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Article ; Online: Hepatitis B virus genotypes and subgenotypes and the natural history and epidemiology of hepatitis B

Tania Queiroz Reuter / Michele Gomes-Gouvea / Samira Chuffi / Ulisses Horst Duque / José Americo Carvalho / Waltesia Perini / Marcello Moro Queiroz / Ingrid Marques Segal / Raymundo Soares Azevedo / João Renato Rebello Pinho

Annals of Hepatology, Vol 27, Iss , Pp 100574- (2022)

2022

Abstract: Introduction and Objectives: Espírito Santo state is considered a region with a higher frequency of hepatitis B virus infection. This study characterized demographic, epidemiological, laboratory, virological and clinical aspects of 587 chronic HBV ... ...

Abstract	Introduction and Objectives: Espírito Santo state is considered a region with a higher frequency of hepatitis B virus infection. This study characterized demographic, epidemiological, laboratory, virological and clinical aspects of 587 chronic HBV carriers followed up at the University of Espírito Santo Hospital. Materials and Methods: Demographic, epidemiological, laboratory and clinical data were extracted from medical records during the entire follow-up period. Classification of the evolutionary phases of chronic hepatitis B was defined as immunotolerant; inactive carrier; chronic active hepatitis HBeAg (+) and HBeAg (-). Characterization of HBV genotypes/subgenotypes was performed by sequencing of overlapping surface antigens and HBV DNA polymerase genes. Phylogenetic relationships were determined using BEAST 1.8.3 software. Results: and Conclusions: Genotypes found were A (132/65.3%) [A1 = 129 (63.9%) and A2 = 3 (1.5%)], D (66/32.7%) [D3 = 56 (27.7%), D4 = 8 (4.0%) and D2 = 2 (1.0%)] and F (4/2.0%) - all F2a. Subgenotypes A1 or D3 were not associated with age, sex, HIV/HCV co-infection, viral load, antiviral usage, HBeAg status or clinical stages of chronic hepatitis B. Mother –to-child-transmission (MTCT) was associated with the subgenotype A1 and intrafamilial transmission with subgenotype D3. Subgenotype A1 was more frequent than D3 among individuals born outside ES compared to those born in ES. Conclusions: The most predominant clinical phases were HBeAg (-), inactive carrier and chronic active hepatitis HBeAg (-). Subgenotypes A1 and D3 were most frequent and were associated were MTCT and intrafamilial transmission of HBV, respectively.
Keywords	Hepatitis B ; Natural history of disease ; Brazil ; Genotype ; Specialties of internal medicine ; RC581-951
Subject code	610
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-01-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	Elsevier
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: Analysis of the complete genome of HBV genotypes F and H found in Brazil and Mexico using the next generation sequencing method

Patrícia Oliveira Gionda / Michele Gomes-Gouvea / Fernanda de Mello Malta / Pedro Sebe / Ana Paula Moreira Salles / Rodrigo dos Santos Francisco / Alexis José-Abrego / Sonia Roman / Arturo Panduro / João Renato Rebello Pinho

Annals of Hepatology, Vol 27, Iss , Pp 100569- (2022)

2022

Abstract: Introduction and Objectives: Hepatitis B Virus is classified into ten different genotypes (A- J). Genotypes F and H cluster apart from others in phylogenetic trees and is particularly frequent in the Americas. The aim of this study was to sequence ... ...

Abstract	Introduction and Objectives: Hepatitis B Virus is classified into ten different genotypes (A- J). Genotypes F and H cluster apart from others in phylogenetic trees and is particularly frequent in the Americas. The aim of this study was to sequence complete genomes of samples of HBV genotypes F and H from Brazil and Mexico using next generation sequencing (NGS) and to study relevant characteristics for the disease associated with this virus. Materials and methods: Ninety plasma samples with detectable HBV DNA belonging to the F (n=59) and H (n=31) genotypes were submitted to amplification of the complete HBV genome by three different methologies. Data analysis was developed using bioinformatics tools for quality assurance and comprehensive coverage of the genome. Sequences were aligned with reference sequences for subgenotyping and detecting variants in relevant positions. A phylogenetical tree was constructed using Bayesian methods. Results: HBV genome of 31 samples were amplified and 18 of them were sequenced (HBV/F=16 and HBV/H=2). One genotype F sample was co-infected with the F1b and F3 subgenotypes, while the other samples were all F2a subgenotype. Two genotype H samples clustered with other Mexican sequences. The main variants observed were found in preS and S genes (7/18) and mutations in the precore/core region (11/18). Conclusions: A NGS methodology was applied to F and H genotypes samples from Mexico and Brazil to fully characterize their sequences. This methodology will be relevant for clinical and epidemiological studies of hepatitis B in Latin America
Keywords	Hepatitis B ; Sequencing ; Next-generation ; Latin America ; Genotype ; Specialties of internal medicine ; RC581-951
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-01-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	Elsevier
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: The long-term effectiveness of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccines

Alexandre R. Marra / Takaaki Kobayashi / Hiroyuki Suzuki / Mohammed Alsuhaibani / Marin L. Schweizer / Daniel J. Diekema / Bruna Marques Tofaneto / Luigi Makowski Bariani / Mariana de Amorim Auler / Jorge L. Salinas / Michael B. Edmond / João Renato Rebello Pinho / Luiz Vicente Rizzo

Antimicrobial Stewardship & Healthcare Epidemiology, Vol

A systematic literature review and meta-analysis

2022 Volume 2

Abstract: Abstract Background: Although multiple studies revealed high vaccine effectiveness of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccines within 3 months after the completion of vaccines, long-term vaccine effectiveness has not been well established, especially ...

Abstract	Abstract Background: Although multiple studies revealed high vaccine effectiveness of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccines within 3 months after the completion of vaccines, long-term vaccine effectiveness has not been well established, especially after the δ (delta) variant became prominent. We performed a systematic literature review and meta-analysis of long-term vaccine effectiveness. Methods: We searched PubMed, CINAHL, EMBASE, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Scopus, and Web of Science from December 2019 to November 15, 2021, for studies evaluating the long-term vaccine effectiveness against laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 or COVID-19 hospitalization among individuals who received 2 doses of Pfizer/BioNTech, Moderna, or AstraZeneca vaccines, or 1 dose of the Janssen vaccine. Long-term was defined as >5 months after the last dose. We calculated the pooled diagnostic odds ratio (DOR) with 95% confidence interval for COVID-19 between vaccinated and unvaccinated individuals. Vaccine effectiveness was estimated as 100% × (1 − DOR). Results: In total, 16 studies including 17,939,172 individuals evaluated long-term vaccine effectiveness and were included in the meta-analysis. The pooled DOR for COVID-19 was 0.158 (95% CI: 0.157-0.160) with an estimated vaccine effectiveness of 84.2% (95% CI, 84.0- 84.3%). Estimated vaccine effectiveness against COVID-19 hospitalization was 88.7% (95% CI, 55.8%–97.1%). Vaccine effectiveness against COVID-19 during the δ variant period was 61.2% (95% CI, 59.0%–63.3%). Conclusions: COVID-19 vaccines are effective in preventing COVID-19 and COVID-19 hospitalization across a long-term period for the circulating variants during the study period. More observational studies are needed to evaluate the vaccine effectiveness of third dose of a COVID-19 vaccine, the vaccine effectiveness of mixing COVID-19 vaccines, COVID-19 breakthrough infection, and vaccine effectiveness against newly emerging variants.
Keywords	Infectious and parasitic diseases ; RC109-216 ; Public aspects of medicine ; RA1-1270
Subject code	610
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-01-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	Cambridge University Press
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: NAFLD in Polycystic Ovary Syndrome

Amanda Medeiros Recuero / Larissa Garcia Gomes / Gustavo Arantes Rosa Maciel / Fernanda de Mello Malta / Ana Paula Moreira Salles / Denise Cerqueira Paranaguá Vezozzo / Edmund Chada Baracat / João Renato Rebello Pinho / Flair José Carrilho / José Tadeu Stefano / Claudia P. Oliveira

Biomedicines, Vol 10, Iss 2719, p

Association with PNPLA3 and Metabolic Features

2022 Volume 2719

Abstract: Background: The aim of this study was to determine the frequency of the rs738409 polymorphism in the patatin-like phospholipase domain containing 3 ( PNPLA3 ) gene in patients with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) and its impact on nonalcoholic fatty ... ...

