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  1. Article ; Online: COVID-19 vaccine effectiveness in preventing deaths among high-risk sgroups in Tamil Nadu, India

    Anoop Jaiswal / V Subbaraj / Jeromie Wesley Vivian Thangaraj / Manoj V Murhekar / Jayaprakash Muliyil

    Indian Journal of Medical Research, Vol 153, Iss 5, Pp 689-

    2021  Volume 691

    Keywords Medicine ; R
    Language English
    Publishing date 2021-01-01T00:00:00Z
    Publisher Wolters Kluwer Medknow Publications
    Document type Article ; Online
    Database BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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  2. Article ; Online: Previous SARS-CoV-2 Infection Status Among the Current RT-PCR-Positive Individuals Affected During the Second Wave of COVID-19 Infections in Chennai, India

    Jeromie Wesley Vivian Thangaraj / Muthusamy Santhosh Kumar / C. P. Girish Kumar / Pragya Yadav / D. Sudha Rani / T. Karunakaran / Manoj Murhekar

    Frontiers in Public Health, Vol

    2022  Volume 10

    Abstract: India witnessed a very strong second wave of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) during March and June 2021. Newly emerging variants of concern can escape immunity and cause reinfection. We tested newly diagnosed COVID-19 cases during the second wave in ... ...

    Abstract India witnessed a very strong second wave of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) during March and June 2021. Newly emerging variants of concern can escape immunity and cause reinfection. We tested newly diagnosed COVID-19 cases during the second wave in Chennai, India for the presence of Immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies to estimate the extent of re-infection. Of the 902 unvaccinated COVID-19 positive individuals, 53 (26.5%) were reactive for IgG antibodies and non-reactive for Immunogobulin M (IgM) antibodies. Among the 53 IgG-positive individuals, the interval between symptom onset (or last contact with the known case in case of asymptomatic) was <5 days in 29 individuals, ≥5 days in 11 individuals, while 13 asymptomatic individuals did not know their last contact with a positive case. The possible re-infections ranged between 3.2% (95% CI: 2.2–4.5%) and 4.3% (95% CI: 3.4–6.2%). The findings indicate that re-infection was not a major reason of the surge in cases during second wave. The IgG seropositivity among recently diagnosed unvaccinated COVID-19 patients could provide early indications about the extent of re-infections in the area.
    Keywords SARS-CoV-2 ; reinfection ; IgG antibody ; genomic sequencing ; COVID-19 ; Public aspects of medicine ; RA1-1270
    Subject code 630
    Language English
    Publishing date 2022-04-01T00:00:00Z
    Publisher Frontiers Media S.A.
    Document type Article ; Online
    Database BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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  3. Article ; Online: Clinical profile of patients infected with suspected SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant of concern, Tamil Nadu, India, December 2021-January 2022

    Mohan Kumar Raju / Jeromie Wesley Vivian Thangaraj / T S Selvavinayagam / A Somasundaram / K Parthipan / Raju Sivadoss / R Sabarinathan / Sudharshini Subramaniam / Amanda G A. Rozario / Sudha D Rani / E Suganya / Manoj V Murhekar

    Indian Journal of Medical Research, Vol 155, Iss 1, Pp 165-

    2022  Volume 170

    Abstract: Background & objectives: COVID-19 cases have been rising rapidly in countries where the SARS-CoV-2 variant of concern (VOC), Omicron (B.1.1.529) has been reported. We conducted a study to describe the epidemiological and clinical characteristics and ... ...

    Abstract Background & objectives: COVID-19 cases have been rising rapidly in countries where the SARS-CoV-2 variant of concern (VOC), Omicron (B.1.1.529) has been reported. We conducted a study to describe the epidemiological and clinical characteristics and outcomes of COVID-19 patients with 'S' gene target failure (SGTF, suspected Omicron). Furthermore, their clinical outcomes with COVID-19 patients with non-SGTF (non-Omicron) were also compared. Methods: This study was conducted in Tamil Nadu, India, between December 14, 2021 and January 7, 2022 among patients who underwent reverse transcription-PCR testing for SARS-CoV-2 in four laboratories with facilities for S gene screening. Consecutively selected COVID-19 patients with SGTF were telephonically contacted, seven and 14 days respectively after their date of positive result to collect information on the socio-demographic characteristics, previous history of COVID-19, vaccination status and clinical course of illness along with treatment details. To compare their outcomes with non-SGTF patients, one randomly suspected non-Omicron case for every two suspected Omicron cases from the line-list were selected, matching for the date of sample collection and the testing laboratory. Results: A total of 1175 SGTF COVID-19 patients were enrolled for this study. Almost 6 per cent (n=72) reported a history of previous infection. 141 (13.5%) suspected Omicron cases were non-vaccinated, while 148 (14.2%) and 703 (67.4%) had received valid one and two doses of COVID-19 vaccines, respectively. Predominant symptoms reported included fever (n=508, 43.2%), body pain (n=275, 23.4%), running nose (n=261, 22.2%) and cough (n=249, 21.2%). Five (0.4%) of the 1175 suspected Omicron cases required oxygen supplementation as compared to ten (1.6%) of the 634 suspected non-Omicron cases. No deaths were reported among omicron suspects, whereas there were four deaths among suspected non-Omicron cases. Interpretation & conclusions: Majority of the suspected Omicron cases had a mild course ...
    Keywords b.1.1.529 - covid-19 - epidemiology - omicron - sars-cov-2 - severity - variant of concern ; Medicine ; R
    Subject code 610
    Language English
    Publishing date 2022-01-01T00:00:00Z
    Publisher Wolters Kluwer Medknow Publications
    Document type Article ; Online
    Database BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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  4. Article ; Online: Age- & sex-specific infection fatality ratios for COVID-19 estimated from two serially conducted community-based serosurveys, Chennai, India, 2020

    Jeromie Wesley Vivian Thangaraj / Muthusamy Santhosh Kumar / Saravanakumar Velusamy / C P Girish Kumar / Sriram Selvaraju / R Sabarinathan / M Jagadeesan / M S Hemalatha / Tarun Bhatnagar / Manoj Vasant Murhekar

    Indian Journal of Medical Research, Vol 153, Iss 5, Pp 546-

    2021  Volume 549

    Abstract: Background & objectives: Infection fatality ratio (IFR) is considered a more robust and reliable indicator than case fatality ratio for severity of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Age- and sex-stratified IFRs are crucial to guide public health response. Infections ...

    Abstract Background & objectives: Infection fatality ratio (IFR) is considered a more robust and reliable indicator than case fatality ratio for severity of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Age- and sex-stratified IFRs are crucial to guide public health response. Infections estimated through representative community-based serosurveys would gauge more accurate IFRs than through modelling studies. We describe age- and sex-stratified IFR for COVID-19 estimated through serosurveys conducted in Chennai, India. Methods: Two community-based serosurveys were conducted among individuals aged ≥10 yr during July and October 2020 in 51 of the 200 wards spread across 15 zones of Chennai. Total number of SARS-CoV-2 infections were estimated by multiplying the total population of the city aged ≥10 yr with the weighted seroprevalence and IFR was calculated by dividing the number of deaths with the estimated number of infections. Results: IFR was 17.3 [95% confidence interval (CI): 14.1-21.6] and 16.6 (95% CI: 13.8-20.2) deaths/10,000 infections during July and October 2020, respectively. Individuals aged 10-19 years had the lowest IFR [first serosurvey (R1): 0.2/10,000, 95% CI: 0.2-0.3 and second serosurvey (R2): 0.2/10,000, 95% CI: 0.1-0.2], and it increased with age and was highest among individuals aged above 60 yr (R1: 140.0/10,000, 95% CI: 107.0-183.8 and R2: 111.2/10,000, 95% CI: 89.2-142.0). Interpretation & conclusions: Our findings suggested that the IFR increased with age and was high among the elderly. Therefore, elderly population need to be prioritized for public health interventions including vaccination, frequent testing in long-term care facilities and old age homes, close clinical monitoring of the infected and promoting strict adherence to non-pharmaceutical interventions.
    Keywords case fatality ratio - covid-19 - infection fatality ratio - seroprevalence ; Medicine ; R
    Subject code 360
    Language English
    Publishing date 2021-01-01T00:00:00Z
    Publisher Wolters Kluwer Medknow Publications
    Document type Article ; Online
    Database BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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  5. Article ; Online: Experiences of sharing results of community based serosurvey with participants in a district of Maharashtra, India.

