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Article ; Online: A Comparison of the Fluoride 'Paint- On' vs Tray Application Techniques for Enamel Remineralisation.

Keratibumrungpong, Keratiporn / Trairatvorakul, Chutima / Jirakran, Ketsupar / Govitvattana, Nattanan

2024

Abstract: Background: Fluoride gel treatment is not recommended for children < 6 years old due to its potential toxicity. Hence the aim of this study was to compare the effect of 1.23% acidulated-phosphate fluoride (APF) gel paint-on and the conventional tray ... ...

Abstract	Background: Fluoride gel treatment is not recommended for children < 6 years old due to its potential toxicity. Hence the aim of this study was to compare the effect of 1.23% acidulated-phosphate fluoride (APF) gel paint-on and the conventional tray application techniques on artificial, deciduous enamel carious lesions embedded on wearable appliances. Methods: In a randomised crossover study, the volunteer children (n = 29) wore mandibular removable appliances containing embedded tooth specimens with artificial carious lesions. The volunteers had 3 different treatment protocols: (I) 0.4 mL non-fluoride (control) gel, (II) 0.4 mL paint-on 1.23% APF gel or (III) 5 mL 1.23% APF gel, 4 minutes tray application. After 1 hour, the appliances were removed and the specimens underwent an in vitro, 14 days of pH-cycling. The mean percentage reduction in fluorescence (ΔF, %) at baseline (ΔF Results: The mean ΔΔF of groups I to III were -1.42 ± 1.49, 1.06 ± 2.11, and 1.12 ± 3.57 and -1.25 ± 1.44, 1.13 ± 1.84 and 1.44 ± 3.62 for the smooth surface and proximal surface lesions, respectively. The mean ΔΔF in the 2 treatment groups were significantly greater compared with the control group (P < .001). There was no significant difference in ΔΔF between the APF gel tray and paint-on groups either in the smooth surfaces, or the proximal surfaces (P = .629 and P = .613, respectively). Conclusion: Our study, for the first time, indicates that the paint-on application of APF gel or the tray application of APF had a similar enamel remineralisation effect. Clinically, this implies that, particularly in younger children, the paint-on application of fluoride is less cumbersome, and possibly more tolerable with a lesser likelihood of fluoride ingestion than the tray application technique. Trial registration: Thai Clinical Trial Registry (https://www.thaiclinicaltrials.org/show/TCTR20190724001).
Language	English
Publishing date	2024-04-12
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	218262-2
ISSN	1875-595X ; 0020-6539
ISSN (online)	1875-595X
ISSN	0020-6539
DOI	10.1016/j.identj.2024.03.003
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Article ; Online: T cell activation and deficits in T regulatory cells are associated with major depressive disorder and severity of depression.

Rachayon, Muanpetch / Jirakran, Ketsupar / Sodsai, Pimpayao / Sughondhabirom, Atapol / Maes, Michael

Scientific reports

2024 Volume 14, Issue 1, Page(s) 11177

Abstract: Major depressive disorder (MDD) is associated with T cell activation, but no studies have examined the combined effects of T cell activation and deficits in T regulatory (Treg) cells on the severity of acute phase MDD. Using flow cytometry, we determined ...

