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Article: COVID-19 effects on horses in-transition: A survey analysis of United States equine industry perspectives.

Esterl-Byrne, L L / Huseman, C J / Haynes, C / Kinman, L A / Jones, T N

2024 Volume 137, Page(s) 105077

Abstract: The welfare of unwanted horses presents a significant concern for the equine industry. However, there is a lack of research on how unwanted horses are affected by major crises. The drastic changes that resulted from the COVID-19 pandemic presented ample ... ...

Abstract	The welfare of unwanted horses presents a significant concern for the equine industry. However, there is a lack of research on how unwanted horses are affected by major crises. The drastic changes that resulted from the COVID-19 pandemic presented ample opportunity to investigate how unwanted horses are impacted by challenging circumstances. Study objectives were to evaluate the COVID-19 pandemic's impact on the unwanted horse population and determine the current perceptions of horses in-transition. A 23-question online survey designed using Qualtrics
Language	English
Publishing date	2024-04-30
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2102631-2
ISSN	1542-7412 ; 0737-0806
ISSN (online)	1542-7412
ISSN	0737-0806
DOI	10.1016/j.jevs.2024.105077
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Article ; Online: 185 Effects of COVID-19 on horses in-transition: Industry perspectives through survey analysis

Esterl-Byrne, L. / Huseman, C.J. / Haynes, C. / Kinman, L. / Jones, T.N.

Journal of Equine Veterinary Science. 2023 May, v. 124 p.104531-

2023

Abstract: Equines currently in transition from one home or vocation to another, known as horses in-transition, present a significant welfare concern for the equine industry. However, there is a lack of research on how major crises, such as the COVID-19 pandemic, ... ...

Abstract	Equines currently in transition from one home or vocation to another, known as horses in-transition, present a significant welfare concern for the equine industry. However, there is a lack of research on how major crises, such as the COVID-19 pandemic, affect equine ownership and management strategies which could contribute to the number of horses in this at-risk population. Objectives of this study were to evaluate the impact of the pandemic on equine ownership, management practices and time spent engaged in equine activities. A 23-question online survey was disseminated through Qualtricsᵀᴹ to adults in the United States via email, digital newsletter, and social media (n = 346). Frequency analysis combined with Chi-squared analyses and analyses of variance, identified the impacts of COVID-19 on horse owners, non-horse owners, and equine professionals, with a response rate of 75%, 8%, and 17%, respectively. From survey results, equine ownership remained relatively stable throughout the pandemic with the majority of respondents (68%) reporting they owned the same number of horses as they did before March 2020. The response of “no impact” to changes in equine management was most prevalent across all groups; however, equine professionals did indicate experiencing a larger impact than that of horse owners (P = 0.047). Similarly for the effect on time spent with horses, “no impact” wasthe largest recorded response. For horse owners, a negative correlation between time spent with horses and age was discovered (P < 0.001). The ability to participate in equine events was the only category for which “no impact” was not the most prevalent response. Horse owners and equine professionals reported slight to significant decreases in their ability to participate in equine events due to the pandemic at 67% and 60%, respectively. Type of primary horse use was an influential factor in determining the extent of impact on ability to participate with respondents involved in recreation with horses indicating less impact than those involved in showing and breeding (P = 0.006 and 0.034, respectively). For horse owners, age was shown to have a negative correlation (P = 0.017) with ability to participate in equine events. Based on study results, the COVID-19 pandemic had little impact on equine ownership and management practices; however pandemic quarantine procedures decreased engagement in equine activities in the United States for the parameters measured. Long-term effects of COVID-19 on equine ownership and management decisions should be considered to provide a deeper base of knowledge for how major crises may impact horses in-transition.
Keywords	COVID-19 infection ; at-risk population ; e-mail ; horses ; industry ; ownership ; pandemic ; quarantine ; recreation ; surveys ; veterinary medicine
Language	English
Dates of publication	2023-05
Publishing place	Elsevier Inc.
Document type	Article ; Online
ZDB-ID	2102631-2
ISSN	1542-7412 ; 0737-0806
ISSN (online)	1542-7412
ISSN	0737-0806
DOI	10.1016/j.jevs.2023.104531
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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Article ; Online: 135 Effects of oral supplementation of cannabidiol on stallion spermatogenesis

Byars, P.C. / Mason, C. / Jones, T.N. / Cassens, D. / Guay, K.A.