    Neha Salvi / Krishna Chaaithanya Itta / Abhishek Lachyan / Alvira Z Hasan / Christine Prosperi / Muthusamy Santhosh Kumar / Jeromie Wesley Vivian Thangaraj / Ojas Kaduskar / Vaishali Bhatt / Gajanan N Sapkal / Manoj Murhekar / Nivedita Gupta / Sanjay Mehendale / Kyla Hayford / William J Moss / Sanjay Chauhan / Ragini Kulkarni

    PLoS ONE, Vol 17, Iss 8, p e

    2022  Volume 0271920

    Abstract: A growing number of organisations, including medical associations, recommend that research subjects should be given the option of being informed about the general outcome and results of the study. We recently completed a study involving nine serosurveys ... ...

    Abstract A growing number of organisations, including medical associations, recommend that research subjects should be given the option of being informed about the general outcome and results of the study. We recently completed a study involving nine serosurveys from 2018 to 2020 in five districts of India among three age groups (children 9 months to < 5 years; 5 to < 15 years of age, and women 15 to < 50 years of age before and after the measles and rubella (MR) vaccination campaigns). In Palghar district of Maharashtra all individuals in 30 selected clusters were enumerated, and 13 individuals per age group were randomly sampled. We established the procedures to return the results to the respondents for each stage of the survey. Of the 1,166 individuals selected for the measles and rubella serosurvey, 971 (83%) agreed to participate and were enrolled. Participants were informed that they will only be contacted if they test seronegative for measles and/or rubella antibodies. Overall, 140 individuals enrolled in the survey tested seronegative for IgG antibodies to measles and/or rubella viruses; were provided the reports and informed to seek medical advice. Upon follow up by phone, 10% (14) of the 140 participants reported to have been vaccinated. In this paper we discuss the procedures, experiences and considerations in returning results to participants in a community-based measles and rubella serosurvey. Although the lessons learned are specific to post measles-rubella vaccine campaign serosurvey in India, they might be helpful to those contemplating sharing results to participants of large scale survey settings.
    Keywords Medicine ; R ; Science ; Q
    Subject code 950
    Language English
    Publishing date 2022-01-01T00:00:00Z
    Publisher Public Library of Science (PLoS)
    Document type Article ; Online
    Database BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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  6. Article ; Online: Investigations of seasonal outbreaks of acute encephalitis syndrome due to Orientia tsutsugamushi in Gorakhpur region, India

    Manoj V Murhekar / Jeromie Wesley Vivian Thangaraj / Candasamy Sadanandane / Mahima Mittal / Nivedita Gupta / Winsley Rose / Seema Sahay / Rajni Kant / Mohan D Gupte

    Indian Journal of Medical Research, Vol 153, Iss 3, Pp 375-

    A One Health case study

    2021  Volume 381

    Abstract: Gorakhpur division consisting of Gorakhpur and neighboring districts Deoria, Kushinagar and Maharajganj in Uttar Pradesh, India, have been witnessing seasonal outbreaks of acute encephalitis syndrome (AES) among children for the last three decades. ... ...

    Abstract Gorakhpur division consisting of Gorakhpur and neighboring districts Deoria, Kushinagar and Maharajganj in Uttar Pradesh, India, have been witnessing seasonal outbreaks of acute encephalitis syndrome (AES) among children for the last three decades. Investigations conducted during 2005 identified Japanese encephalitis (JE) virus as an aetiology of AES. With the introduction of JE vaccination and other control strategies, the incidence of JE in the region declined, however, outbreaks of acute febrile illness with neurological manifestations continued to occur. Subsequent investigations identified Orientia tsutsugamushi, as the major aetiology of AES outbreaks in the region. This review details clinical, epidemiological, animal and entomological investigations conducted for AES due to O. tsutsugamushi during 2015 and 2017 in Gorakhpur region. Surveillance of acute febrile illness among children attending peripheral health facilities identified scrub typhus as an important aetiology of febrile illness during monsoon and post-monsoon months. Population-based serosurveys indicated high endemicity of scrub typhus. Entomological studies demonstrated natural infection of O. tsutsugamushi in small animal hosts and vector mites. Children acquired this infection through recent exposure to outdoor environment, while playing, or visiting fields or defecating in open fields. A few of the children with scrub typhus progress to develop CNS manifestations. Hence, early administration of appropriate antibiotics is crucial in preventing progression of AFI due to scrub typhus to AES. The investigations conducted by the multi-disciplinary team helped understand the transmission dynamics of scrub typhus in Gorakhpur division and recommend strategies for its control.
    Keywords acute encephalitis syndrome - acute febrile illness - one health - scrub typhus - vector ; Medicine ; R
    Subject code 610
    Language English
    Publishing date 2021-01-01T00:00:00Z
    Publisher Wolters Kluwer Medknow Publications
    Document type Article ; Online
    Database BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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  7. Article ; Online: Population-Based Serosurvey for Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Transmission, Chennai, India

    Sriram Selvaraju / Muthusamy Santhosh Kumar / Jeromie Wesley Vivian Thangaraj / Tarun Bhatnagar / Velusamy Saravanakumar / Chethrapilly Purushothaman Girish Kumar / Krithikaa Sekar / Ezhilarasan Ilayaperumal / Ramasamy Sabarinathan / Murugesan Jagadeesan / Masanam Sriramulu Hemalatha / Manoj Vasant Murhekar

    Emerging Infectious Diseases, Vol 27, Iss 2, Pp 586-

    2021  Volume 589

    Abstract: We conducted a cross-sectional survey to estimate the seroprevalence of IgG against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 in Chennai, India. Among 12,405 serum samples tested, weighted seroprevalence was 18.4% (95% CI 14.8%–22.6%). These ... ...

    Abstract We conducted a cross-sectional survey to estimate the seroprevalence of IgG against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 in Chennai, India. Among 12,405 serum samples tested, weighted seroprevalence was 18.4% (95% CI 14.8%–22.6%). These findings indicate most of the population of Chennai is still susceptible to this virus.
    Keywords respiratory infections ; severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 ; SARS-CoV-2 ; SARS ; COVID-19 ; coronavirus disease ; Medicine ; R ; Infectious and parasitic diseases ; RC109-216
    Language English
    Publishing date 2021-02-01T00:00:00Z
    Publisher Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
    Document type Article ; Online
    Database BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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  8. Article ; Online: COVID-19 testing, timeliness and positivity from ICMR's laboratory surveillance network in India

    Manickam Ponnaiah / Rizwan Suliankatchi Abdulkader / Tarun Bhatnagar / Jeromie Wesley Vivian Thangaraj / Muthusamy Santhosh Kumar / Ramasamy Sabarinathan / Saravanakumar Velusamy / Yogesh Sabde / Harpreet Singh / Manoj Vasanth Murhekar

    PLoS ONE, Vol 16, Iss 12, p e

    Profile of 176 million individuals tested and 188 million tests, March 2020 to January 2021.

    2021  Volume 0260979

    Abstract: Background The Indian Council of Medical Research set up a pan-national laboratory network to diagnose and monitor Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Based on these data, we describe the epidemiology of the pandemic at national and sub-national levels ... ...

    Abstract Background The Indian Council of Medical Research set up a pan-national laboratory network to diagnose and monitor Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Based on these data, we describe the epidemiology of the pandemic at national and sub-national levels and the performance of the laboratory network. Methods We included surveillance data for individuals tested and the number of tests from March 2020 to January 2021. We calculated the incidence of COVID-19 by age, gender and state and tests per 100,000 population, the proportion of symptomatic individuals among those tested, the proportion of repeat tests and test positivity. We computed median (Interquartile range-IQR) days needed for selected surveillance activities to describe timeliness. Results The analysis included 176 million individuals and 188 million tests. The overall incidence of COVID-19 was 0.8%, and 12,584 persons per 100,000 population were tested. 6.1% of individuals tested returned a positive result. Ten of the 37 Indian States and Union Territories accounted for about 75.6% of the total cases. Daily testing scaled up from 40,000 initially to nearly one million in March 2021. The median duration between symptom onset and sample collection was two (IQR = 0,3) days, median duration between both sample collection and testing and between testing and data entry were less than or equal to one day. Missing or invalid entries ranged from 0.01% for age to 0.7% for test outcome. Conclusion The laboratory network set-up by ICMR was scaled up massively over a short period, which enabled testing a large section of the population. Although all states and territories were affected, most cases were concentrated in a few large states. Timeliness between the various surveillance activities was acceptable, indicating good responsiveness of the surveillance system.
    Keywords Medicine ; R ; Science ; Q
    Subject code 333
    Language English
    Publishing date 2021-01-01T00:00:00Z
    Publisher Public Library of Science (PLoS)
    Document type Article ; Online
    Database BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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  9. Article ; Online: Experiences of sharing results of community based serosurvey with participants in a district of Maharashtra, India

