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  1. Article ; Online: Multiplex gel-based PCR assay for the simultaneous detection of 5 genotypes of porcine astroviruses

    Zhang, Qiuya / Liu, Qin / Opriessnig, Tanja / Wen, Dan / Gu, Keda / Jiang, Yonghou

    Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation. 2023 Mar., v. 35, no. 2 p.132-138

    2023  

    Abstract: Porcine astrovirus (PAstV) has been associated experimentally with diarrhea in piglets, but much more knowledge is needed about this virus. PAstV has high genetic variability, and 5 genotypes have been identified, namely PAstV1–5. To obtain information ... ...

    Abstract Porcine astrovirus (PAstV) has been associated experimentally with diarrhea in piglets, but much more knowledge is needed about this virus. PAstV has high genetic variability, and 5 genotypes have been identified, namely PAstV1–5. To obtain information on the epidemiology of PAstV, we established a multiplex PAstV PCR assay to detect and differentiate the 5 PAstV genotypes simultaneously. The assay utilized specific primers for each genotype, producing fragments of 307, 353, 205, 253, and 467 bp, representing PAstV1–5, respectively. Our multiplex PCR assay amplified all 5 DNA fragments from single or mixed viral genomes without cross-reactions with other PAstV genotypes or other viruses in pigs. The limit of detection of the multiplex PCR assay was 5 × 10² copies/μL for PAstV1 and PAstV4, and 5 × 10³ copies/μL for PAstV2, PAstV3, and PAstV5. We examined 76 pig fecal specimens with our multiplex PCR assay. PAstV was detected in 36 of 76 (47.4%) samples; ≥2 PAstVs were found in 20 of 76 (26.3%) samples. The multiplex PCR assay results were essentially the same as the results using a monoplex PAstV PCR assay, with a coincidence rate of >96%. Our multiplex PCR method provides a simple, sensitive, and specific detection tool for PAstV detection and epidemiologic surveys.
    Keywords DNA ; Mamastrovirus 3 ; detection limit ; diarrhea ; epidemiology ; genetic variation ; genotype ; polymerase chain reaction ; swine ; viral genome ; viruses ; detection ; multiplex PCR ; porcine astrovirus
    Language English
    Dates of publication 2023-03
    Size p. 132-138.
    Publishing place SAGE Publications
    Document type Article ; Online
    ZDB-ID 287603-6
    ISSN 1943-4936 ; 1040-6387
    ISSN (online) 1943-4936
    ISSN 1040-6387
    DOI 10.1177/10406387221145329
    Database NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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  2. Article ; Online: Universal primer multiplex PCR assay for detection and genotyping of porcine astroviruses.

    Zhang, Qiuya / Wen, Dan / Liu, Qin / Opriessnig, Tanja / Yu, Xiaoya / Jiang, Yonghou

    Journal of virological methods

    2023  Volume 322, Page(s) 114822

    Abstract: Porcine astroviruses (PAstV) are members of the family Astroviridae, Mamastravirus genus and have been identified to have five genotypes (PAstV1-5). These viruses are highly prevalent in pigs and can cause enteric disease as well as neurological or ... ...

    Abstract Porcine astroviruses (PAstV) are members of the family Astroviridae, Mamastravirus genus and have been identified to have five genotypes (PAstV1-5). These viruses are highly prevalent in pigs and can cause enteric disease as well as neurological or respiratory symptoms depending on their genotypes. At present, the epidemiological impacts of some PAstV genotypes on pigs are largely unknown and hence continuously monitoring of these PAstVs may be needed. The purpose of this research was to develop an improved and efficient detection tool for PAstVs and to evaluate the developed method using clinical samples. Initially, a set of five chimeric primers (CP), each comprising genotype specific primer pairs with an identical universal adapter at the 5' end, and a universal primer (UP) that is identical to universal adapter sequence, were designed. With these tools in place, a novel multiplex PCR system with universal primer was established for the simultaneous detection of the five types of PAstV. This method can specifically detect PAstV genotypes, with a limit of detection (LOD) of 5 copies/μL for each genotype irrespective of single or mixed target template. Using this new assay, 273 pig fecal samples were investigated for further assay evaluation. Among all samples, the positive rate was 70.0% with PAstV4 in 56.8% of the samples, PAstV2 in 38.8%, PAstV1 in 16.8%, and PAstV5 in 11.0%. More than one PAstV in a sample were detected in 39.2% of the samples. The consistency rate between the novel multiplex PCR and singleplex PCRs was 96.4-100%. Given its rapidity, specificity and sensitivity, the novel multiplex PCR is a useful approach for demonstrating single or mixed genotype infections of PAstV.
    MeSH term(s) Animals ; Swine ; Astroviridae Infections ; Multiplex Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Genotype ; Swine Diseases/diagnosis ; Sensitivity and Specificity
    Language English
    Publishing date 2023-09-18
    Publishing country Netherlands
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 8013-5
    ISSN 1879-0984 ; 0166-0934
    ISSN (online) 1879-0984
    ISSN 0166-0934
    DOI 10.1016/j.jviromet.2023.114822
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  3. Article ; Online: Multiplex gel-based PCR assay for the simultaneous detection of 5 genotypes of porcine astroviruses.