Journal of Equine Veterinary Science. 2023 May, v. 124 p.104437-

2023

Abstract: Cannabidiol (CBD) is gaining popularity in the equine industry since the declassification of hemp in the 2018 farm bill. Cannabidiol, a chemical derivative collected from the plant Cannabis Sativa L., does not have the psychoactive effects of THC, and ... ...

Abstract	Cannabidiol (CBD) is gaining popularity in the equine industry since the declassification of hemp in the 2018 farm bill. Cannabidiol, a chemical derivative collected from the plant Cannabis Sativa L., does not have the psychoactive effects of THC, and has a longer half-life. The endocannabinoid system, discovered in the 1990s, is made up of 2 main receptors: cannabinoid receptor subtype 1 (CRN1) and cannabinoid receptor subtype 2 (CRN2). Cannabinoid receptor subtype 1 has been identified in stallion reproductive tract organs including the testes, vas deferens, and prostate gland. Anandamide (AEA), and 2-arachidonoyl glycerol (2-AG), are 2 main endocannabinoids naturally secreted within the body and may have effects on reproductive processes. Although it takes high amounts of the ligand, it is thought that cannabidiol may influence the CB1 receptor. This study was conducted to determine the effects of daily oral supplementation of CBD over 90 consecutive days on seminal parameters in young stallions. Eight, 2-year-old stallions were blocked by weight and assigned to either control (CON; n = 3) or treatment (CBD; n = 4). The treatment group was administered CBD oil (0.6 mg/kg BW), while the control group was given olive oil (0.6 mg/kg BW). All horses were weighed weekly to recalculate dosage rates. Blood samples were drawn weekly via jugular vein puncture for CBD and testosterone level analysisthrough TVMDL lab systems. Stallions were acclimated and trained to collect using artificial vagina for 3 weeks leading up to first sample collection. Semen samples were collected twice weekly and immediately evaluated using a computer assisted semen analysis machine to quantify motility, concentration, and velocity rates. Data was evaluated using Statistical Program (R Core Team, 2022) as an ANOVA with repeated measures to determine effects of treatment on static velocity, rapid velocity, and testosterone levels. Results were considered significant at P < 0.05 and were considered a trend at P ≤ 0.15. Rapid velocity and static velocity were consistent in cell numbers; however, over time static velocity did show a slight numerical increase in static cells in the CBD treatment group (P ≤ 0.0874);(CBD = 270.7+-36.79, CON = 315.0 +-44.35). Average weekly testosterone levels did not differ among stallions; yet tended to decrease by week (57.03 +-9.927 ng/dl and 46.95 +-5.151 ng/dl respectively);(P ≤ 0.0749). These findings indicate that cannabidiol, had no effect on stallion spermatogenesis when fed at 0.6kg/mg consecutively for 90 d. Further research should evaluate cannabidiol effects over a longer period and with different ages of stallions.
Keywords	Cannabis sativa ; Farm Bill ; artificial vagina ; blood ; cannabidiol ; cannabinoid receptors ; computers ; glycerol ; half life ; hemp ; industry ; jugular vein ; ligands ; olive oil ; prostate gland ; semen ; spermatogenesis ; stallions ; testosterone ; veterinary medicine
Language	English
Dates of publication	2023-05
Publishing place	Elsevier Inc.
Document type	Article ; Online
ZDB-ID	2102631-2
ISSN	1542-7412 ; 0737-0806
ISSN (online)	1542-7412
ISSN	0737-0806
DOI	10.1016/j.jevs.2023.104437
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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Article ; Online: 96 Evaluation of prolonged hay net use on the rostral oral cavity and salvia production in adult horses

Cross, T.D. / Locke, M.R. / Guay, K.A. / Martinez, R.E. / Wellmann, K. / Jones, T.N.

