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  1. Article ; Online: A deep dive into selected work sectors during the COVID-19 pandemic and the "living with COVID" phase: understanding similarities and differences in practice, perceptions, and preparedness.

    Coleman, Anna / Canham, Rebecca / Clabon, Katie / Hosseini, Paniz / Johnson, Sheena / van Tongeren, Martie

    Annals of work exposures and health

    2023  Volume 67, Issue 9, Page(s) 1099–1110

    Abstract: Objectives: When it comes to controlling workplace transmission of SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19, different workplaces and industrial sectors face different challenges, both in terms of likely transmission routes and which control measures ... ...

    Abstract Objectives: When it comes to controlling workplace transmission of SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19, different workplaces and industrial sectors face different challenges, both in terms of likely transmission routes and which control measures can be practically, economically, and effectively implemented. This article considers a large body of research in the United Kingdom across different work sectors and time points during the COVID-19 pandemic to better understand mitigation measures, challenges to mitigating the risk of SARS-COV-2 transmission, knowledge gaps, and barriers and enablers to control viral transmission.
    Methods: Data is drawn from 2 phases of research. Phase 1 gathered data from an interactive workshop (April 2022) where PROTECT researchers working across 8 work sectors shared knowledge and expertise from research conducted between 2020 and 2022. Phase 2 revisited 6 of these sectors to explore participants' views on the "living with COVID" phase of the pandemic (February-October 2022) through qualitative interviews.
    Results: Our findings emphasise the importance of considering the characteristics of each work sector (and their sub-sectors), relative to the physical workplace and workforce, the ways organisations operate, and how they interact with the public. Study findings show that participant's views and organisational practices changed quickly and significantly over the course of the pandemic. Most participants initially perceived that the majority of risk mitigations would remain in place for the foreseeable future. However, following the change in Government Guidance towards "living with COVID", most mitigation measures were quickly removed and it had become necessary for sectors/organisations to restore normal operations, thereby treating the COVID-19 virus like any other illness, while remaining prepared for future health emergencies that may arise.
    Conclusion: We suggest that national policy makers and organisational leaders remain mindful of the lessons learned and knowledge gained at all levels (national, regional, local, organisational, and individual) during the COVID-19 pandemic. We make recommendations in support of recovery as sectors/organisations continue "living with COVID" and other respiratory diseases; balanced with longer term planning for the next public health crisis.
    MeSH term(s) Humans ; COVID-19 ; Pandemics/prevention & control ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Occupational Exposure ; Workplace
    Language English
    Publishing date 2023-09-22
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
    ZDB-ID 2885096-8
    ISSN 2398-7316 ; 2398-7308
    ISSN (online) 2398-7316
    ISSN 2398-7308
    DOI 10.1093/annweh/wxad053
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  2. Article ; Online: how these findings canPublic transport: lessons learned by the sector through the COVID-19 pandemic.

    Gartland, Nicola / Coleman, Anna / Farrell, Bernadine / Fishwick, David / Johnson, Sheena / van Tongeren, Martie

    BMC public health

    2023  Volume 23, Issue 1, Page(s) 1904

    Abstract: Background: The COVID-19 pandemic had a significant impact on the operations and functionality of the public transport sector in the UK. This paper reflects on the experience of this sector through the pandemic period, and considers recommendations for ... ...

    Abstract Background: The COVID-19 pandemic had a significant impact on the operations and functionality of the public transport sector in the UK. This paper reflects on the experience of this sector through the pandemic period, and considers recommendations for any future mitigations required for either new COVID-19 waves or a different public health emergency.
    Methods: Semi-structured interviews were carried out with public transport experts, organisational leaders, workers and passengers in two phases: Phase 1 from January to May 2021, and Phase 2 from December 2021 to February 2022. Interviews were analysed thematically.
    Results: Using the 'What? So What? Now What?' reflective model, ideas are drawn out to describe (a) what changes occurred, (b) what effects these changes had on service provision as well as perceptions of risk and mitigation and (c) what lessons have been learned and how these findings can feed into pandemic preparedness for the future. Respondent reflections focussed on the importance of communication, leadership, and maintaining compliance.
    Conclusions: The wealth of experience gained through the COVID-19 pandemic in the public transport sector is extremely valuable. Through reflection on this experience, specific recommendations are made relating to these factors, covering: maintaining links across industry, access to information and data, understanding of mitigation effectiveness, improving messaging, challenges of behavioural mitigations, and clear lines of accountability. The recommendations made on the basis of this reflective process will help to improve public health strategy within the public transport sector.
    MeSH term(s) Humans ; COVID-19/epidemiology ; Pandemics/prevention & control ; Communication ; Industry ; Leadership
    Language English
    Publishing date 2023-10-02
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
    ZDB-ID 2041338-5
    ISSN 1471-2458 ; 1471-2458
    ISSN (online) 1471-2458
    ISSN 1471-2458
    DOI 10.1186/s12889-023-16062-3
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  3. Article ; Online: Experiences, Perceptions of Risk, and Lasting Impacts of COVID-19 for Employees in the Public Transport Sector.

