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  1. AU="John Gurnell"
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  1. Article ; Online: Interactions between native and invasive species

    Lucas A. Wauters / Peter W. W. Lurz / Francesca Santicchia / Claudia Romeo / Nicola Ferrari / Adriano Martinoli / John Gurnell

    Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution, Vol

    A systematic review of the red squirrel-gray squirrel paradigm

    2023  Volume 11

    Abstract: The eastern gray squirrel (Sciurus carolinensis) has been labeled as one of the 100 worst invasive alien species by the IUCN. In Europe, the species has been introduced to Britain, Ireland and Italy, and its subsequent spread has resulted in wide-scale ... ...

    Abstract The eastern gray squirrel (Sciurus carolinensis) has been labeled as one of the 100 worst invasive alien species by the IUCN. In Europe, the species has been introduced to Britain, Ireland and Italy, and its subsequent spread has resulted in wide-scale extinction of native Eurasian red squirrels (Sciurus vulgaris) from the areas colonized by the gray squirrel. This replacement of a native by an alien competitor is one of the best documented cases of the devastating effects of biological invasions on native fauna. To understand how this replacement occurs, we present a systematic review of the literature on competition and interactions between red and gray squirrels. We describe the patterns of red and gray squirrel distribution in those parts of Europe where gray squirrels occur and summarize the evidence on the different processes and mechanisms determining the outcome of competition between the native and alien species including the influence of predators and pathogens. Some of the drivers behind the demise of the red squirrel have been intensively studied and documented in the past 30 years, but recent field studies and mathematical models revealed that the mechanisms underlying the red-gray paradigm are more complex than previously thought and affected by landscape-level processes. Therefore, we consider habitat type and multi-species interactions, including host-parasite and predator-prey relationships, to determine the outcome of the interaction between the two species and to better address gray squirrel control efforts.
    Keywords exploitation competition ; apparent competition ; interspecific competition ; Sciurus vulgaris ; Sciurus carolinensis ; mathematical models ; Evolution ; QH359-425 ; Ecology ; QH540-549.5
    Subject code 590
    Language English
    Publishing date 2023-03-01T00:00:00Z
    Publisher Frontiers Media S.A.
    Document type Article ; Online
    Database BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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  2. Article ; Online: Associative behaviour in Przewalski's horses reintroduced into Mongolia

    Sarah R. B. King / John Gurnell

    Nature Conservation Research: Заповедная наука, Vol 4, Iss Suppl.2, Pp 1-

    2019  Volume 9

    Abstract: Allogrooming is an important associative behaviour in social mammals that has hygienic and/or social functions and may be mediated by kin selection or reciprocity. Equids exhibit allogrooming and another associative behaviour, stand resting in close ... ...

    Abstract Allogrooming is an important associative behaviour in social mammals that has hygienic and/or social functions and may be mediated by kin selection or reciprocity. Equids exhibit allogrooming and another associative behaviour, stand resting in close proximity. We examined patterns in these behaviours in four harems of Przewalski horses Equus ferus przewalskii, reintroduced into Mongolia to assess whether they were simply reciprocal behaviours that had a hygienic rather than a social function. We conducted 860 hours of observation over 15 months between April 1998 and July 2000. Allogrooming was infrequent (median frequency of 0.02 acts horse-1 × hour-1, n = 363 acts, IQR = 0–0.06), occurring more on the withers (62% of observations) than any other body part. Allogrooming was more frequent in spring and autumn, and morning and evening. There were no significant correlations between relatedness of partners, dominance rank, tenure length, whether individuals changed group, age or aggressive behaviour and the frequency of allogrooming in any harem. Stand resting together was less frequent than allogrooming (median frequency of 0.00 acts horse-1 × hour-1, n = 335, IQR = 0–0.014). In contrast to allogrooming, stand resting together was confined to spring and occurred more during the middle of the day. There were no significant differences between harems, between relatedness and the frequency of stand resting together within any harem, and with age and tenure. In all, we found no evidence of a social function of either allogrooming or stand resting together, but both occurred most frequently at times of the year when they would be needed for coat care or to reduce flies around the face. Our results support our hypothesis that associative behaviours were simply reciprocal hygienic arrangements with no evidence that kin selection was involved, although a social element to the behaviours cannot be completely ruled out.
    Keywords allogrooming ; Equus ferus przewalskii ; hygiene ; mutual grooming ; reciprocity ; relatedness ; Geography. Anthropology. Recreation ; G
    Subject code 590
    Language English
    Publishing date 2019-07-01T00:00:00Z
    Publisher Fund for Support and Development of Protected Areas "Bear Land"
    Document type Article ; Online
    Database BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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  3. Article ; Online: Implications of squirrelpox virus for successful red squirrel translocations within mainland UK

    Anthony W. Sainsbury / Julian Chantrey / John G. Ewen / John Gurnell / Peter Hudson / William B. Karesh / Richard A. Kock / Peter W. W. Lurz / Anna Meredith / Daniel M. Tompkins

    Conservation Science and Practice, Vol 2, Iss 6, Pp n/a-n/a (2020)

    2020  

    Abstract: Abstract Remnant red squirrel populations in the UK mainland are threatened by squirrelpox viral disease and the reservoir of the squirrelpox virus, the invasive grey squirrel, is expanding its range. Until this threat can be effectively mitigated, there ...

    Abstract Abstract Remnant red squirrel populations in the UK mainland are threatened by squirrelpox viral disease and the reservoir of the squirrelpox virus, the invasive grey squirrel, is expanding its range. Until this threat can be effectively mitigated, there is a high risk from disease outbreaks, following proposed conservation translocation of red squirrels.
    Keywords animal welfare ; epidemiology ; impact of disease on populations ; infectious disease ; pathology ; reintroduction biology ; Ecology ; QH540-549.5 ; General. Including nature conservation ; geographical distribution ; QH1-199.5
    Language English
    Publishing date 2020-06-01T00:00:00Z
    Publisher Wiley
    Document type Article ; Online
    Database BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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  4. Article ; Online: A review of the competitive effects of alien grey squirrels on behaviour, activity and habitat use of red squirrels in mixed, deciduous woodland in Italy

    Luc Wauters / Guido Tosi / John Gurnell

    Hystrix, the Italian Journal of Mammalogy, Vol 16, Iss

    2005  Volume 1

    Abstract: Abstract The introduction of alien species can cause competitive exclusion of ecologically similar native species when there is no niche differentiation between them. Such invasive species can constitute a serious threat to biodiversity in the region ... ...

    Abstract Abstract The introduction of alien species can cause competitive exclusion of ecologically similar native species when there is no niche differentiation between them. Such invasive species can constitute a serious threat to biodiversity in the region where they have been introduced, causing extinction or decline of native species through competition. A well-documented case is widescale replacement of native Eurasian red squirrel ( Sciurus vulgaris ) by introduced eastern grey squirrel ( Sciurus carolinensis ) on the British Isles and parts of northern Italy. Rapid increase of grey squirrel's distribution range, coincided with a dramatic decline of the native red squirrel's range, and grey squirrels have now replaced red squirrels over much of Britain and in fragmented landscapes in Piedmont, northern Italy. In this review, we consider the evidence that has been obtained from studies on competitive effects of grey squirrels on activity, habitat use, foraging behaviour and food choice of individual red squirrels in broadleaf woodlands in North-west Italy. In these habitats, there is no evidence for niche partitioning between red and grey squirrels in any of the niche parameters examined, suggesting that red squirrels are unable to adapt to avoid competition with the congener when resources become limiting. Interspecific competition seems to occur mainly for food resources that affect fitness of squirrels at crucial periods of the year, such as cached tree seeds in winter and spring. Also, the greater use of acorns by grey squirrels gives the invasive species an advantage over red squirrels in mixed deciduous woods, especially with a preponderance of oaks. This is supported by studies in Britain and Italy that show that co-existence of the two species in mixed deciduous woodlands is of short duration (e.g. less than 3-5 years) with grey squirrels advantaged in resource exploitation competition, resulting in the local extinction of red squirrels. Based on these findings and modelling studies, a dramatic increase in ...
    Keywords interspecific competition ; niche differentiation ; resource exploitation ; activity pattern ; habitat use ; competizione interspecifica ; differenziazione della nicchia ; uso delle risorse ; attività ; uso dell'habitat ; Science ; Q ; Zoology ; QL1-991
    Language English
    Publishing date 2005-06-01T00:00:00Z
    Publisher Associazione Teriologica Italiana
    Document type Article ; Online
    Database BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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  5. Article ; Online: Status and conservation of the red squirrel ( Sciurus vulgaris ) in Portugal