Abstract	Major depressive disorder (MDD) is associated with T cell activation, but no studies have examined the combined effects of T cell activation and deficits in T regulatory (Treg) cells on the severity of acute phase MDD. Using flow cytometry, we determined the percentage and median fluorescence intensity of CD69, CD71, CD40L, and HLADR-bearing CD3+, CD4+, and CD8+ cells, and cannabinoid type 1 receptor (CB1), CD152 and GARP (glycoprotein A repetitions predominant)-bearing CD25+ FoxP3 T regulatory (Treg) cells in 30 MDD patients and 20 healthy controls in unstimulated and stimulated (anti-CD3/CD28) conditions. Based on cytokine levels, we assessed M1 macrophage, T helper (Th)-1 cell, immune-inflammatory response system (IRS), T cell growth, and neurotoxicity immune profiles. We found that the immune profiles (including IRS and neurotoxicity) were significantly predicted by decreased numbers of CD152 or GARP-bearing CD25+ FoxP3 cells or CD152 and GARP expression in combination with increases in activated T cells (especially CD8+ CD40L+ percentage and expression). MDD patients showed significantly increased numbers of CD3+ CD71+, CD3+ CD40L+, CD4+ CD71+, CD4+ CD40L+, CD4+ HLADR+, and CD8+ HLADR+ T cells, increased CD3+ CD71+, CD4+ CD71+ and CD4+ HLADR+ expression, and lowered CD25+ FoxP3 expression and CD25+ FoxP+ CB1+ numbers as compared with controls. The Hamilton Depression Rating Scale score was strongly predicted (between 30 and 40% of its variance) by a lower number of CB1 or GARP-bearing Treg cells and one or more activated T cell subtypes (especially CD8+ CD40L+). In conclusion, increased T helper and cytotoxic cell activation along with decreased Treg homeostatic defenses are important parts of MDD that lead to enhanced immune responses and, as a result, neuroimmunotoxicity.
MeSH term(s)	Humans ; Depressive Disorder, Major/immunology ; T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/immunology ; T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/metabolism ; Male ; Female ; Adult ; Lymphocyte Activation/immunology ; Middle Aged ; Severity of Illness Index ; Cytokines/metabolism ; Antigens, CD/metabolism ; Case-Control Studies
Language	English
Publishing date	2024-05-16
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2615211-3
ISSN	2045-2322 ; 2045-2322
ISSN (online)	2045-2322
ISSN	2045-2322
DOI	10.1038/s41598-024-61865-y
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Article: The effects of adverse childhood experiences on depression and suicidal behaviors are partially mediated by neuroticism: A subclinical manifestation of major depression.

Jirakran, Ketsupar / Vasupanrajit, Asara / Tunvirachaisakul, Chavit / Maes, Michael

Frontiers in psychiatry

2023 Volume 14, Page(s) 1158036

Abstract: Introduction: Neuroticism, a personality trait, can predict major depressive disorder (MDD). The current study aims to determine whether a) neuroticism is a feature of the acute state of MDD, including suicidal behaviors (SB); and b) adverse childhood ... ...

Abstract	Introduction: Neuroticism, a personality trait, can predict major depressive disorder (MDD). The current study aims to determine whether a) neuroticism is a feature of the acute state of MDD, including suicidal behaviors (SB); and b) adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) are associated with neuroticism in MDD. Methods: This study included 133 participants, 67 healthy controls and 66 MDD patients, and assessed the Big 5 Inventory (BFI), ACEs using the ACE Questionnaire, and the phenome of depression using the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAM-D), Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), The State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) and Columbia Suicide Severity Rating Scale (C-SSRS) scores to assess current SB. Results: Neuroticism was significantly higher in MDD than controls, and it explained 64.9% of the variance in the depression phenome (a latent vector extracted from HAM-D, BDI, STAI, and current SB scores). The other BFI domains had much less (extraversion, agreeableness) or no effect (openness, conscientiousness). One latent vector could be extracted from the phenome, lifetime dysthymia, lifetime anxiety disorders and neuroticism scores. Neglect (physical and emotional) and abuse (physical, neglect and sexual) account for approximately 30% of the variance in this latent vector. Partial Least Squares analysis showed that the effects of neglect on the phenome were partially mediated by neuroticism, whereas the effects of abuse were completely mediated by neuroticism. Discussion: Neuroticism (trait) and the MDD phenome (state) are both manifestations of the same latent core, with neuroticism being a subclinical manifestation of MDD.
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-04-26
Publishing country	Switzerland
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2564218-2
ISSN	1664-0640
ISSN	1664-0640
DOI	10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1158036
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Article: Brooding and neuroticism are strongly interrelated manifestations of the phenome of depression.

Vasupanrajit, Asara / Maes, Michael / Jirakran, Ketsupar / Tunvirachaisakul, Chavit

Frontiers in psychiatry

2023 Volume 14, Page(s) 1249839

Abstract: Introduction: We found that neuroticism may be identified as a subclinical manifestation of the phenome of depression, comprising depressive and anxiety symptoms, and suicidal behaviors. Rumination is positively associated with depression and ... ...