    Zhang, Qiuya / Liu, Qin / Opriessnig, Tanja / Wen, Dan / Gu, Keda / Jiang, Yonghou

    Journal of veterinary diagnostic investigation : official publication of the American Association of Veterinary Laboratory Diagnosticians, Inc

    2022  Volume 35, Issue 2, Page(s) 132–138

    Abstract: Porcine astrovirus (PAstV) has been associated experimentally with diarrhea in piglets, but much more knowledge is needed about this virus. PAstV has high genetic variability, and 5 genotypes have been identified, namely PAstV1-5. To obtain information ... ...

    Abstract Porcine astrovirus (PAstV) has been associated experimentally with diarrhea in piglets, but much more knowledge is needed about this virus. PAstV has high genetic variability, and 5 genotypes have been identified, namely PAstV1-5. To obtain information on the epidemiology of PAstV, we established a multiplex PAstV PCR assay to detect and differentiate the 5 PAstV genotypes simultaneously. The assay utilized specific primers for each genotype, producing fragments of 307, 353, 205, 253, and 467 bp, representing PAstV1-5, respectively. Our multiplex PCR assay amplified all 5 DNA fragments from single or mixed viral genomes without cross-reactions with other PAstV genotypes or other viruses in pigs. The limit of detection of the multiplex PCR assay was 5 × 10
    MeSH term(s) Animals ; Swine ; Astroviridae Infections/diagnosis ; Astroviridae Infections/epidemiology ; Astroviridae Infections/veterinary ; Multiplex Polymerase Chain Reaction/veterinary ; Swine Diseases/diagnosis ; Swine Diseases/epidemiology ; Genotype ; Sensitivity and Specificity
    Language English
    Publishing date 2022-12-27
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 287603-6
    ISSN 1943-4936 ; 1040-6387
    ISSN (online) 1943-4936
    ISSN 1040-6387
    DOI 10.1177/10406387221145329
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  4. Article: Novel universal primer-pentaplex PCR assay based on chimeric primers for simultaneous detection of five common pig viruses associated with diarrhea

    Nan, Pei / Wen, Dan / Opriessnig, Tanja / Zhang, Qiuya / Yu, Xiaoya / Jiang, Yonghou

    Elsevier Ltd Molecular and cellular probes. 2021 Aug., v. 58

    2021  

    Abstract: Viral pathogens associated with diarrhea in pigs include porcine circovirus 2 (PCV2), porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV), transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV), porcine rotavirus A (RVA) and C (RVC) among others. In this study, a novel universal ...