Journal of Equine Veterinary Science. 2023 May, v. 124 p.104398-

2023

Abstract: Previous hay net studies have focused on behavior, consumption, and feed wastage; yet none have evaluated effects in the oral cavity. To investigate the effects of prolonged hay net use on rostral soft tissue and saliva production, 8 stock-type horses ... ...

Abstract	Previous hay net studies have focused on behavior, consumption, and feed wastage; yet none have evaluated effects in the oral cavity. To investigate the effects of prolonged hay net use on rostral soft tissue and saliva production, 8 stock-type horses were evaluated for dental health and floated by a dental technician to ensure consistency. Horses were blocked by body weight (BW; 558.6 ± 13.8kg), body condition (BC; 6.5 ± 0.2), sex (mares: n = 5; geldings: n = 3), and age (10.1 ± 1.1yr) and randomly assigned to one of 2 feeding treatments for 70d. Horses on control (CON; n = 4) were offered loose hay in a tub; horses in the experimental group (NET; n = 4) were offered hay encased in a slow-feeder hay net (Texas Hay Net, 3.81cm² openings). Horses received coastal bermudagrass hay at 1.5% of BW daily along with a commercial concentrate (Equilene® Pellets) at ≤0.7% of BW as-fed to maintain BC. Horses were kept in individual dry pens with access to feed, water, and salt for 16 h/day, and then group-housed in dry lots with only ad-libitum water and salt for 8hr/day. Feed intake was recorded daily by the collection and weighing of orts. All horses were assessed weekly using digital and thermography (FLIR®) images to document changes in rostral oral tissue. Blind reviewers analyzed images for changes in rostral oral cavity scores (ROCS) ranging from no damage (ROCS = 7) to severe damage (ROCS = 21).Biweekly saliva measurements were taken immediately before hay offering and 1hr after consumption using 2 disposable oral swabs (Munkcare®, 18cm³ each) held at the exit of the sublingual gland. Statistics were formulated using 3-way repeated measures ANOVA using R Statistical Program®. Intake was not influenced by feeding method (P = 0.874), nor was saliva production (P = 0.570). NET horses had numerically higher pre-consumption saliva values (5.27 ± 0.41g) compared with CON horses (4.55 ± 0.49g). Saliva production increased post-1hr consumption (P ≤ 0.001) confirming production was a result of mastication. The surface temperature of the oral cavity was not affected by treatment (P = 0.471) and was within normal ranges. Average total ROCS did not differ between treatments (NET: 11.0 ± 0.2; CON: 12.2 ± 0.2; P = 0.251) but increased with time (P ≤ 0.01). Use of a hay net for 70d did not influence intake or negatively affect rostral tissue, indicating a level of safety long-term. Based on these findings, feeding from a hay net over a 1hr period did not influence saliva production; however, in future studies, saliva production should be evaluated over an entire consumption period.
Keywords	adults ; body condition ; body weight ; dental health ; feed intake ; group housing ; hay ; horses ; mastication ; mouth ; saliva ; statistics ; surface temperature ; thermography ; tissues ; veterinary medicine ; Texas
Language	English
Dates of publication	2023-05
Publishing place	Elsevier Inc.
Document type	Article ; Online
ZDB-ID	2102631-2
ISSN	1542-7412 ; 0737-0806
ISSN (online)	1542-7412
ISSN	0737-0806
DOI	10.1016/j.jevs.2023.104398
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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Article ; Online: 136 The effects of cannabidiol on libido and heart rate in stallions

Mason, A.C. / Byars, P.C. / Jones, T.N. / