interface ; multilevel exponential random graphs ; network governance ; social-ecological fit ; social-ecological networks ; Biology (General) ; QH301-705.5 ; Ecology ; QH540-549.5
    Subject code 650 ; 333
    Language English
    Publishing date 2017-12-01T00:00:00Z
    Publisher Resilience Alliance
    Document type Article ; Online
    Database BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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  3. Article ; Online: Negotiating the use of biodiversity in marine areas beyond national jurisdiction

    Robert Blasiak / Jeremy Pittman / Nobuyuki Yagi / Hiroaki Sugino

    Frontiers in Marine Science, Vol

    2016  Volume 3

    Abstract: A relatively small group of states is disproportionately active in marine areas beyond national jurisdiction (ABNJ), raising questions of equity, while a myriad of sectoral regulations and guidelines spread across multiple international bodies has led to ...

    Abstract A relatively small group of states is disproportionately active in marine areas beyond national jurisdiction (ABNJ), raising questions of equity, while a myriad of sectoral regulations and guidelines spread across multiple international bodies has led to uneven conservation and use of biological diversity and resources in these areas. Within this context, the UN General Assembly resolved in 2015 to begin negotiations on an international legally-binding instrument to conserve and protect biodiversity in ABNJ, with the negotiations framed by four issues: (1) marine genetic resources, including questions on the sharing of benefits; (2) measures such as area-based management tools, including marine protected areas; (3) environmental impact assessments; (4) capacity building and the transfer of marine technology. Yet our analysis demonstrates that least developed countries (LDCs) and small island developing states (SIDS) are significantly under-represented in regional and international meetings on such issues, while the authorship of academic literature on these topics is dominated to an unusual extent by Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) member states (97%). Statistical analysis of delegation statements delivered during the first round of negotiations following the UN General Assembly resolution also illustrates that the interests of OECD member states differ substantially from LDCs and SIDS, suggesting that imbalanced representation has the potential to result in skewed negotiations. Moreover, the restriction on negotiating parties not to undermine the mandate of existing organizations limits their maneuverability, and may hamper progress towards achieving ambitious time-bound commitments to promote sustainable resource use and reduce inequality (e.g. under the Sustainable Development Goals and Aichi Targets). With ABNJ covering half the world’s surface, self-interested compliance with new regulations is the most promising pathway to conservation and sustainable use, yet remains unlikely ...
    Keywords International Cooperation ; Network analysis ; governance ; Marine Biodiversity ; High seas ; Inequality ; Science ; Q ; General. Including nature conservation ; geographical distribution ; QH1-199.5
    Subject code 333
    Language English
    Publishing date 2016-11-01T00:00:00Z
    Publisher Frontiers Media S.A.
    Document type Article ; Online
    Database BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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  4. Article: Co-benefits of integrating climate change adaptation and mitigation in the Canadian energy sector

    Hennessey, Ryan / Allan Douglas / Annette Morand / Jeremy Pittman

    Energy policy. 2017 Dec., v. 111

    2017  

    Abstract: The integration of climate change adaptation and mitigation theoretically provides four co-benefits of interest to the Canadian energy sector: 1) reduced competition for resources, referring to capital savings resulting from improved project efficiencies; ...

    Abstract The integration of climate change adaptation and mitigation theoretically provides four co-benefits of interest to the Canadian energy sector: 1) reduced competition for resources, referring to capital savings resulting from improved project efficiencies; 2) reduced influence of scientific uncertainty for adaptations resulting from the shorter timelines and measurable outcomes of mitigation projects; 3) harmonization of implementation objectives resulting from synergies between mitigation and adaptation projects; and 4) improved social license of mitigation projects provided by accrual of local benefits derived from adaptation. Through the investigation of eleven case studies, our research demonstrates the presence of these co-benefits where integration is observed. Qualitative Comparative Analysis (QCA) is used to link observed input variables to identified co-benefits. This research suggests that integration is an effective means of generating co-benefits that contribute positively to project outcomes. The research further concludes that effective leadership support, either through public-private partnership and energy policy, is one means of achieving such explicit integration. Energy policy, in the form of voluntary instruments and incentives, is recommended to build necessary public-private partnerships and support leadership. Such policy recommendations have applications far beyond the energy sector and the lessons learned here can likely be applied to cases outside of it.
    Keywords capital ; case studies ; climate change ; energy ; energy policy ; public-private partnerships ; uncertainty
    Language English
    Dates of publication 2017-12
    Size p. 214-221.
    Publishing place Elsevier Ltd
    Document type Article
    ISSN 0301-4215
    DOI 10.1016/j.enpol.2017.09.025
    Database NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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  5. Article ; Online: The role of NGOs in negotiating the use of biodiversity in marine areas beyond national jurisdiction

    Robert Blasiak / Carole Durussel / Jeremy Pittman / Carole-Anne Sénit / Matilda Petersson / Nobuyuki Yagi

    Marine Policy

    2017  

    Abstract: In 2004, the UN General Assembly resolved to establish a working group to consider issues pertaining to the conservation and sustainable use of marine biodiversity in areas beyond national jurisdiction (BBNJ). The group met nine times between 2006 and ... ...

    Abstract In 2004, the UN General Assembly resolved to establish a working group to consider issues pertaining to the conservation and sustainable use of marine biodiversity in areas beyond national jurisdiction (BBNJ). The group met nine times between 2006 and 2015 before concluding its mandate by recommending the development of an international legally binding instrument on BBNJ under the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea. Based on in-depth interviews with working group participants, this research examines how NGOs contributed to the working group process. Respondents from government delegations highlighted the usefulness of workshops and side events convened by NGOs, and the role of NGOs in bringing experts on technical issues – particularly marine genetic resources and the sharing of benefits – into the BBNJ negotiations. Respondents from both NGOs and government delegations emphasized the importance of fostering personal relationships in order to ensure a steady and constructive information flow. Social media efforts by NGOs were considered by some government representatives to have occasionally hampered open discussion, although they noted that conditions have improved. The lengthy working group process was marked by substantial fluctuation in participation, particularly within government delegations from developing states. Of 1523 individuals who participated in at least one of the working group meetings, only 45 attended more than half of the meetings, and 80% of these were representing NGOs or highly industrialized countries. Respondents felt that this comparatively small number of individuals provided a source of continuity that was crucial for moving the discussions forward.
    Language English
    Publishing country de
    Document type Article ; Online
    Database BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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  6. Article ; Online: Understanding and avoiding misplaced efforts in conservation

    Adam T. Ford / Abdullahi H. Ali / Sheila R. Colla / Steven J. Cooke / Clayton T. Lamb / Jeremy Pittman / David S. Shiffman / Navinder J. Singh

    FACETS, Vol 6, Iss 1, Pp 252-

    2021  Volume 271

    Abstract: Conservation relies on cooperation among different interest groups and appropriate use of evidence to make decisions that benefit people and biodiversity. However, misplaced conservation occurs when cooperation and evidence are impeded by polarization ... ...

    Abstract Conservation relies on cooperation among different interest groups and appropriate use of evidence to make decisions that benefit people and biodiversity. However, misplaced conservation occurs when cooperation and evidence are impeded by polarization and misinformation. This impedance influences actions that directly harm biodiversity, alienate partners and disrupt partnerships, waste resources, misinform the public, and (or) delegitimize evidence. As a result of these actions, misplaced conservation outcomes emerge, making it more difficult to have positive outcomes for biodiversity. Here we describe cases where a failed appreciation for cooperation, evidence, or both have eroded efforts to conserve biodiversity. Generally, these case studies illustrate that averting misplaced conservation requires greater adherence to processes that elevate the role of evidence in decision-making and that place collective, long-term benefits for biodiversity over the short-term gains of individuals or groups. Efforts to integrate human dimensions, cooperation, and evidence into conservation will increase the efficacy and success of efforts to conserve global biodiversity while benefiting humanity.
    Keywords conflict ; evidence ; prioritization ; cooperation ; fake news ; decision-making ; unintended consequences ; communication ; Education ; L ; Science ; Q
    Subject code 333
    Language English
    Publishing date 2021-02-01T00:00:00Z
    Publisher Canadian Science Publishing
    Document type Article ; Online
    Database BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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  7. Article ; Online: Climate change and marine fisheries

    Robert Blasiak / Jessica Spijkers / Kanae Tokunaga / Jeremy Pittman / Nobuyuki Yagi / Henrik Österblom

    PLoS ONE, Vol 12, Iss 6, p e

    Least developed countries top global index of vulnerability.

    2017  Volume 0179632

    Abstract: Future impacts of climate change on marine fisheries have the potential to negatively influence a wide range of socio-economic factors, including food security, livelihoods and public health, and even to reshape development trajectories and spark ... ...

    Abstract Future impacts of climate change on marine fisheries have the potential to negatively influence a wide range of socio-economic factors, including food security, livelihoods and public health, and even to reshape development trajectories and spark transboundary conflict. Yet there is considerable variability in the vulnerability of countries around the world to these effects. We calculate a vulnerability index of 147 countries by drawing on the most recent data related to the impacts of climate change on marine fisheries. Building on the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change framework for vulnerability, we first construct aggregate indices for exposure, sensitivity and adaptive capacity using 12 primary variables. Seven out of the ten most vulnerable countries on the resulting index are Small Island Developing States, and the top quartile of the index includes countries located in Africa (17), Asia (7), North America and the Caribbean (4) and Oceania (8). More than 87% of least developed countries are found within the top half of the vulnerability index, while the bottom half includes all but one of the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development member states. This is primarily due to the tremendous variation in countries' adaptive capacity, as no such trends are evident from the exposure or sensitivity indices. A negative correlation exists between vulnerability and per capita carbon emissions, and the clustering of states at different levels of development across the vulnerability index suggests growing barriers to meeting global commitments to reducing inequality, promoting human well-being and ensuring sustainable cities and communities. The index provides a useful tool for prioritizing the allocation of climate finance, as well as activities aimed at capacity building and the transfer of marine technology.
    Keywords Medicine ; R ; Science ; Q
    Subject code 333
    Language English
    Publishing date 2017-01-01T00:00:00Z
    Publisher Public Library of Science (PLoS)
    Document type Article ; Online
    Database BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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  8. Article ; Online: Maternal Autogenous Inactivated Virus Vaccination Boosts Immunity to PRRSV in Piglets

    Andrew R. Kick / Zoe C. Wolfe / Amanda F. Amaral / Lizette M. Cortes / Glen W. Almond / Elisa Crisci / Phillip C. Gauger / Jeremy Pittman / Tobias Käser

    Vaccines, Vol 9, Iss 2, p

    2021  Volume 106

    Abstract: Maternal-derived immunity is a critical component for the survival and success of offspring in pigs to protect from circulating pathogens such as Type 2 Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus (PRRSV-2). The purpose of this study is to ... ...

    Abstract Maternal-derived immunity is a critical component for the survival and success of offspring in pigs to protect from circulating pathogens such as Type 2 Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus (PRRSV-2). The purpose of this study is to investigate the transfer of anti-PRRSV immunity to piglets from gilts that received modified-live virus (MLV) alone (treatment (TRT) 0), or in combination with one of two autogenous inactivated vaccines (AIVs, TRT 1+2). Piglets from these gilts were challenged with the autogenous PRRSV-2 strain at two weeks of age and their adaptive immune response (IR) was evaluated until 4 weeks post inoculation (wpi). The systemic humoral and cellular IR was analyzed in the pre-farrow gilts, and in piglets, pre-inoculation, and at 2 and 4 wpi. Both AIVs partially protected the piglets with reduced lung pathology and increased weight gain; TRT 1 also lowered piglet viremia, best explained by the AIV-induced production of neutralizing antibodies in gilts and their transfer to the piglets. In piglets, pre-inoculation, the main systemic IFN-γ producers were CD21α + B cells. From 0 to 4 wpi, the role of these B cells declined and CD4 T cells became the primary systemic IFN-γ producers. In the lungs, CD8 T cells were the primary and CD4 T cells were the secondary IFN-γ producers, including a novel subset of porcine CD8α − CCR7 − CD4 T cells, potentially terminally differentiated CD4 T EMRA cells. In summary, this study demonstrates that maternal AIV vaccination can improve protection of pre-weaning piglets against PRRSV-2; it shows the importance of transferring neutralizing antibodies to piglets, and it introduces two novel immune cell subsets in pigs—IFN-γ producing CD21α + B cells and CD8α − CCR7 − CD4 T cells.
    Keywords maternal vaccination ; autogenous inactivated vaccine ; transfer of immunity ; humoral immune response ; cell-mediated immune response ; T cells ; Medicine ; R
    Language English
    Publishing date 2021-01-01T00:00:00Z
    Publisher MDPI AG
    Document type Article ; Online
    Database BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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  9. Article: The interplay between incremental, transitional, and transformational adaptation: a case study of Canadian agriculture