    Abstract Viral pathogens associated with diarrhea in pigs include porcine circovirus 2 (PCV2), porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV), transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV), porcine rotavirus A (RVA) and C (RVC) among others. In this study, a novel universal primer-based pentaplex PCR (UP-M-PCR) assay was developed for simultaneous detection and differentiation of these five viruses. The assay uses a short-cycle multiplex amplification by chimeric primers (CP), which are virus specific, with a tail added at the 5′ end of the universal primer (UP), followed by universal amplification using UPs and a regular cycle amplification. Five universal primers with CPs (UP1-5) were designed and evaluated in an UP-based single PCR (UP–S-PCR). All five UPs were found to work efficiently and UP2 exhibited the best performance. After system optimizations, the analytical sensitivity of the UP-M-PCR, using plasmids containing the specific viral target fragments, was 5 copies/reaction for each of the five viruses irrespective of presence of a single or multiple viruses in the reaction. No cross-reaction was observed with other non-target viruses. When 273 fecal samples from clinically healthy pigs were tested, the assay sensitivity was 90.9–100%, the specificity was 98.0–100%, and the agreement rate with the UP-S-PCR was 98.5–99.6% with a Kappa value being 0.95–0.98. In summary, the UP-M-PCR developed here is a rapid and highly sensitive and specific detection method that can be used to demonstrate mixed infections in pigs with diarrhea.
    Keywords Porcine circovirus-2 ; Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus ; Rotavirus A ; Transmissible gastroenteritis virus ; cross reaction ; detection limit ; diarrhea ; plasmids ; swine ; tail ; viruses
    Language English
    Dates of publication 2021-08
    Publishing place Elsevier Ltd
    Document type Article
    ZDB-ID 639082-1
    ISSN 1096-1194 ; 0890-8508
    ISSN (online) 1096-1194
    ISSN 0890-8508
    DOI 10.1016/j.mcp.2021.101747
    Database NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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  5. Article ; Online: Novel universal primer-pentaplex PCR assay based on chimeric primers for simultaneous detection of five common pig viruses associated with diarrhea.

    Nan, Pei / Wen, Dan / Opriessnig, Tanja / Zhang, Qiuya / Yu, Xiaoya / Jiang, Yonghou

    Molecular and cellular probes

    2021  Volume 58, Page(s) 101747

    Abstract: Viral pathogens associated with diarrhea in pigs include porcine circovirus 2 (PCV2), porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV), transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV), porcine rotavirus A (RVA) and C (RVC) among others. In this study, a novel universal ...

    Abstract Viral pathogens associated with diarrhea in pigs include porcine circovirus 2 (PCV2), porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV), transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV), porcine rotavirus A (RVA) and C (RVC) among others. In this study, a novel universal primer-based pentaplex PCR (UP-M-PCR) assay was developed for simultaneous detection and differentiation of these five viruses. The assay uses a short-cycle multiplex amplification by chimeric primers (CP), which are virus specific, with a tail added at the 5' end of the universal primer (UP), followed by universal amplification using UPs and a regular cycle amplification. Five universal primers with CPs (UP1-5) were designed and evaluated in an UP-based single PCR (UP-S-PCR). All five UPs were found to work efficiently and UP2 exhibited the best performance. After system optimizations, the analytical sensitivity of the UP-M-PCR, using plasmids containing the specific viral target fragments, was 5 copies/reaction for each of the five viruses irrespective of presence of a single or multiple viruses in the reaction. No cross-reaction was observed with other non-target viruses. When 273 fecal samples from clinically healthy pigs were tested, the assay sensitivity was 90.9-100%, the specificity was 98.0-100%, and the agreement rate with the UP-S-PCR was 98.5-99.6% with a Kappa value being 0.95-0.98. In summary, the UP-M-PCR developed here is a rapid and highly sensitive and specific detection method that can be used to demonstrate mixed infections in pigs with diarrhea.
    MeSH term(s) Animals ; Diarrhea/veterinary ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus/genetics ; Sensitivity and Specificity ; Swine ; Swine Diseases/diagnosis ; Viruses
    Language English
    Publishing date 2021-06-08
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
    ZDB-ID 639082-1
    ISSN 1096-1194 ; 0890-8508
    ISSN (online) 1096-1194
    ISSN 0890-8508
    DOI 10.1016/j.mcp.2021.101747
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  6. Article ; Online: Simultaneous detection of five pig viruses associated with enteric disease in pigs using EvaGreen real-time PCR combined with melting curve analysis.

    Wen, Dan / Liu, Gaopeng / Opriessnig, Tanja / Yang, Zongqi / Jiang, Yonghou

    Journal of virological methods

    2019  Volume 268, Page(s) 1–8

    Abstract: In recent years, a series of porcine diarrhea viruses such as porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV), transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV), rotaviruses of group A (RVA), rotaviruses of group C (RVC), and porcine circovirus 2 (PCV2) caused enormous ... ...