Abstract	Background: The aim of this study was to determine the frequency of the rs738409 polymorphism in the patatin-like phospholipase domain containing 3 ( PNPLA3 ) gene in patients with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) and its impact on nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) risk and severity. We also evaluated other risk factors associated with NAFLD and advanced fibrosis. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study involving 163 patients with PCOS at a tertiary center. Genotyping for the PNPLA3 polymorphism was undertaken using a TaqMan assay. The degree of fibrosis was defined by transient elastography. Results: The prevalence of NAFLD was 72.4%, and the polymorphism was heterozygous in 41.7% and homozygous in 8% of patients. Homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance ≥ 2.5 was the main factor associated with the risk of developing NAFLD (OR = 4.313, p = 0.022), and its effect was amplified by the polymorphism (OR = 12.198, p = 0.017). Age > 32 years also conferred a higher risk for NAFLD. HDL values ≥ 50 mg/dL conferred protection against the outcome. Metabolic syndrome (OR = 13.030, p = 0.020) and AST > 32 U/L (OR = 9.039, p = 0.009) were independent risk factors for advanced fibrosis. Conclusions: In women with PCOS, metabolic characteristics are more relevant than PNPLA3 polymorphism regarding the risk for NAFLD and its advanced forms, but these factors can act synergistically, increasing disease risk.
Keywords	NAFLD ; PCOS ; insulin resistance ; patatin-like phospholipase domain containing 3 ; Biology (General) ; QH301-705.5
Subject code	610
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-10-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	MDPI AG
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: Detection of coronavirus-2 by real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction in conjunctival swabs from patients with severe form of Coronavirus disease 2019 in São Paulo, Brazil

Mariana Akemi Matsura Misawa / Tatiana Tanaka / Tomás Minelli / Pedro Gomes Oliveira Braga / Juliana Mika Kato / Michele Soares Gomes Gouvêa / João Renato Rebello Pinho / Joyce Hisae Yamamoto

Clinics, Vol

2021 Volume 76

Abstract: OBJECTIVES: To test conjunctival swabs from patients with laboratory-confirmed severe forms of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) for the presence of SARS-CoV-2 on real-time reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (rRT-PCR). METHODS: Fifty ... ...

Abstract	OBJECTIVES: To test conjunctival swabs from patients with laboratory-confirmed severe forms of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) for the presence of SARS-CoV-2 on real-time reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (rRT-PCR). METHODS: Fifty conjunctival swabs were collected from 50 in-patients with laboratory-confirmed severe forms of COVID-19 at the largest teaching hospital and referral center in Brazil (HCFMUSP, São Paulo, SP). The samples were tested for SARS-CoV-2 on rRT-PCR with the primers and probes described in the CDC protocol which amplify the region of the nucleocapsid N gene (2019_nCoV_N1 and 2019_nCoV_N2) of SARS-CoV-2 RNA and compared with naso/oropharyngeal swabs collected within 24 hours of the conjunctival swabs. RESULTS: Five conjunctival samples (10%) tested positive (amplification of the N1 and N2 primer/probe sets) while two conjunctival samples (4%) yielded inconclusive results (amplification of the N1 primer/probe set only). The naso/oropharyngeal swabs were positive for SARS-CoV-2 on rRT-PCR in 34 patients (68%), negative in 14 (28%) and inconclusive in 2 (4%). The 5 patients with positive conjunctival swabs had positive (n=2), negative (n=2) or inconclusive (n=1) naso/oropharyngeal swabs on rRT-PCR. Patients with negative or inconclusive naso/oropharyngeal swabs had the diagnosis of COVID-19 confirmed by previous positive rRT-PCR results or by serology. CONCLUSION: This is the first study to present conjunctival swab rRT-PCR results for SARS-CoV-2 in a Brazilian population. In our sample of 50 patients with severe forms of COVID-19, 10% had positive conjunctival swabs, most of which were correlated with positive naso/oropharyngeal rRT-PCR results.
Keywords	COVID-19 ; Conjunctiva ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Medicine (General) ; R5-920
Subject code	616 ; 610
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-07-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	Elsevier España
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: Long term persistence of coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 infection

João Renato Rebello Pinho / Ketti Gleyzer de Oliveira / Roberta Sitnik / Maira Marranghello Maluf / Pedro Henrique Sebe Rodrigues / Rúbia Anita Ferraz Santana / Eliane Rosseto Welter / Ophir Irony

Einstein (São Paulo), Vol

2021 Volume 19

Abstract: ABSTRACT During the COVID-19 pandemic, a case of a long-term persistence of SARS-CoV-2 infection (from March 26 to May 20, 2020) was identified at a private hospital in São Paulo, SP, Brazil. The long-term positivity for SARS-CoV-2 in reverse ... ...

Abstract	ABSTRACT During the COVID-19 pandemic, a case of a long-term persistence of SARS-CoV-2 infection (from March 26 to May 20, 2020) was identified at a private hospital in São Paulo, SP, Brazil. The long-term positivity for SARS-CoV-2 in reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction tests of a patient diagnosed with COVID-19 suggests, at least part of patients who recovered, may still carry and transmit the SARS-CoV-2 virus. This fact emphasizes the importance of having at least two negative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction test results for SARS-CoV-2. Serological assays were not particularly helpful in the case described, since the patient had very low antibodies titers at the end of the follow-up period. Low viral loads may not be detected by current molecular methods, leading to wrong conclusions regarding viral clearance.
Keywords	COVID-19 ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Infecções Coronavírus ; Coronavírus ; Medicine ; R
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-12-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	Instituto Israelita de Ensino e Pesquisa Albert Einstein
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: Salivary SARS-CoV-2 load reduction with mouthwash use

Fernanda de Paula Eduardo / Luciana Corrêa / Debora Heller / Carlo Amorin Daep / Carlos Benitez / Zilson Malheiros / Bernal Stewart / Maria Ryan / Clarisse Martins Machado / Nelson Hamerschlak / João Renato Rebello Pinho / Letícia Mello Bezinelli

Heliyon, Vol 7, Iss 6, Pp e07346- (2021)

A randomized pilot clinical trial

2021

Abstract: The saliva of patients with COVID-19 has a high SARS-CoV-2 viral load. The risk of spreading the virus is high, and procedures for viral load reduction in the oral cavity are important. Little research to date has been performed on the effect of ... ...

Abstract	The saliva of patients with COVID-19 has a high SARS-CoV-2 viral load. The risk of spreading the virus is high, and procedures for viral load reduction in the oral cavity are important. Little research to date has been performed on the effect of mouthwashes on the salivary SARS-CoV-2 viral load. This pilot randomized single-center clinical trial investigated whether three types of mouthwash with solutions containing either 0.075% cetylpyridinium chloride plus 0.28% zinc lactate (CPC + Zn), 1.5% hydrogen peroxide (HP), or 0.12% chlorhexidine gluconate (CHX) reduce the SARS-CoV-2 viral load in saliva at different time points. Sixty SARS-CoV-2-positive patients were recruited and randomly partitioned into a placebo (oral rinsing with distilled water) group and other groups according to the type of mouthwash. Saliva samples were collected from the participants before rinsing (T0), immediately after rinsing (T1), 30 min after rinsing (T2), and 60 min after rinsing (T3). The salivary SARS-CoV-2 viral load was measured by qRT-PCR assays. Rinsing with HP and CPC + Zn resulted in better reductions in viral load, with 15.8 ± 0.08- and 20.4 ± 3.7-fold reductions at T1, respectively. Although the CPC + Zn group maintained a 2.6 ± 0.1-fold reduction at T3, this trend was not observed for HP. HP mouthwash resulted in a significant reduction in the SARS-CoV-2 viral load up to 30 min after rinsing (6.5 ± 3.4). The CHX mouthwash significantly reduced the viral load at T1, T2, and T3 (2.1 ± 1.5-, 6.2 ± 3.8-, and 4.2 ± 2.4-fold reductions, respectively). In conclusion, mouthwash with CPC + Zinc and CHX resulted in significant reductions of the SARS-CoV-2 viral load in saliva up to 60 mins after rinsing, while HP mouthwash resulted in a significant reduction up to 30 mins after rinsing. Despite this transitory effect, these results encourage further studies and suggest that these products could be considered as risk-mitigation strategies for patients infected with SARS-CoV-2.
Keywords	SARS-CoV-2 ; Saliva ; Antimicrobial agents ; Hydrogen peroxide ; Chlorhexidine gluconate ; Cetylpyridinium ; Science (General) ; Q1-390 ; Social sciences (General) ; H1-99
Subject code	610 ; 796
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-06-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	Elsevier
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: Seroprevalence of hepatitis E virus in risk populations and blood donors in a referral hospital in the south of Brazil

Marisa Boff Costa / Michele Soares Gomes Gouvêa / Samira Chuffi / Gustavo Hirata Dellavia / Felipe Ornel / Lísia Von Diemen / Félix Kessler / João Renato Rebello Pinho / Mário Reis Álvares-da-Silva

Scientific Reports, Vol 11, Iss 1, Pp 1-

2021 Volume 5

Abstract: Abstract The prevalence of anti-hepatitis E virus (HEV) antibodies has a high heterogeneity worldwide. South American data are still scarce. The aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of HEV in populations at risk in comparison to blood donors ( ...

Abstract	Abstract The prevalence of anti-hepatitis E virus (HEV) antibodies has a high heterogeneity worldwide. South American data are still scarce. The aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of HEV in populations at risk in comparison to blood donors (BD). A cross-sectional study was carried out in adults of different risk populations including crack users (CK), residents in a low income area (LIA), cirrhotic (CIR) and liver transplant patients (LT) compared with BD. The WANTAI HEV ELISA test was used and real-time PCR (in-house for screening and ALTONA as confirmatory test) for HEV RNA screening. A total of 400 participants were included. Anti-HEV IgG was positive in 19.5% of the total sample, reaching the highest rate in the CIR group, 22.5%, followed by CK, LT, and LIA (20%, 18.7%, and 17.5%, respectively). The prevalence found in BD individuals was of 18.7% (p = NS). Anti-HEV IgM was positive in only 1.5% of the sample (6/400). No blood or stools samples were positive for HEV RNA. The seroprevalence reported is among the highest rates ever found in Brazil. Considering the intense diagnostic investigation, data show that HEV circulation is more common that might be expected in our country.
Keywords	Medicine ; R ; Science ; Q
Subject code	610
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-03-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	Nature Portfolio
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: The short-term effectiveness of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccines among healthcare workers

Alexandre R. Marra / Takaaki Kobayashi / Hiroyuki Suzuki / Mohammed Alsuhaibani / Bruna Marques Tofaneto / Luigi Makowski Bariani / Mariana de Amorim Auler / Jorge L. Salinas / Michael B. Edmond / João Renato Rebello Pinho / Luiz Vicente Rizzo / Marin L. Schweizer

Antimicrobial Stewardship & Healthcare Epidemiology, Vol

a systematic literature review and meta-analysis

2021 Volume 1

Abstract: Abstract Objective: Healthcare workers (HCWs) are at risk of COVID-19 due to high levels of SARS-CoV-2 exposure. Thus, effective vaccines are needed. We performed a systematic literature review and meta-analysis on COVID-19 short-term vaccine ... ...