    Hadarits, Monica / Jeremy Pittman / Darrell Corkal / Harvey Hill / Kristin Bruce / Allan Howard

    Regional environmental change. 2017 June, v. 17, no. 5

    2017  

    Abstract: We develop and apply a synthetic framework for understanding potential adaptations to climate change in the Canadian agriculture sector through a case study of irrigated agriculture in the Oldman River Basin. Our framework examines the incremental, ... ...

    Abstract We develop and apply a synthetic framework for understanding potential adaptations to climate change in the Canadian agriculture sector through a case study of irrigated agriculture in the Oldman River Basin. Our framework examines the incremental, transitional, and transformational elements of climate change adaptation (the Adapt IT² framework, for short), and we apply our framework to focus group discussions around hypothetical hydro-climatic variability and extremes to identify past and potential future adaptations. By applying our framework, we uncover the nuanced interplay between incremental and transformation adaptation and develop the related concept of transition. Our work provides insights into the interactions between the different types of adaptation processes, and our findings indicate that: (1) There are interdependencies between and among actions and actors across various scales and (2) one type of adaptation can set boundaries for the other. This work also identifies thresholds that, when perceived to be surpassed by actors, may facilitate transformation. It concludes with opportunities for further research, particularly into the transitional space that exists between the two types of adaptation.
    Keywords case studies ; climate change ; irrigated farming ; watersheds
    Language English
    Dates of publication 2017-06
    Size p. 1515-1525.
    Publishing place Springer Berlin Heidelberg
    Document type Article
    ZDB-ID 1464515-4
    ISSN 1436-3798
    ISSN 1436-3798
    DOI 10.1007/s10113-017-1111-y
    Database NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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    In stock of ZB MED Bonn / Germany

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  10. Article: Environmental Stewardship: A Conceptual Review and Analytical Framework

    Bennett, NathanJ / Tara S. Whitty / Elena Finkbeiner / Jeremy Pittman / Hannah Bassett / Stefan Gelcich / Edward H. Allison

    Environmental management. 2018 Apr., v. 61, no. 4

    2018  

    Abstract: There has been increasing attention to and investment in local environmental stewardship in conservation and environmental management policies and programs globally. Yet environmental stewardship has not received adequate conceptual attention. ... ...

    Abstract There has been increasing attention to and investment in local environmental stewardship in conservation and environmental management policies and programs globally. Yet environmental stewardship has not received adequate conceptual attention. Establishing a clear definition and comprehensive analytical framework could strengthen our ability to understand the factors that lead to the success or failure of environmental stewardship in different contexts and how to most effectively support and enable local efforts. Here we propose such a definition and framework. First, we define local environmental stewardship as the actions taken by individuals, groups or networks of actors, with various motivations and levels of capacity, to protect, care for or responsibly use the environment in pursuit of environmental and/or social outcomes in diverse social–ecological contexts. Next, drawing from a review of the environmental stewardship, management and governance literatures, we unpack the elements of this definition to develop an analytical framework that can facilitate research on local environmental stewardship. Finally, we discuss potential interventions and leverage points for promoting or supporting local stewardship and future applications of the framework to guide descriptive, evaluative, prescriptive or systematic analysis of environmental stewardship. Further application of this framework in diverse environmental and social contexts is recommended to refine the elements and develop insights that will guide and improve the outcomes of environmental stewardship initiatives and investments. Ultimately, our aim is to raise the profile of environmental stewardship as a valuable and holistic concept for guiding productive and sustained relationships with the environment.
    Keywords environmental stewardship ; governance ; issues and policy ; motivation
    Language English
    Dates of publication 2018-04
    Size p. 597-614.
    Publishing place Springer US
    Document type Article
    ZDB-ID 1478932-2
    ISSN 1432-1009 ; 0364-152X
    ISSN (online) 1432-1009
    ISSN 0364-152X
    DOI 10.1007/s00267-017-0993-2
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