Abstract	Introduction: We found that neuroticism may be identified as a subclinical manifestation of the phenome of depression, comprising depressive and anxiety symptoms, and suicidal behaviors. Rumination is positively associated with depression and neuroticism and may mediate the effects of neuroticism on depression. This study aimed to determine whether rumination or its components, including brooding or reflection, mediate the effects of neuroticism on depression or, alternatively, whether both neuroticism and rumination are manifestations of the phenome of depression. Methods: This study recruited 74 depressed subjects and 44 healthy controls. The depression group was split into groups with high versus low brooding scores. We used partial least squares (PLS) to examine mediation effects. Results: We found that brooding and reflection scores are significantly higher in depressed patients than in controls. Patients with higher brooding scores have increased severity of depression, anxiety, insomnia, neuroticism, and current suicidal ideation as compared with patients with lower brooding scores and controls. There is a strong positive association between rumination, and neuroticism, depression, anxiety, and lifetime and current suicidal behaviors. PLS analysis shows that brooding does not mediate the effects of neuroticism on the depression phenome because no discriminant validity could be established between neuroticism and brooding, or between neuroticism and brooding and the depression phenome. We were able to extract one validated latent vector from brooding and neuroticism, insomnia, depression, anxiety, and current suicidal behaviors. Conclusion: Overall, this study supports the theory that rumination and neuroticism are reflective manifestations of the phenome of depression.
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-12-22
Publishing country	Switzerland
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2564218-2
ISSN	1664-0640
ISSN	1664-0640
DOI	10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1249839
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Article ; Online: Factors affecting sibling bullying and its association with self-esteem and depression in middle school students.

Laopratai, Mananya / Jirakran, Ketsupar / Chonchaiya, Weerasak

European journal of pediatrics

2023 Volume 182, Issue 8, Page(s) 3501–3509

Abstract: Sibling bullying is an unwanted aggressive behavior of a sibling that is associated with peer bullying and emotional problems. However, the prevalence of sibling bullying, the factors that affect this condition, and its impact on depression and self- ... ...

Abstract	Sibling bullying is an unwanted aggressive behavior of a sibling that is associated with peer bullying and emotional problems. However, the prevalence of sibling bullying, the factors that affect this condition, and its impact on depression and self-esteem are understudied, especially in Thailand. This study aims to examine the prevalence of sibling bullying, factors that affect sibling bullying, and its association with self-esteem and depression during the pandemic. From January to February 2022, a cross-sectional study was conducted in grades 7-9 (age 12-15 years) who had at least one sibling. Demographic characteristics, sibling bullying, self-esteem, and depression were collected using the revised Olweus bully/victim questionnaire, the Rosenberg self-esteem scale, and Patient Health Questionnaire-9, respectively. Binary logistic regression was analyzed to determine associations between sibling bullying and outcomes. Of 352 participants (30.4% female), 92 (26.1%) were victims and 49 (13.9%) were bullies of sibling bullying in the previous 6 months. Factors associated with an increased risk of being victims included female (OR = 2.46; 95%CI 1.34-4.53), peer victimization (OR = 12.99; 95%CI 5.27-32.04), domestic violence (OR = 4.48; 95%CI 1.68-11.95), and perpetrating sibling bullying (OR = 9.81; 95%CI 4.62-20.81). Factors associated with an increased risk of depression were female (OR = 2.59; 95%CI 1.57-4.26), sibling bullying victimization (OR = 2.08; 95%CI 1.22-3.56), physical abuse (OR = 9.50, 95%CI 1.13-79.71) and domestic violence (OR = 3.44; 95%CI 1.40-8.45). Conclusion: Sibling bullying was not uncommon in Thai young adolescents and was associated with female, peer bullying, domestic violence, and depression. Such associations should be identified early so preventive measures and management could be properly implemented. What is Known: • Sibling bullying increases the risk for engaging in peer bullying, aggressive behaviors, violence, and emotional difficulties during life course trajectories. • Victims of sibling bullying are at increased risk of depression, anxiety, mental distress, self-harm, and decreased well-being. What is New: • The rate of sibling bullying in Thai middle school students, even during the pandemic, was comparable to previous studies of different cultural backgrounds without the pandemic. • Victims of sibling bullying were associated with female sex, peer victimization, domestic violence, perpetrating sibling bullying, and depression. Perpetrating sibling bullying was also associated with bullies in cyberbullying.
MeSH term(s)	Adolescent ; Humans ; Female ; Child ; Male ; Siblings ; Depression/epidemiology ; Depression/etiology ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Bullying/psychology ; Crime Victims/psychology ; Students
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-05-16
Publishing country	Germany
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	194196-3
ISSN	1432-1076 ; 0340-6199 ; 0943-9676
ISSN (online)	1432-1076
ISSN	0340-6199 ; 0943-9676
DOI	10.1007/s00431-023-05015-y
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Article: Lower Nerve Growth Factor Levels in Major Depression and Suicidal Behaviors: Effects of Adverse Childhood Experiences and Recurrence of Illness.