    Gartland, Nicola / Coleman, Anna / Fishwick, David / Johnson, Sheena / Armitage, Christopher J / van Tongeren, Martie

    Annals of work exposures and health

    2022  Volume 67, Issue 1, Page(s) 76–86

    Abstract: Background: Age-standardized mortality rates for taxi drivers, chauffeurs, bus and coach drivers show that public transport workers were at high risk at the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic. Nevertheless, the public transport sector was required to ... ...

    Abstract Background: Age-standardized mortality rates for taxi drivers, chauffeurs, bus and coach drivers show that public transport workers were at high risk at the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic. Nevertheless, the public transport sector was required to continue services throughout the pandemic.
    Objectives: This paper aims to develop a better understanding of the experiences of organizational leaders and workers within the UK public transport sector (bus, rail, and tram). Specifically, it aims to explore the perceived balance of risk and mitigation of SARS-CoV-2 transmission, report on their perceptions of safety in public transport during the pandemic and in the future, and consider how these perceptions and changes impact on long-term worker health and wellbeing.
    Methods: This study formed part of a larger stakeholder engagement with the public transport sector. Organizational leaders and workers were recruited (n = 18) and semi-structured interviews carried out between January and May 2021. Data were analysed thematically.
    Results: Overarching and subthemes were identified. Themes relating to perceptions and impacts of risk of COVID-19 for employees included: acceptability of risk for workers, perceptions of risk mitigation effectiveness, changes to working practices and their impact on morale and wellbeing, issues with compliance to mitigations such as social distancing and face coverings in passenger and co-worker groups alongside a lack of power to challenge behaviour effectively, and the roles of leadership and messaging. Themes related to long-lasting impacts of COVID-19 on working practices and effects on health and wellbeing included: continuing mitigations, impact of increasing passenger numbers, impact of vaccination programme, and impact of changes to business structure.
    Conclusions: Most public transport employees reported feeling safe, related to the extent to which their role was public-facing. However, data were collected during a time of very low passenger numbers. Current mitigation measures were thought effective in reducing the risk of viral transmission, although measures may have a detrimental effect on worker morale and wellbeing. Issues relating to non-compliance with guidance and 'in-group' behaviour were identified. Impacts on wider business sustainability and individual wellbeing of staff should be considered when developing responses to any future pandemics. Recommendations are made for prioritizing employee engagement with colleagues, and the importance of strong leadership and clear messaging in promoting adherence to behavioural mitigations.
    MeSH term(s) Humans ; COVID-19 ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Pandemics ; Occupational Exposure ; Motor Vehicles
    Language English
    Publishing date 2022-05-14
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
    ZDB-ID 2885096-8
    ISSN 2398-7316 ; 2398-7308
    ISSN (online) 2398-7316
    ISSN 2398-7308
    DOI 10.1093/annweh/wxac030
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  4. Article ; Online: Utility of the capabilities, opportunities, motivations model for understanding changes in behavior.

    Armitage, Christopher J / Keyworth, Chris / Gartland, Nicola / Coleman, Anna / Fishwick, David / Johnson, Sheena / van Tongeren, Martie

    Journal of public health (Oxford, England)

    2023  Volume 46, Issue 1, Page(s) 185–193

    Abstract: Background: Wearing face coverings to prevent airborne viral transmission has at times been legally mandated, followed by periods when rules were relaxed. The present study tracks changes in face covering and the impacts on people's perceptions of their ...

    Abstract Background: Wearing face coverings to prevent airborne viral transmission has at times been legally mandated, followed by periods when rules were relaxed. The present study tracks changes in face covering and the impacts on people's perceptions of their capabilities, opportunities and motivations.
    Methods: Three-wave survey. At wave 1 (25 January-6 February 2022), 10 622 UK adults reported: (a) sociodemographic characteristics; (b) face covering in work, public transport and indoor leisure settings and (c) capabilities, opportunities and motivations. Measures were repeated 1-18 March 2022 and 20 May-6 June 2022. Data were analyzed descriptively, within-participants analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) and multiple linear regression.
    Results: Face covering decreased over time as rules around the wearing of face coverings relaxed. Perceptions of capabilities, opportunities and motivations to wear face coverings were consistently associated with the actual wearing of face coverings, with marked decreases in motivations over time.
    Conclusions: Decreases in motivations seem to explain best the reasons for declining levels of face covering. Further work is required to develop interventions to change people's motivations and promote the wearing of face coverings, should they be required in the future.
    MeSH term(s) Adult ; Humans ; COVID-19/prevention & control ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Motivation ; Surveys and Questionnaires
    Language English
    Publishing date 2023-09-22
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 2142082-8
    ISSN 1741-3850 ; 1741-3842
    ISSN (online) 1741-3850
    ISSN 1741-3842
    DOI 10.1093/pubmed/fdad189
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  5. Article ; Online: Theory-based Trial to Promote Uptake and Sustained Use of Face Coverings During the COVID-19 Pandemic.

    Armitage, Christopher J / Keyworth, Chris / Gartland, Nicola / Coleman, Anna / Fishwick, David / Johnson, Sheena / van Tongeren, Martie

    Annals of behavioral medicine : a publication of the Society of Behavioral Medicine

    2023  Volume 57, Issue 11, Page(s) 921–928

    Abstract: Background: Transmission of airborne viruses can be mitigated by wearing face coverings but evidence suggests that face covering declines with the removal of relevant legislation, partly due to low automatic motivation.: Purpose: Test whether an ... ...

    Abstract Background: Transmission of airborne viruses can be mitigated by wearing face coverings but evidence suggests that face covering declines with the removal of relevant legislation, partly due to low automatic motivation.
    Purpose: Test whether an intervention based on implementation intentions could support people's automatic motivation and promote face covering during the COVID-19 pandemic.
    Methods: Randomized controlled design. At baseline (May 20 to June 6, 2022), 7,835 UK adults reported how much time they spent wearing face coverings in work, public transport, and indoor leisure settings as well as their capabilities, opportunities, and motivations. 3,871 participants were randomized to form implementation intentions; 3,964 control participants completed questionnaires only. Measures were repeated 6 months postbaseline (November 1 to November 14, 2022). Data were analyzed using mixed measures ANOVAs and Bayes Factors to examine whether the observed data supported the experimental hypothesis.
    Results: The proportion of time spend wearing face coverings declined substantially across the 6-month study period, from 15.28% to 9.87% in work settings, 38.31% to 24.55% on public transport, and 9.58% to 7.85% in leisure settings. Bayes Factors indicated moderate relative evidence of no effect of implementation intentions on behavior in work and leisure settings, and inconclusive evidence of a positive effect on public transport.
    Conclusions: In the context of declining COVID-19 rates and removal of legal mandates, implementation intentions were not effective in sustaining face covering. Further research is required to ensure that evidence-based interventions are prepared and deployed in the event of future pandemics.
    MeSH term(s) Adult ; Humans ; COVID-19/prevention & control ; Pandemics/prevention & control ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Bayes Theorem ; Surveys and Questionnaires
    Language English
    Publishing date 2023-09-01
    Publishing country England
    Document type Randomized Controlled Trial ; Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 632630-4
    ISSN 1532-4796 ; 0883-6612
    ISSN (online) 1532-4796
    ISSN 0883-6612
    DOI 10.1093/abm/kaad039
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  6. Article ; Online: Associations between light exposure and sleep timing and sleepiness while awake in a sample of UK adults in everyday life.

    Didikoglu, Altug / Mohammadian, Navid / Johnson, Sheena / van Tongeren, Martie / Wright, Paul / Casson, Alexander J / Brown, Timothy M / Lucas, Robert J

    Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

    2023  Volume 120, Issue 42, Page(s) e2301608120

    Abstract: Experimental and interventional studies show that light can regulate sleep timing and sleepiness while awake by setting the phase of circadian rhythms and supporting alertness. The extent to which differences in light exposure explain variations in sleep ...

