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  1. Article ; Online: Traits, phylogeny and host cell receptors predict Ebolavirus host status among African mammals.

    Mekala Sundaram / John Paul Schmidt / Barbara A Han / John M Drake / Patrick R Stephens

    PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases, Vol 16, Iss 12, p e

    2022  Volume 0010993

    Abstract: We explore how animal host traits, phylogenetic identity and cell receptor sequences relate to infection status and mortality from ebolaviruses. We gathered exhaustive databases of mortality from Ebolavirus after exposure and infection status based on ... ...

    Abstract We explore how animal host traits, phylogenetic identity and cell receptor sequences relate to infection status and mortality from ebolaviruses. We gathered exhaustive databases of mortality from Ebolavirus after exposure and infection status based on PCR and antibody tests. We performed ridge regressions predicting mortality and infection as a function of traits, phylogenetic eigenvectors and separately host receptor sequences. We found that mortality from Ebolavirus had a strong association to life history characteristics and phylogeny. In contrast, infection status related not just to life history and phylogeny, but also to fruit consumption which suggests that geographic overlap of frugivorous mammals can lead to spread of virus in the wild. Niemann Pick C1 (NPC1) receptor sequences predicted infection statuses of bats included in our study with very high accuracy, suggesting that characterizing NPC1 in additional species is a promising avenue for future work. We combine the predictions from our mortality and infection status models to differentiate between species that are infected and also die from Ebolavirus versus species that are infected but tolerate the virus (possible reservoirs of Ebolavirus). We therefore present the first comprehensive estimates of Ebolavirus reservoir statuses for all known terrestrial mammals in Africa.
    Keywords Arctic medicine. Tropical medicine ; RC955-962 ; Public aspects of medicine ; RA1-1270
    Subject code 572
    Language English
    Publishing date 2022-12-01T00:00:00Z
    Publisher Public Library of Science (PLoS)
    Document type Article ; Online
    Database BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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  2. Article ; Online: La ecología de los parásitos zoonóticos en Carnivora

    Barbara A Han / Adrián A Castellanos / John Paul Schmidt / Ilya R. Fischhoff / John M. Drake

    Magna Scientia UCEVA, Vol 2, Iss

    2022  Volume 1

    Abstract: El orden Carnivora incluye más de 300 especies que varían en tamaño en muchos órdenes de magnitud y habitan en todos los biomas principales, desde las selvas tropicales hasta los mares polares. La gran diversidad de parásitos carnívoros representa una ... ...

    Abstract El orden Carnivora incluye más de 300 especies que varían en tamaño en muchos órdenes de magnitud y habitan en todos los biomas principales, desde las selvas tropicales hasta los mares polares. La gran diversidad de parásitos carnívoros representa una fuente de posibles enfermedades emergentes en humanos. El riesgo zoonótico de este grupo puede deberse en parte, a una diversidad funcional excepcionalmente alta de las especies hospedantes en cuanto a características conductuales, fisiológicas y ecológicas. Revisamos los patrones macroecológicos globales de los parásitos zoonóticos dentro de los carnívoros y exploramos las características de las especies que sirven como anfitriones de los parásitos zoonóticos. Sintetizamos la investigación teórica y empírica y sugerimos trabajos futuros sobre el papel de los carnívoros como multiplicadores bióticos, reguladores y centinelas de enfermedades zoonóticas como fronteras de investigación oportunas.
    Keywords Características del hospedero ; omnívoro ; riesgo de transmisión ; SARS-CoV-2 ; spillback ; spillover ; Medicine ; R ; Biology (General) ; QH301-705.5
    Language English
    Publishing date 2022-07-01T00:00:00Z
    Publisher Unidad Central del Valle del Cauca
    Document type Article ; Online
    Database BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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  3. Article ; Online: Time since introduction, seed mass, and genome size predict successful invaders among the cultivated vascular plants of Hawaii.

    John Paul Schmidt / John M Drake

    PLoS ONE, Vol 6, Iss 3, p e

    2011  Volume 17391

    Abstract: Extensive economic and environmental damage has been caused by invasive exotic plant species in many ecosystems worldwide. Many comparative studies have therefore attempted to predict, from biological traits, which species among the pool of naturalized ... ...

    Abstract Extensive economic and environmental damage has been caused by invasive exotic plant species in many ecosystems worldwide. Many comparative studies have therefore attempted to predict, from biological traits, which species among the pool of naturalized non-natives become invasive. However, few studies have investigated which species establish and/or become pests from the larger pool of introduced species and controlled for time since introduction. Here we present results from a study aimed at quantifying predicting three classes of invasive species cultivated in Hawaii. Of 7,866 ornamental species cultivated in Hawaii between 1840 and 1999, 420 (5.3%) species naturalized, 141 (1.8%) have been classified as weeds, and 39 (0.5%) were listed by the state of Hawaii as noxious. Of the 815 species introduced >80 years ago, 253 (31%) have naturalized, 90 (11%) are classed as weeds, and 22 (3%) as noxious by the state of Hawaii. Using boosted regression trees we classified each group with nearly 90% accuracy, despite incompleteness of data and the low proportion of naturalized or pest species. Key biological predictors were seed mass and highest chromosome number standardized by genus which, when data on residence time was removed, were able to predict all three groups with 76-82% accuracy. We conclude that, when focused on a single region, screening for potential weeds or noxious plants based on a small set of biological traits can be achieved with sufficient accuracy for policy and management purposes.
    Keywords Medicine ; R ; Science ; Q
    Subject code 580
    Language English
    Publishing date 2011-01-01T00:00:00Z
    Publisher Public Library of Science (PLoS)
    Document type Article ; Online
    Database BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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  4. Article ; Online: Why are some plant genera more invasive than others?

