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  1. Article ; Online: Methane Emissions from Ruminants in Australia

    John L. Black / Thomas M. Davison / Ilona Box

    Animals, Vol 11, Iss 951, p

    Mitigation Potential and Applicability of Mitigation Strategies

    2021  Volume 951

    Abstract: Anthropomorphic greenhouse gases are raising the temperature of the earth and threatening ecosystems. Since 1950 atmospheric carbon dioxide has increased 28%, while methane has increased 70%. Methane, over the first 20 years after release, has 80-times ... ...

    Abstract Anthropomorphic greenhouse gases are raising the temperature of the earth and threatening ecosystems. Since 1950 atmospheric carbon dioxide has increased 28%, while methane has increased 70%. Methane, over the first 20 years after release, has 80-times more warming potential as a greenhouse gas than carbon dioxide. Enteric methane from microbial fermentation of plant material by ruminants contributes 30% of methane released into the atmosphere, which is more than any other single source. Numerous strategies were reviewed to quantify their methane mitigation potential, their impact on animal productivity and their likelihood of adoption. The supplements, 3-nitrooxypropanol and the seaweed, Asparagopsis , reduced methane emissions by 40+% and 90%, respectively, with increases in animal productivity and small effects on animal health or product quality. Manipulation of the rumen microbial population can potentially provide intergenerational reduction in methane emissions, if treated animals remain isolated. Genetic selection, vaccination, grape marc, nitrate or biochar reduced methane emissions by 10% or less. Best management practices and cattle browsing legumes, Desmanthus or Leucaena species, result in small levels of methane mitigation and improved animal productivity. Feeding large amounts daily of ground wheat reduced methane emissions by around 35% in dairy cows but was not sustained over time.
    Keywords enteric methane ; methane mitigation ; genetic selection ; vaccination ; grape marc ; nitrate ; Veterinary medicine ; SF600-1100 ; Zoology ; QL1-991
    Subject code 500
    Language English
    Publishing date 2021-03-01T00:00:00Z
    Publisher MDPI AG
    Document type Article ; Online
    Database BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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  2. Article ; Online: Determination of the Duplicated CYP2D6 Allele Using Real-Time PCR Signal

    Mazen A. Atiq / Sandra E. Peterson / Loralie J. Langman / Linnea M. Baudhuin / John L. Black / Ann M. Moyer

    Journal of Personalized Medicine, Vol 13, Iss 883, p

    An Alternative Approach

    2023  Volume 883

    Abstract: CYP2D6 duplication has important pharmacogenomic implications. Reflex testing with long-range PCR (LR-PCR) can resolve the genotype when a duplication and alleles with differing activity scores are detected. We evaluated whether visual inspection of ... ...

    Abstract CYP2D6 duplication has important pharmacogenomic implications. Reflex testing with long-range PCR (LR-PCR) can resolve the genotype when a duplication and alleles with differing activity scores are detected. We evaluated whether visual inspection of plots from real-time-PCR-based targeted genotyping with copy number variation (CNV) detection could reliably determine the duplicated CYP2D6 allele. Six reviewers evaluated QuantStudio OpenArray CYP2D6 genotyping results and the TaqMan Genotyper plots for seventy-three well-characterized cases with three copies of CYP2D6 and two different alleles. Reviewers blinded to the final genotype visually assessed the plots to determine the duplicated allele or opt for reflex sequencing. Reviewers achieved 100% accuracy for cases with three CYP2D6 copies that they opted to report. Reviewers did not request reflex sequencing in 49–67 (67–92%) cases (and correctly identified the duplicated allele in each case); all remaining cases (6–24) were marked by at least one reviewer for reflex sequencing. In most cases with three copies of CYP2D6 , the duplicated allele can be determined using a combination of targeted genotyping using real-time PCR with CNV detection without need for reflex sequencing. In ambiguous cases and those with >3 copies, LR-PCR and Sanger sequencing may still be necessary for determination of the duplicated allele.
    Keywords CYP2D6 ; real-time PCR ; Sanger sequencing ; pharmacogenomics ; duplications ; copy number variation ; Medicine ; R
    Language English
    Publishing date 2023-05-01T00:00:00Z
    Publisher MDPI AG
    Document type Article ; Online
    Database BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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  3. Article ; Online: Artificial weathering of rock types bearing petroglyphs from Murujuga, Western Australia

    Jolam T. Neumann / John L. Black / Stéphane Hœrlé / Benjamin W. Smith / Ron Watkins / Markus Lagos / Alexander Ziegler / Thorsten Geisler

    Heritage Science, Vol 10, Iss 1, Pp 1-

    2022  Volume 21

    Abstract: Abstract Murujuga in Western Australia has the largest concentration of ancient rock engravings (petroglyphs) in the world. However, the Murujuga rock art is potentially threatened by local industrial air pollution, in particular by acid rain, but ... ...