    Abstract Experimental and interventional studies show that light can regulate sleep timing and sleepiness while awake by setting the phase of circadian rhythms and supporting alertness. The extent to which differences in light exposure explain variations in sleep and sleepiness within and between individuals in everyday life remains less clear. Here, we establish a method to address this deficit, incorporating an open-source wearable wrist-worn light logger (SpectraWear) and smartphone-based online data collection. We use it to simultaneously record longitudinal light exposure (in melanopic equivalent daylight illuminance), sleep timing, and subjective alertness over seven days in a convenience sample of 59 UK adults without externally imposed circadian challenge (e.g., shift work or jetlag). Participants reliably had strong daily rhythms in light exposure but frequently were exposed to less light during the daytime and more light in pre-bedtime and sleep episodes than recommended [T. M. Brown
    MeSH term(s) Adult ; Humans ; Wakefulness ; Sleepiness ; Sleep/physiology ; Circadian Rhythm/physiology ; United Kingdom ; Melatonin
    Chemical Substances Melatonin (JL5DK93RCL)
    Language English
    Publishing date 2023-10-09
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
    ZDB-ID 209104-5
    ISSN 1091-6490 ; 0027-8424
    ISSN (online) 1091-6490
    ISSN 0027-8424
    DOI 10.1073/pnas.2301608120
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  7. Article: A Wrist-Worn Internet of Things Sensor Node for Wearable Equivalent Daylight Illuminance Monitoring.

    Mohammadian, Navid / Didikoglu, Altug / Beach, Christopher / Wright, Paul / Mouland, Joshua W / Martial, Franck P / Johnson, Sheena / van Tongeren, Martie / Brown, Timothy M / Lucas, Robert J / Casson, Alexander J

    IEEE internet of things journal

    2024  Volume 11, Issue 9, Page(s) 16148–16157

    Abstract: Light exposure is a vital regulator of physiology and behavior in humans. However, monitoring of light exposure is not included in current wearable Internet of Things (IoT) devices, and only recently have international standards defined [Formula: see ... ...

    Abstract Light exposure is a vital regulator of physiology and behavior in humans. However, monitoring of light exposure is not included in current wearable Internet of Things (IoT) devices, and only recently have international standards defined [Formula: see text] -optic equivalent daylight illuminance (EDI) measures for how the eye responds to light. This article reports a wearable light sensor node that can be incorporated into the IoT to provide monitoring of EDI exposure in real-world settings. We present the system design, electronic performance testing, and accuracy of EDI measurements when compared to a calibrated spectral source. This includes consideration of the directional response of the sensor, and a comparison of performance when placed on different parts of the body, and a demonstration of practical use over 7 days. Our device operates for 3.5 days between charges, with a sampling period of 30 s. It has 10 channels of measurement, over the range 415-910 nm, balancing accuracy and cost considerations. Measured [Formula: see text]-opic EDI results for 13 devices show a mean absolute error of less than 0.07 log lx, and a minimum between device correlation of 0.99. These findings demonstrate that accurate light sensing is feasible, including at wrist worn locations. We provide an experimental platform for use in future investigations in real-world light exposure monitoring and IoT-based lighting control.
    Language English
    Publishing date 2024-01-17
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article
    ISSN 2327-4662
    ISSN 2327-4662
    DOI 10.1109/JIOT.2024.3355330
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  8. Article ; Online: Looking at remembering: Eye movements, pupil size, and autobiographical memory.

    Janssen, Steve M J / Foo, Alicia / Johnson, Sheena N / Lim, Alfred / Satel, Jason

    Consciousness and cognition

    2021  Volume 89, Page(s) 103089

    Abstract: To examine the relationship between visual imagery and autobiographical memory, eye position and pupil size were recorded while participants first searched for memories and then reconstructed the retrieved memories (Experiment 1), or only searched for ... ...

    Abstract To examine the relationship between visual imagery and autobiographical memory, eye position and pupil size were recorded while participants first searched for memories and then reconstructed the retrieved memories (Experiment 1), or only searched for memories (Experiment 2). In Experiment 1, we observed that, although recollective experience was not associated with the number of fixations per minute, memories that took longer to retrieve were linked to increased pupil size. In Experiment 2, we observed that directly retrieved memories were recalled more quickly and were accompanied by smaller pupils than generatively retrieved memories. After correcting for response time, retrieval mode also produced an effect, showing that decreased pupil size is not simply due to directly retrieved memories being recalled more quickly. These findings provide compelling evidence that objective measures, such as pupil size, can be used alongside subjective measures, such as self-reports, to distinguish between directly retrieved and generatively retrieved memories.
    MeSH term(s) Eye Movements ; Humans ; Imagery, Psychotherapy ; Memory, Episodic ; Mental Recall ; Reaction Time
    Language English
    Publishing date 2021-02-16
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 1106647-7
    ISSN 1090-2376 ; 1053-8100
    ISSN (online) 1090-2376
    ISSN 1053-8100
    DOI 10.1016/j.concog.2021.103089
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  9. Article: Transmission and control of SARS-CoV-2 on ground public transport: A rapid review of the literature up to May 2021.

    Gartland, Nicola / Fishwick, David / Coleman, Anna / Davies, Karen / Hartwig, Angelique / Johnson, Sheena / van Tongeren, Martie

    Journal of transport & health

    2022  Volume 26, Page(s) 101356

    Abstract: Background: During a pandemic, public transport is strategically important for keeping the country going and getting people where they need to be. The essential nature of public transport puts into focus the risk of transmission of SARS-CoV-2 in this ... ...

    Abstract Background: During a pandemic, public transport is strategically important for keeping the country going and getting people where they need to be. The essential nature of public transport puts into focus the risk of transmission of SARS-CoV-2 in this sector; rapid and diverse work has been done to attempt to understand how transmission happens in this context and what factors influence risk.
    Objectives: This review aimed to provide a narrative overview of the literature assessing transmission, or potential for transmission, of SARS-CoV-2 on ground-based public transport, as well as studies assessing the effectiveness of control measures on public transport during the early part of the pandemic (up to May 2021).
    Methods: An electronic search was conducted using Web of Science, Ovid, the Cochrane Library, ProQuest, Pubmed, and the WHO global COVID database. Searches were run between December 2020 and May 2021.
    Results: The search strategy identified 734 papers, of which 28 papers met the inclusion criteria for the review; 10 papers assessed transmission of SARS-CoV-2, 11 assessed control measures, and seven assessed levels of contamination. Eleven papers were based on modelling approaches; 17 studies were original studies reporting empirical COVID-19 data.
    Conclusions: The literature is heterogeneous, and there are challenges for measurement of transmission in this setting. There is evidence for transmission in certain cases, and mixed evidence for the presence of viral RNA in transport settings; there is also evidence for some reduction of risk through mitigation. However, the routes of transmission and key factors contributing to transmission of SARS-CoV-2 on public transport were not clear during the early stage of the pandemic. Gaps in understanding are discussed and six key questions for future research have been posed. Further exploration of transmission factors and effectiveness of mitigation strategies is required in order to support decision making.
    Language English
    Publishing date 2022-03-04
    Publishing country Netherlands
    Document type Journal Article ; Review
    ISSN 2214-1405
    ISSN 2214-1405
    DOI 10.1016/j.jth.2022.101356
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  10. Article ; Online: Identifying targets for interventions to support public use of face coverings.

    Armitage, Christopher J / Keyworth, Chris / Gartland, Nicola / Coleman, Anna / Fishwick, David / Johnson, Sheena / van Tongeren, Martie

    British journal of health psychology

    2022  Volume 28, Issue 1, Page(s) 208–220

    Abstract: Objectives: Interventions to promote the wearing of face coverings if required in the future can only be developed if we know why people do or do not wear them. Study aims were, therefore, to assess public adherence to wearing face coverings to reduce ... ...

    Abstract Objectives: Interventions to promote the wearing of face coverings if required in the future can only be developed if we know why people do or do not wear them. Study aims were, therefore, to assess public adherence to wearing face coverings to reduce transmission of SARS-CoV-2 and to gauge why people were or were not wearing face coverings in work, public transport, and indoor leisure settings.
    Design: Cross-sectional survey.
    Methods: 10,622 adults (25 January-6 February 2022) who were representative of the UK population were asked about their (a) wearing of face coverings in work, public transport, and leisure settings; (b) sociodemographic characteristics; and (c) perceptions of capabilities, opportunities, and motivations ("COM-B"). Data were analysed descriptively, using within-participants ANOVA and multiple linear regression.
    Results: Participants reported mostly wearing face coverings in public transport settings (>80%), but substantially less in work (<50%) and leisure (<30%) contexts. Perceptions of capabilities, opportunities, and motivations to wear face coverings were consistently associated with the actual wearing of face coverings across the three settings, but there were marked deficits in automatic motivation and social opportunity. People living in England, describing themselves as White, and men were least likely to wear face coverings.
    Conclusions: Interventions targeted at men, people living in England, and those describing themselves as White that focus on increasing capabilities, providing greater opportunities and boosting motivations are suggested to promote the wearing of face coverings, with particular focus on addressing automatic motivation and social opportunity.
    MeSH term(s) Adult ; Male ; Humans ; COVID-19/prevention & control ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; SARS-CoV-2 ; England ; Motivation
    Language English
    Publishing date 2022-09-01
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
    ZDB-ID 2026500-1
    ISSN 2044-8287 ; 1359-107X
    ISSN (online) 2044-8287
    ISSN 1359-107X
    DOI 10.1111/bjhp.12620
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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