    John Paul Schmidt / John M Drake

    PLoS ONE, Vol 6, Iss 4, p e

    2011  Volume 18654

    Abstract: Determining how biological traits are related to the ability of groups of organisms to become economically damaging when established outside of their native ranges is a major goal of population biology, and important in the management of invasive species. ...

    Abstract Determining how biological traits are related to the ability of groups of organisms to become economically damaging when established outside of their native ranges is a major goal of population biology, and important in the management of invasive species. Little is known about why some taxonomic groups are more likely to become pests than others among plants. We investigated traits that discriminate vascular plant genera, a level of taxonomic generality at which risk assessment and screening could be more effectively performed, according to the proportion of naturalized species which are pests. We focused on the United States and Canada, and, because our purpose is ultimately regulatory, considered species classified as weeds or noxious. Using contingency tables, we identified 11 genera of vascular plants that are disproportionately represented by invasive species. Results from boosted regression tree analyses show that these categories reflect biological differences. In summary, approximately 25% of variation in genus proportions of weeds or noxious species was explained by biological covariates. Key explanatory traits included genus means for wetland habitat affinity, chromosome number, and seed mass.
    Keywords Medicine ; R ; Science ; Q
    Subject code 580 ; 590
    Language English
    Publishing date 2011-01-01T00:00:00Z
    Publisher Public Library of Science (PLoS)
    Document type Article ; Online
    Database BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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  5. Article ; Online: Spatiotemporal Fluctuations and Triggers of Ebola Virus Spillover

    John Paul Schmidt / Andrew W. Park / Andrew M. Kramer / Barbara A. Han / Laura W. Alexander / John M. Drake

    Emerging Infectious Diseases, Vol 23, Iss 3, Pp 415-

    2017  Volume 422

    Abstract: Because the natural reservoir of Ebola virus remains unclear and disease outbreaks in humans have occurred only sporadically over a large region, forecasting when and where Ebola spillovers are most likely to occur constitutes a continuing and urgent ... ...

    Abstract Because the natural reservoir of Ebola virus remains unclear and disease outbreaks in humans have occurred only sporadically over a large region, forecasting when and where Ebola spillovers are most likely to occur constitutes a continuing and urgent public health challenge. We developed a statistical modeling approach that associates 37 human or great ape Ebola spillovers since 1982 with spatiotemporally dynamic covariates including vegetative cover, human population size, and absolute and relative rainfall over 3 decades across sub-Saharan Africa. Our model (area under the curve 0.80 on test data) shows that spillover intensity is highest during transitions between wet and dry seasons; overall, high seasonal intensity occurs over much of tropical Africa; and spillover intensity is greatest at high (>1,000/km2) and very low (<100/km2) human population densities compared with intermediate levels. These results suggest strong seasonality in Ebola spillover from wild reservoirs and indicate particular times and regions for targeted surveillance.
    Keywords early warning system ; Ebola virus ; spatiotemporal forecasting ; seasonality ; disease outbreaks ; spillovers ; Medicine ; R ; Infectious and parasitic diseases ; RC109-216
    Subject code 333
    Language English
    Publishing date 2017-03-01T00:00:00Z
    Publisher Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
    Document type Article ; Online
    Database BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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  6. Article ; Online: Undiscovered Bat Hosts of Filoviruses.

    Barbara A Han / John Paul Schmidt / Laura W Alexander / Sarah E Bowden / David T S Hayman / John M Drake

    PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases, Vol 10, Iss 7, p e

    2016  Volume 0004815

    Abstract: Ebola and other filoviruses pose significant public health and conservation threats by causing high mortality in primates, including humans. Preventing future outbreaks of ebolavirus depends on identifying wildlife reservoirs, but extraordinarily high ... ...

    Abstract Ebola and other filoviruses pose significant public health and conservation threats by causing high mortality in primates, including humans. Preventing future outbreaks of ebolavirus depends on identifying wildlife reservoirs, but extraordinarily high biodiversity of potential hosts in temporally dynamic environments of equatorial Africa contributes to sporadic, unpredictable outbreaks that have hampered efforts to identify wild reservoirs for nearly 40 years. Using a machine learning algorithm, generalized boosted regression, we characterize potential filovirus-positive bat species with estimated 87% accuracy. Our model produces two specific outputs with immediate utility for guiding filovirus surveillance in the wild. First, we report a profile of intrinsic traits that discriminates hosts from non-hosts, providing a biological caricature of a filovirus-positive bat species. This profile emphasizes traits describing adult and neonate body sizes and rates of reproductive fitness, as well as species' geographic range overlap with regions of high mammalian diversity. Second, we identify several bat species ranked most likely to be filovirus-positive on the basis of intrinsic trait similarity with known filovirus-positive bats. New bat species predicted to be positive for filoviruses are widely distributed outside of equatorial Africa, with a majority of species overlapping in Southeast Asia. Taken together, these results spotlight several potential host species and geographical regions as high-probability targets for future filovirus surveillance.
    Keywords Arctic medicine. Tropical medicine ; RC955-962 ; Public aspects of medicine ; RA1-1270
    Subject code 590
    Language English
    Publishing date 2016-07-01T00:00:00Z
    Publisher Public Library of Science (PLoS)
    Document type Article ; Online
    Database BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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