    Abstract In recent years, a series of porcine diarrhea viruses such as porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV), transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV), rotaviruses of group A (RVA), rotaviruses of group C (RVC), and porcine circovirus 2 (PCV2) caused enormous economic losses all over the world. While any of these viruses is capable to cause disease alone, there is often concurrent infection with more than one virus on pig farms. In this study, a multiplex real-time PCR method based on EvaGreen fluorescent dye and melting curve analysis was established to simultaneously detect these five viruses in a single closed tube. Five distinct melt peaks were obtained with different melting temperature (Tm) value corresponding to each of the five viruses. This method was highly sensitive to detect and distinguish TGEV, RVA, RVC, PEDV and PCV2 with the limits of detection ranging from 5 to 50 copies/μL. The intra-assay and inter-assay reproducibility were good with coefficient of variation of Tm and cycle threshold values less than 0.32% and 2.86%, respectively. Testing of 90 field samples by the single and multiplex real-time PCR assays demonstrated a concordance of 91.1%. Thus, the EvaGreen multiplex real-time PCR is a rapid, sensitive and low-cost diagnostic tool for differential detection and routine surveillance of TGEV, RVA, RVC, PEDV and PCV2 in pigs.
    MeSH term(s) Animals ; DNA Primers/genetics ; Diarrhea/veterinary ; Diarrhea/virology ; Feces/virology ; Gastrointestinal Tract/virology ; Multiplex Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Reproducibility of Results ; Sensitivity and Specificity ; Swine ; Swine Diseases/diagnosis ; Swine Diseases/virology ; Transition Temperature ; Virus Diseases/diagnosis ; Virus Diseases/veterinary ; Viruses/classification ; Viruses/isolation & purification
    Chemical Substances DNA Primers
    Language English
    Publishing date 2019-03-04
    Publishing country Netherlands
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
    ZDB-ID 8013-5
    ISSN 1879-0984 ; 0166-0934
    ISSN (online) 1879-0984
    ISSN 0166-0934
    DOI 10.1016/j.jviromet.2019.03.001
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  7. Article ; Online: Application of electrospun fibers for female reproductive health.

    Blakney, Anna K / Jiang, Yonghou / Woodrow, Kim A

    Drug delivery and translational research

    2017  Volume 7, Issue 6, Page(s) 796–804

    Abstract: Here, we present the current challenges in women's reproductive health and the current state-of-the-art treatment and prevention options for STI prevention, contraception, and treatment of infections. We discuss how the versatile platform of electrospun ... ...

    Abstract Here, we present the current challenges in women's reproductive health and the current state-of-the-art treatment and prevention options for STI prevention, contraception, and treatment of infections. We discuss how the versatile platform of electrospun fibers can be applied to each challenge, and postulate at how these technologies could be improved. The void of approved electrospun fiber-based products yields the potential to apply this useful technology to a number of medical applications, many of which are relevant to women's reproductive health. Given the ability to tune drug delivery characteristics and three-dimensional geometry, there are many opportunities to pursue new product designs and routes of administration for electrospun fibers. For each application, we provide an overview of the versatility of electrospun fibers as a novel dosage form and summarize their advantages in clinical applications. We also provide a perspective on why electrospun fibers are well-suited for a variety of applications within women's reproductive health and identify areas that could greatly benefit from innovations with electrospun fiber-based approaches.
    Language English
    Publishing date 2017-12
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article ; Review
    ZDB-ID 2590155-2
    ISSN 2190-3948 ; 2190-393X
    ISSN (online) 2190-3948
    ISSN 2190-393X
    DOI 10.1007/s13346-017-0386-3
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  8. Article: Simultaneous detection of five pig viruses associated with enteric disease in pigs using EvaGreen real-time PCR combined with melting curve analysis

    Wen, Dan / Liu, Gaopeng / Opriessnig, Tanja / Yang, Zongqi / Jiang, Yonghou

    Journal of virological methods. 2019 June, v. 268

    2019  

    Abstract: In recent years, a series of porcine diarrhea viruses such as porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV), transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV), rotaviruses of group A (RVA), rotaviruses of group C (RVC), and porcine circovirus 2 (PCV2) caused enormous ... ...