Abstract	Abstract Objective: Healthcare workers (HCWs) are at risk of COVID-19 due to high levels of SARS-CoV-2 exposure. Thus, effective vaccines are needed. We performed a systematic literature review and meta-analysis on COVID-19 short-term vaccine effectiveness among HCWs. Methods: We searched PubMed, CINAHL, EMBASE, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Scopus, and Web of Science from December 2019 to June 11, 2021, for studies evaluating vaccine effectiveness against symptomatic COVID-19 among HCWs. To meta-analyze the extracted data, we calculated the pooled diagnostic odds ratio (DOR) for COVID-19 between vaccinated and unvaccinated HCWs. Vaccine effectiveness was estimated as 100% × (1 − DOR). We also performed a stratified analysis for vaccine effectiveness by vaccination status: 1 dose and 2 doses of the vaccine. Results: We included 13 studies, including 173,742 HCWs evaluated for vaccine effectiveness in the meta-analysis. The vast majority (99.9%) of HCWs were vaccinated with the Pfizer/BioNTech COVID-19 mRNA vaccine. The pooled DOR for symptomatic COVID-19 among vaccinated HCWs was 0.072 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.028–0.184) with an estimated vaccine effectiveness of 92.8% (95% CI, 81.6%–97.2%). In stratified analyses, the estimated vaccine effectiveness against symptomatic COVID-19 among HCWs who had received 1 dose of vaccine was 82.1% (95% CI, 46.1%–94.1%) and the vaccine effectiveness among HCWs who had received 2 doses was 93.5% (95% CI, 82.5%–97.6%). Conclusions: The COVID-19 mRNA vaccines are highly effective against symptomatic COVID-19, even with 1 dose. More observational studies are needed to evaluate the vaccine effectiveness of other COVID-19 vaccines, COVID-19 breakthrough after vaccination, and vaccine efficacy against new variants.
Keywords	Infectious and parasitic diseases ; RC109-216 ; Public aspects of medicine ; RA1-1270
Subject code	610
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-01-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	Cambridge University Press
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: Adverse drug reactions and drug interactions in the treatment of hospitalized patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)

Tatiana A. Marins / Alexandre R. Marra / Michael B. Edmond / Ligia Regina Prystaj Colombo / Sthephanie Favalli Vieira / Fernanda de Oliveira Xavier / Alessandra Gomes Chauvin / João Renato Rebello Pinho / Silvana M. de Almeida / Marcelino Souza Durão Junior

Antimicrobial Stewardship & Healthcare Epidemiology, Vol

2021 Volume 1

Abstract: Abstract Objectives: To identify drugs that were administered off label to hospitalized patients with suspected coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and to identify adverse drug reactions (ADRs) and drug–drug interactions associated with these therapies. ... ...

Abstract	Abstract Objectives: To identify drugs that were administered off label to hospitalized patients with suspected coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and to identify adverse drug reactions (ADRs) and drug–drug interactions associated with these therapies. Methods: This case–control study was conducted in a Brazilian hospital from March to April 2020 among patients with suspected COVID-19, comparing those with positive severe acute respiratory coronavirus virus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) results and those with negative results. Results: The most commonly used medications in both groups were azithromycin and hydroxychloroquine. There was a significantly higher prevalence of reactions among patients with positive RT-PCR for SARS-CoV-2 (48.5% vs 28.8%; P = .008) in the propensity score–matched cohort, and the most commonly reported ADRs among these patients were diarrhea (43.8%), elevated liver enzymes (31.3%), and nausea and vomiting (29.7%). Conclusions: Our data demonstrate that ADRs and drug–drug interactions are common with off-label treatments for COVID-19.
Keywords	adverse drug reactions ; drug interactions ; COVID-19 ; off-label ; Infectious and parasitic diseases ; RC109-216 ; Public aspects of medicine ; RA1-1270
Subject code	610
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-01-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	Cambridge University Press
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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