    Neha Salvi / Krishna Chaaithanya Itta / Abhishek Lachyan / Alvira Z. Hasan / Christine Prosperi / Muthusamy Santhosh Kumar / Jeromie Wesley Vivian Thangaraj / Ojas Kaduskar / Vaishali Bhatt / Gajanan N. Sapkal / Manoj Murhekar / Nivedita Gupta / Sanjay Mehendale / Kyla Hayford / William J. Moss / Sanjay Chauhan / Ragini Kulkarni

    PLoS ONE, Vol 17, Iss

    2022  Volume 8

    Abstract: A growing number of organisations, including medical associations, recommend that research subjects should be given the option of being informed about the general outcome and results of the study. We recently completed a study involving nine serosurveys ... ...

    Abstract A growing number of organisations, including medical associations, recommend that research subjects should be given the option of being informed about the general outcome and results of the study. We recently completed a study involving nine serosurveys from 2018 to 2020 in five districts of India among three age groups (children 9 months to < 5 years; 5 to < 15 years of age, and women 15 to < 50 years of age before and after the measles and rubella (MR) vaccination campaigns). In Palghar district of Maharashtra all individuals in 30 selected clusters were enumerated, and 13 individuals per age group were randomly sampled. We established the procedures to return the results to the respondents for each stage of the survey. Of the 1,166 individuals selected for the measles and rubella serosurvey, 971 (83%) agreed to participate and were enrolled. Participants were informed that they will only be contacted if they test seronegative for measles and/or rubella antibodies. Overall, 140 individuals enrolled in the survey tested seronegative for IgG antibodies to measles and/or rubella viruses; were provided the reports and informed to seek medical advice. Upon follow up by phone, 10% (14) of the 140 participants reported to have been vaccinated. In this paper we discuss the procedures, experiences and considerations in returning results to participants in a community-based measles and rubella serosurvey. Although the lessons learned are specific to post measles-rubella vaccine campaign serosurvey in India, they might be helpful to those contemplating sharing results to participants of large scale survey settings.
    Keywords Medicine ; R ; Science ; Q
    Subject code 950
    Language English
    Publishing date 2022-01-01T00:00:00Z
    Publisher Public Library of Science (PLoS)
    Document type Article ; Online
    Database BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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  10. Article ; Online: Severe acute respiratory illness surveillance for coronavirus disease 2019, India, 2020

    Nivedita Gupta / Ira Praharaj / Tarun Bhatnagar / Jeromie Wesley Vivian Thangaraj / Sidhartha Giri / Himanshu Chauhan / Sanket Kulkarni / Manoj Murhekar / Sujeet Singh / Raman R Gangakhedkar / Balram Bhargava / ICMR COVID Team

    Indian Journal of Medical Research, Vol 151, Iss 2, Pp 236-

    2020  Volume 240

    Abstract: Background & objectives: Sentinel surveillance among severe acute respiratory illness (SARI) patients can help identify the spread and extent of transmission of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). SARI surveillance was initiated in the early phase of ... ...

    Abstract Background & objectives: Sentinel surveillance among severe acute respiratory illness (SARI) patients can help identify the spread and extent of transmission of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). SARI surveillance was initiated in the early phase of the COVID-19 outbreak in India. We describe here the positivity for COVID-19 among SARI patients and their characteristics. Methods: SARI patients admitted at 41 sentinel sites from February 15, 2020 onwards were tested for COVID-19 by real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction, targeting E and RdRp genes of SARS-CoV-2. Data were extracted from Virus Research and Diagnostic Laboratory Network for analysis. Results: A total of 104 (1.8%) of the 5,911 SARI patients tested were positive for COVID-19. These cases were reported from 52 districts in 20 States/Union Territories. The COVID-19 positivity was higher among males and patients aged above 50 years. In all, 40 (39.2%) COVID-19 cases did not report any history of contact with a known case or international travel. Interpretation & conclusions: COVID-19 containment activities need to be targeted in districts reporting COVID-19 cases among SARI patients. Intensifying sentinel surveillance for COVID-19 among SARI patients may be an efficient tool to effectively use resources towards containment and mitigation efforts.
    Keywords containment - covid-19 - sari - sentinel - surveillance ; Medicine ; R ; covid19
    Subject code 610
    Language English
    Publishing date 2020-01-01T00:00:00Z
    Publisher Wolters Kluwer Medknow Publications
    Document type Article ; Online
    Database BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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