    Abstract In recent years, a series of porcine diarrhea viruses such as porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV), transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV), rotaviruses of group A (RVA), rotaviruses of group C (RVC), and porcine circovirus 2 (PCV2) caused enormous economic losses all over the world. While any of these viruses is capable to cause disease alone, there is often concurrent infection with more than one virus on pig farms. In this study, a multiplex real-time PCR method based on EvaGreen fluorescent dye and melting curve analysis was established to simultaneously detect these five viruses in a single closed tube. Five distinct melt peaks were obtained with different melting temperature (Tm) value corresponding to each of the five viruses. This method was highly sensitive to detect and distinguish TGEV, RVA, RVC, PEDV and PCV2 with the limits of detection ranging from 5 to 50 copies/μL. The intra-assay and inter-assay reproducibility were good with coefficient of variation of Tm and cycle threshold values less than 0.32% and 2.86%, respectively. Testing of 90 field samples by the single and multiplex real-time PCR assays demonstrated a concordance of 91.1%. Thus, the EvaGreen multiplex real-time PCR is a rapid, sensitive and low-cost diagnostic tool for differential detection and routine surveillance of TGEV, RVA, RVC, PEDV and PCV2 in pigs.
    Keywords Porcine circovirus-2 ; Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus ; Rotavirus ; Transmissible gastroenteritis virus ; detection limit ; diagnostic techniques ; diarrhea ; digestive system diseases ; farms ; financial economics ; fluorescent dyes ; melting ; melting curve analysis ; melting point ; mixed infection ; monitoring ; quantitative polymerase chain reaction ; swine ; swine diseases ; viruses
    Language English
    Dates of publication 2019-06
    Size p. 1-8.
    Publishing place Elsevier B.V.
    Document type Article
    ZDB-ID 8013-5
    ISSN 1879-0984 ; 0166-0934
    ISSN (online) 1879-0984
    ISSN 0166-0934
    DOI 10.1016/j.jviromet.2019.03.001
    Database NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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  9. Article ; Online: Tunable Release of Multiclass Anti-HIV Drugs that are Water-Soluble and Loaded at High Drug Content in Polyester Blended Electrospun Fibers.

    Carson, Daniel / Jiang, Yonghou / Woodrow, Kim A

    Pharmaceutical research

    2016  Volume 33, Issue 1, Page(s) 125–136

    Abstract: Objectives: Sustained release of small molecule hydrophilic drugs at high doses remains difficult to achieve from electrospun fibers and limits their use in clinical applications. Here we investigate tunable release of several water-soluble anti-HIV ... ...

    Abstract Objectives: Sustained release of small molecule hydrophilic drugs at high doses remains difficult to achieve from electrospun fibers and limits their use in clinical applications. Here we investigate tunable release of several water-soluble anti-HIV drugs from electrospun fibers fabricated with blends of two biodegradable polyesters.
    Methods: Drug-loaded fibers were fabricated by electrospinning ratios of PCL and PLGA. Fiber morphology was imaged by SEM, and DSC was used to measure thermal properties. HPLC was used to measure drug loading and release from fibers. Cytotoxicity and antiviral activity of drug-loaded fibers were measured in an in vitro cell culture assay.
    Results: We show programmable release of hydrophilic antiretroviral drugs loaded up to 40 wt%. Incremental tuning of highly-loaded drug fibers within 24 h or >30 days was achieved by controlling the ratio of PCL and PLGA. Fiber compositions containing higher PCL content yielded greater burst release whereas fibers with higher PLGA content resulted in greater sustained release kinetics. We also demonstrated that our drug-loaded fibers are safe and can sustain inhibition of HIV in vitro.
    Conclusions: These data suggest that we were able to overcome current limitations associated with sustained release of small molecule hydrophilic drugs at clinically relevant doses. We expect that our system represents an effective strategy to sustain delivery of water-soluble molecules that will benefit a variety of biomedical applications.
    MeSH term(s) Anti-HIV Agents/administration & dosage ; Anti-HIV Agents/chemistry ; Anti-HIV Agents/pharmacology ; Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active ; Biodegradable Plastics ; Cell Survival/drug effects ; Drug Delivery Systems ; HIV-1/drug effects ; HeLa Cells ; Humans ; Kinetics ; Lactic Acid/chemistry ; Nanofibers ; Polyesters/chemistry ; Polyglycolic Acid/chemistry ; Solubility ; Tenofovir/administration & dosage ; Tenofovir/chemistry ; Tenofovir/pharmacology ; Water/analysis
    Chemical Substances Anti-HIV Agents ; Biodegradable Plastics ; Polyesters ; polylactic acid-polyglycolic acid copolymer ; Water (059QF0KO0R) ; polycaprolactone (24980-41-4) ; Polyglycolic Acid (26009-03-0) ; Lactic Acid (33X04XA5AT) ; Tenofovir (99YXE507IL)
    Language English
    Publishing date 2016-01
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
    ZDB-ID 843063-9
    ISSN 1573-904X ; 0724-8741 ; 0739-0742
    ISSN (online) 1573-904X
    ISSN 0724-8741 ; 0739-0742
    DOI 10.1007/s11095-015-1769-0
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  10. Article ; Online: In vitro-ex vivo correlations between a cell-laden hydrogel and mucosal tissue for screening composite delivery systems.

    Blakney, Anna K / Little, Adam B / Jiang, Yonghou / Woodrow, Kim A

    Drug delivery

    2017  Volume 24, Issue 1, Page(s) 582–590

    Abstract: Composite delivery systems where drugs are electrospun in different layers and vary the drug stacking-order are posited to affect bioavailability. We evaluated how the formulation characteristics of both burst- and sustained-release electrospun fibers ... ...

    Abstract Composite delivery systems where drugs are electrospun in different layers and vary the drug stacking-order are posited to affect bioavailability. We evaluated how the formulation characteristics of both burst- and sustained-release electrospun fibers containing three physicochemically diverse drugs: dapivirine (DPV), maraviroc (MVC) and tenofovir (TFV) affect in vitro and ex vivo release. We developed a poly(hydroxyethyl methacrylate) (pHEMA) hydrogel release platform for the rapid, inexpensive in vitro evaluation of burst- and sustained-release topical or dermal drug delivery systems with varying microarchitecture. We investigated properties of the hydrogel that could recapitulate ex vivo release into nonhuman primate vaginal tissue. Using a dimethyl sulfoxide extraction protocol and high-performance liquid chromatography analysis, we achieved >93% recovery from the hydrogels and >88% recovery from tissue explants for all three drugs. We found that DPV loading, but not stacking order (layers of fiber containing a single drug) or microarchitecture (layers with isolated drug compared to all drugs in the same layer) impacted the burst release in vitro and ex vivo. Our burst-release formulations showed a correlation for DPV accumulation between the hydrogel and tissue (R
    MeSH term(s) Animals ; Chemistry, Pharmaceutical/methods ; Cyclohexanes/administration & dosage ; Cyclohexanes/chemistry ; Delayed-Action Preparations/administration & dosage ; Delayed-Action Preparations/chemistry ; Drug Delivery Systems/methods ; Female ; Hydrogel, Polyethylene Glycol Dimethacrylate/administration & dosage ; Hydrogel, Polyethylene Glycol Dimethacrylate/chemistry ; Lactic Acid/chemistry ; Macaca nemestrina ; Maraviroc ; Methacrylates/chemistry ; Mucous Membrane/metabolism ; Polyglycolic Acid/chemistry ; Polylactic Acid-Polyglycolic Acid Copolymer ; Polymers/chemistry ; Primates ; Pyrimidines/administration & dosage ; Pyrimidines/chemistry ; Tenofovir/administration & dosage ; Tenofovir/chemistry ; Triazoles/administration & dosage ; Triazoles/chemistry ; Vagina/metabolism
    Chemical Substances Cyclohexanes ; Delayed-Action Preparations ; Methacrylates ; Polymers ; Pyrimidines ; Triazoles ; Polylactic Acid-Polyglycolic Acid Copolymer (1SIA8062RS) ; Hydrogel, Polyethylene Glycol Dimethacrylate (25852-47-5) ; Polyglycolic Acid (26009-03-0) ; Lactic Acid (33X04XA5AT) ; hydroxyethyl methacrylate (6E1I4IV47V) ; Tenofovir (99YXE507IL) ; Maraviroc (MD6P741W8A) ; Dapivirine (TCN4MG2VXS)
    Language English
    Publishing date 2017-02-09
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 1213261-5
    ISSN 1521-0464 ; 1071-7544
    ISSN (online) 1521-0464
    ISSN 1071-7544
    DOI 10.1080/10717544.2016.1242178
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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