    Maria da Luz Mathias / John Gurnell

    Hystrix, the Italian Journal of Mammalogy, Vol 10, Iss

    1998  Volume 2

    Abstract: Abstract The historical and recent status and distribution of the red squirrel ( Sciurus vulgaris ) in Portugal are analysed using published data, preserved material and unpublished information. In the past the red squirrel occupied the whole of Portugal, ...

    Abstract Abstract The historical and recent status and distribution of the red squirrel ( Sciurus vulgaris ) in Portugal are analysed using published data, preserved material and unpublished information. In the past the red squirrel occupied the whole of Portugal, but died out towards the end of the 16th century. Now, however, red squirrels have moved back in from Spain and recolonised forests in the north of the country. An important factor limiting the distribution of squirrels in the past was the availability of suitable habitat which provide shelter and food, such as conifer woods. Hunting pressure may also have affected numbers. In Portugal the conservation status of S. vulgaris is Rare.
    Keywords Red squirrel ; occurrence and conservation ; Science ; Q ; Zoology ; QL1-991
    Language English
    Publishing date 1998-12-01T00:00:00Z
    Publisher Associazione Teriologica Italiana
    Document type Article ; Online
    Database BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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  6. Article: Grey squirrel Sciurus carolinensis management in Italy - squirrel distribution in a highly fragmented landscape

    Wauters, Luc A / Italo Currado / John Gurnell / Peter J. Mazzoglio

    Wildlife biology. 1997 June, v. 3, no. 2

    1997  

    Abstract: American grey squirrels Sciurus carolinensis introduced to northern Italy in 1948 have caused damage to commercial poplar plantations and have replaced the native red squirrel Sciurus vulgaris from most of the 350 km2 of the Piedmont Po-plain they ... ...

    Abstract American grey squirrels Sciurus carolinensis introduced to northern Italy in 1948 have caused damage to commercial poplar plantations and have replaced the native red squirrel Sciurus vulgaris from most of the 350 km2 of the Piedmont Po-plain they currently occupy. In order to plan a control programme aiming to stop grey squirrels from further spreading and to decrease their numbers, the current distribution and population size in the highly fragmented landscape of the Po-plain were studied. The probability of finding grey squirrels in woodland fragments increased with habitat quality (diversity of trees producing large, consumable seeds), woodlot size and the proportion of poplar. Adding isolation variables did not improve the fit of the logistic regression model that predicted squirrel presence. The density of squirrel dreys, an index of population density, in the large Stupinigi forest also increased with tree species diversity. An estimate of the minimum population size for all woodlots assessed for squirrel presence was 1,260 animals in the summer of 1996. This extrapolates to a total of ca 2,500 grey squirrels in Piedmont. Grey squirrels continue to increase their range and are getting close to the continuous mixed forests of the pre-Alps and to large hazel plantations. Control measures to stop the spread of grey squirrels, and eventually to eradicate them, should be implemented immediately.
    Keywords control methods ; habitat fragmentation ; habitats ; mixed forests ; piedmont ; plantations ; population density ; population size ; Populus ; probability ; regression analysis ; Sciurus carolinensis ; Sciurus vulgaris ; seeds ; species diversity ; squirrels ; summer ; trees ; woodlands ; woodlots ; Italy
    Language English
    Dates of publication 1997-06
    Size p. 117-124.
    Publishing place Nordic Board for Wildlife Research
    Document type Article
    ZDB-ID 1291831-3
    ISSN 0909-6396
    ISSN 0909-6396
    DOI 10.2981/wlb.1997.014
    Database NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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