Maes, Michael / Rachayon, Muanpetch / Jirakran, Ketsupar / Sodsai, Pimpayao / Sughondhabirom, Atapol

Brain sciences

2023 Volume 13, Issue 7

Abstract: Major depressive disorder (MDD) and its severe subtype, major dysmood disorder (MDMD), are distinguished by activation of inflammatory and growth factor subnetworks, which are associated with recurrence of illness (ROI) and adverse childhood experiences ( ...

Abstract	Major depressive disorder (MDD) and its severe subtype, major dysmood disorder (MDMD), are distinguished by activation of inflammatory and growth factor subnetworks, which are associated with recurrence of illness (ROI) and adverse childhood experiences (ACEs). Nerve growth factor (NGF) plays a crucial role in facilitating neuro-immune communications and may regulate the inflammatory response. Methods: The present study examined the effects of ACEs and ROI on culture supernatant NGF, stem cell factor (SCF), stem cell GF (SCGF), hepatocyte GF (HGF), and macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF), in relation to a neurotoxicity (NT) cytokine profile. Results: NGF levels are lower in MDD ( Conclusions: The imbalance between decreased NGF and increased neurotoxic cytokines during the acute phase of severe depression may contribute to decreased neuroprotection, increased neuro-affective toxicity, and chronic mild inflammation.
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-07-18
Publishing country	Switzerland
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2651993-8
ISSN	2076-3425
ISSN	2076-3425
DOI	10.3390/brainsci13071090
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Article ; Online: Inflammation and nitro-oxidative stress in current suicidal attempts and current suicidal ideation: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Vasupanrajit, Asara / Jirakran, Ketsupar / Tunvirachaisakul, Chavit / Solmi, Marco / Maes, Michael

Molecular psychiatry

2022 Volume 27, Issue 3, Page(s) 1350–1361

Abstract: A meta-analysis showed a significant association between activated immune-inflammatory and nitro-oxidative (IO&NS) pathways and suicide attempts (SA). There is no data on whether recent suicidal ideation (SI) is accompanied by activated IO&NS pathways ... ...

Abstract	A meta-analysis showed a significant association between activated immune-inflammatory and nitro-oxidative (IO&NS) pathways and suicide attempts (SA). There is no data on whether recent suicidal ideation (SI) is accompanied by activated IO&NS pathways and whether there are differences between recent SA and SI. The current study searched PubMed, Google Scholar, and Web of Science, for articles published from inception until May 10, 2021, and systematically reviewed and meta-analysed the association between recent SA/SI (<3 months) and IO&NS biomarkers. We included studies which compared psychiatric patients with and without SA and SI and controls (either healthy controls or patients without SA/SI) and used meta-analysis (random-effect model with restricted maximum-likelihood) to delineate effect sizes with 95% confidence intervals (CI). Our search included 59 studies comprising 4.034 SA/SI cases and 12.377 controls. Patients with SA/SI showed activated IO&NS pathways (SMD: 0.299; CI: 0.200; 0.397) when compared to controls. The immune profiles were more strongly associated with SA than with SI, particularly when compared to healthy controls, as evidenced by activated IO&NS (SMD: 0.796; CI: 0.503; 1.089), immune (SMD: 1.409; CI: 0.637; 1.462), inflammatory (SMD: 1.200; CI: 0.584; 1.816), and neurotoxic (SMD: 0.904; CI: 0.431; 1.378) pathways. The effects sizes of the IO&NS, immune and inflammatory profiles were significantly greater in SA than in SI. In conclusion: activated IO&NS pathways are associated with recent SA and SI, and inflammation, T helper-1 activation, nitro-oxidative stress, lowered neuroprotection, and increased neurotoxicity explain at least in part why psychiatric patients show increased suicidal behaviours, especially SA.
MeSH term(s)	Biomarkers ; Humans ; Inflammation ; Oxidative Stress ; Suicidal Ideation ; Suicide, Attempted/psychology
Chemical Substances	Biomarkers
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-01-08
Publishing country	England
Document type	Meta-Analysis ; Systematic Review ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	1330655-8
ISSN	1476-5578 ; 1359-4184
ISSN (online)	1476-5578
ISSN	1359-4184
DOI	10.1038/s41380-021-01407-4
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Article ; Online: Suicide attempts are associated with activated immune-inflammatory, nitro-oxidative, and neurotoxic pathways: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

Vasupanrajit, Asara / Jirakran, Ketsupar / Tunvirachaisakul, Chavit / Maes, Michael

Journal of affective disorders

2021 Volume 295, Page(s) 80–92

Abstract: Background: Suicide attempts (SA) frequently occur in patients with mood disorders and schizophrenia, which are both accompanied by activated immune-inflammatory and nitro-oxidative (IO&NS) pathways.: Methods: We searched PubMed, Google Scholar, and ... ...

Abstract	Background: Suicide attempts (SA) frequently occur in patients with mood disorders and schizophrenia, which are both accompanied by activated immune-inflammatory and nitro-oxidative (IO&NS) pathways. Methods: We searched PubMed, Google Scholar, and Web of Science, for articles published from inception until February 1, 2021. We included studies that compared blood biomarkers in psychiatric patients with (SA+) and without SA (SA-) and heathy controls and we combined different IO&NS biomarkers into immune, inflammatory, and neurotoxic profiles and used meta-analysis (random-effect model with restricted maximum-likelihood) to delineate effect sizes with 95% confidence interval (CI). Findings: Our search included 51 studies comprising 4.945 SA+ patients and 24.148 controls. We stratified the control group into healthy controls and SA- patients. SA+ patients showed significantly (p<0.001) increased immune activation (SMD: 1.044; CI: 0.599, 1.489), inflammation (SMD: 1.109; CI: 0.505, 1.714), neurotoxicity (SMD: 0.879; CI: 0.465, 1.293), and lowered neuroprotection (SMD: 0.648; CI: 0.354, 0.941) as compared with healthy controls. When compared with SA- patients, those with SA+ showed significant (p<0.001) immune activation (SMD: 0.290; CI: 0.183, 0.397), inflammation (SMD: 0.311; CI: 0.191, 0.432), and neurotoxicity (SMD: 0.315; CI: 0.198, 0.432), and lowered neuroprotection (SMD: 0.341; CI: 0.167, 0.515). Patients with current, but not lifetime, SA showed significant (p<0.001) levels of inflammation and neurotoxicity as compared with controls. Conclusions: Patients with immune activation are at a higher risk of SA which may be explained by increased neurotoxicity due to inflammation and nitro-oxidative stress. This meta-analysis discovered new biomarkers of SA and therapeutic targets to treat individuals with SA.
MeSH term(s)	Biomarkers/metabolism ; Humans ; Inflammation ; Mood Disorders ; Oxidative Stress ; Suicide, Attempted
Chemical Substances	Biomarkers
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-08-13
Publishing country	Netherlands
Document type	Journal Article ; Meta-Analysis ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't ; Review ; Systematic Review
ZDB-ID	135449-8
ISSN	1573-2517 ; 0165-0327
ISSN (online)	1573-2517
ISSN	0165-0327
DOI	10.1016/j.jad.2021.08.015
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Article ; Online: Towards a major methodological shift in depression research by assessing continuous scores of recurrence of illness, lifetime and current suicidal behaviors and phenome features.

Maes, Michael / Zhou, Bo / Jirakran, Ketsupar / Vasupanrajit, Asara / Boonchaya-Anant, Patchaya / Tunvirachaisakul, Chavit / Tang, Xiaoou / Li, Jing / Almulla, Abbas F

Journal of affective disorders

2024 Volume 350, Page(s) 728–740

Abstract: Background: The binary major depressive disorder (MDD) diagnosis is inadequate and should never be used in research.: Aims: The study's objective is to explicate our novel precision nomothetic strategy for constructing depression models based on ... ...