    Abstract Abstract Murujuga in Western Australia has the largest concentration of ancient rock engravings (petroglyphs) in the world. However, the Murujuga rock art is potentially threatened by local industrial air pollution, in particular by acid rain, but unambiguous scientific evidence is still missing. Here, we report on results of an accelerated weathering experiment, simulating Murujuga weather and climate conditions that was designed and performed to test whether the expected small changes in chemical, mineralogical, and physical characteristics of the rock surface can be detected and reliably quantified by various analytical means. Locally acquired Murujuga granophyre and gabbro samples with natural varnish were artificially weathered for up to four months in a climate chamber under conditions that simulated 2 years of natural weathering. Mineralogical, chemical, and physical changes were qualitatively monitored by X-ray diffraction and confocal Raman spectroscopy, and quantified by colorimetry, portable X-ray fluorescence spectrometry, and micro-computed tomography. In addition, artificial rainwater that was sprinkled over the rock samples was collected and analysed by inductively-coupled plasma mass spectrometry. The results show significant chemical and physical changes of the surfaces of the rock varnish after 1 month of artificial weathering. The analytical results demonstrate that it is possible to quantitatively monitor small changes caused by the weathering of gabbro and granophyre. Therefore, such a semi-actualistic experimental approach, when carefully designed, potentially allows testing the hypothesis that the weathering rate of the Murujuga petroglyphs is increased by local industrial air pollution. Further experimental work is currently under way.
    Keywords Murujuga ; Petroglyphs ; Varnish ; Patina ; Artificial weathering ; Rock engravings ; Fine Arts ; N ; Analytical chemistry ; QD71-142
    Language English
    Publishing date 2022-06-01T00:00:00Z
    Publisher SpringerOpen
    Document type Article ; Online
    Database BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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  4. Article ; Online: Alternative method of allelic discrimination

    Rajeswari Avula / Dennis O'Kane / John L. Black

    BioTechniques, Vol 57, Iss 2, Pp 88-

    2014  Volume 90

    Abstract: 5′ nuclease assays for allelic discrimination use both a wild-type and a mutant probe. Here we present a new method for genotyping by 5′ nuclease assays that dispenses with the mutant probe, using the wild-type probe together with a probe for a reference ...

    Abstract 5′ nuclease assays for allelic discrimination use both a wild-type and a mutant probe. Here we present a new method for genotyping by 5′ nuclease assays that dispenses with the mutant probe, using the wild-type probe together with a probe for a reference gene known to be present in two copies to determine the copy number of the wild type allele relative to the reference gene. The copy number of the wild-type allele then determines the genotype: two copies indicates homozygous wild-type; one copy indicates heterozygous; and zero copies indicates homozygous mutant. We were able to use our method to correctly genotype three alleles of the thiopurine methyl transferase (TPMT) gene: TPMT *2 (c.G238C), *3B (c.G460A) and *3C (c.A719G). Our approach can be used as an alternate allelic discrimination strategy that is cost effective when multiple TaqMan assays are performed on a sample.
    Keywords thiopurine methyl transferase allelic discrimination ; TaqMan ; copy number variation ; Biology (General) ; QH301-705.5
    Subject code 612
    Language English
    Publishing date 2014-08-01T00:00:00Z
    Publisher Future Science Ltd
    Document type Article ; Online
    Database BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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  5. Article: Acetylsalicylic acid supplementation improves protein utilization efficiency while vitamin E supplementation reduces markers of the inflammatory response in weaned pigs challenged with enterotoxigenic E. coli

    Kim, Jae Cheol / Bruce P. Mullan / John L. Black / Robert J. E. Hewitt / Robert J. van Barneveld / John R. Pluske

    Journal of animal science and biotechnology. 2016 Dec., v. 7, no. 1

    2016  

    Abstract: BACKGROUND: This experiment was conducted to test the hypothesis that vitamin E (Vit E) and acetylsalicylic acid (ASA), a cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitor, will additively reduce the production of the immunosuppressive molecule prostaglandin E₂ (PGE₠...

    Abstract BACKGROUND: This experiment was conducted to test the hypothesis that vitamin E (Vit E) and acetylsalicylic acid (ASA), a cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitor, will additively reduce the production of the immunosuppressive molecule prostaglandin E₂ (PGE₂) and hence reduce inflammatory responses in weaner pigs experimentally infected with an enterotoxigenic strain of E. coli. METHODS: The experiment was conducted in a research facility with 192 individually-housed male weaner pigs (Landrace × Large White) weighing 6.6 ± 0.04 kg (mean ± SEM). The pigs were experimentally infected with an enterotoxigenic strain of E. coli and were allocated to a 2 × 3 factorial design with the respective factors being without and with 125 ppm ASA and three levels of Vit E supplementation (50, 100 or 200 IU/kg diet, dl-α-tocopheryl acetate). RESULTS: Acetylsalicylic acid supplementation improved average daily gain (P < 0.05) and tended to improve feed:gain ratio (P < 0.10) during the first 14 d after weaning. Acetylsalicylic acid supplementation also improved (P < 0.001) amino acid utilization efficiency (as assessed by plasma urea level) and tended to decrease (P < 0.10) PGE₂ production in the liver without affecting small intestinal histology and tight junction protein mRNA expression in the jejunal epithelium. Vitamin E supplementation greater than 100 IU/kg diet sustained both the plasma Vit E concentration (P < 0.001) and plasma haptoglobin content (P < 0.001) after weaning. However, there was no additive effects of the combined supplementation of ASA and Vit E on performance, intestinal barrier function and inflammatory responses of weaned pigs. CONCLUSIONS: Although ASA and vitamin E improved amino acid utilization efficiency and reduced acute inflammatory responses, ASA and vitamin E did not additively reduce production of PGE₂ and inflammatory responses in weaner pigs experimentally infected with an enterotoxigenic strain of E. coli.
    Keywords Large White ; acetates ; additive effect ; alpha-tocopherol ; amino acids ; aspirin ; average daily gain ; diet ; enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli ; epithelium ; feeder pigs ; gene expression ; haptoglobins ; histology ; immunosuppression ; inflammation ; jejunum ; landraces ; liver ; males ; messenger RNA ; prostaglandin synthase ; prostaglandins ; tight junctions ; toxigenic strains ; urea ; weaning
    Language English
    Dates of publication 2016-12
    Size p. 58.
    Publishing place BioMed Central
    Document type Article
    ZDB-ID 2630162-3
    ISSN 2049-1891 ; 1674-9782
    ISSN (online) 2049-1891
    ISSN 1674-9782
    DOI 10.1186/s40104-016-0118-4
    Database NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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