Abstract	Background: The binary major depressive disorder (MDD) diagnosis is inadequate and should never be used in research. Aims: The study's objective is to explicate our novel precision nomothetic strategy for constructing depression models based on adverse childhood experiences (ACEs), lifetime and current phenome, and biomarker (atherogenicity indices) scores. Methods: This study assessed recurrence of illness (ROI: namely recurrence of depressive episodes and suicidal behaviors, SBs), lifetime and current SBs and the phenome of depression, neuroticism, dysthymia, anxiety disorders, and lipid biomarkers including apolipoprotein (Apo)A, ApoB, free cholesterol and cholesteryl esters, triglycerides, high density lipoprotein cholesterol in 67 normal controls and 66 MDD patients. We computed atherogenic and reverse cholesterol transport indices. Results: We were able to extract one factor from a) the lifetime phenome of depression comprising ROI, and traits such as neuroticism, dysthymia and anxiety disorders, and b) the phenome of the acute phase (based on depression, anxiety and quality of life scores). PLS analysis showed that 55.7 % of the variance in the lifetime + current phenome factor was explained by increased atherogenicity, neglect and sexual abuse, while atherogenicity partially mediated the effects of neglect. Cluster analysis generated a cluster of patients with major dysmood disorder, which was externally validated by increased atherogenicity and characterized by increased scores of all clinical features. Conclusions: The outcome of depression should not be represented as a binary variable (MDD or not), but rather as multiple dimensional scores based on biomarkers, ROI, subclinical depression traits, and lifetime and current phenome scores including SBs.
MeSH term(s)	Humans ; Depressive Disorder, Major/diagnosis ; Suicidal Ideation ; Depression ; Quality of Life ; Biomarkers ; Cholesterol
Chemical Substances	Biomarkers ; Cholesterol (97C5T2UQ7J)
Language	English
Publishing date	2024-01-20
Publishing country	Netherlands
Document type	Journal Article ; Review
ZDB-ID	135449-8
ISSN	1573-2517 ; 0165-0327
ISSN (online)	1573-2517
ISSN	0165-0327
DOI	10.1016/j.jad.2024.01.150
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Article: Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid cytokines and chemokines changes after bronchial thermoplasty in severe asthma.

Leelayuwatanakul, Nophol / Sodsai, Pimpayao / Jirakran, Ketsupar / Thanthitaweewat, Vorawut / Wongsrichanalai, Virissorn / Sriprasart, Thitiwat

Asian Pacific journal of allergy and immunology

2023

Abstract: Background: Bronchial thermoplasty (BT) is a non-pharmacological intervention in severe asthma with a well-known mechanism of reducing airway smooth muscle. However, its effect on airway inflammation remains uncertain.: Objective: To investigate the ... ...

Abstract	Background: Bronchial thermoplasty (BT) is a non-pharmacological intervention in severe asthma with a well-known mechanism of reducing airway smooth muscle. However, its effect on airway inflammation remains uncertain. Objective: To investigate the effect of BT on bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) cytokines and chemokines in severe asthma patients before BT, after the first BT, and 12 weeks after BT. Methods: Ten severe asthma patients were recruited, and BALF was obtained from right lower lobe before BT, after the first BT, and 12 weeks after BT. BALF analytes were measured and values were compared among the time points. Lung function, asthma control test (ACT), and asthma quality of life questionnaire (AQLQ) were also measured. Results: Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α concentration was significantly decreased after the first BT and significantly increased at 12 weeks after BT. Interleukin-6 (IL-6) and TNF-related apoptosis inducing ligand (TRAIL) concentration were significantly increased at 12 weeks after BT. There were no significant changes in Regulated upon activation, normal T-cell expressed and secreted (RANTES) and transforming growth factor-beta1 (TGF-β1) concentration over time after BT. At 12 weeks after BT, there were significantly greater improvements in the scores on AQLQ (3.93 ± 0.88 to 5.3 ± 0.99, p = 0.002) and ACT (13.6 ± 3.27 to 19 ± 4.44, p = 0.002). The lung function did not differ significantly between pre- and post-BT. Conclusions: BT has limited effect on TNF-α, IL-6, TRAIL, RANTES, and TGF- β1 in BALF suggesting that its clinical benefit is not primarily related to this local airway inflammation. The effect on long-term airway inflammation probably needs further studies.
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-10-23
Publishing country	Thailand
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	605782-2
ISSN	2228-8694 ; 0125-877X
ISSN (online)	2228-8694
ISSN	0125-877X
DOI	10.12932/AP-060323-1559
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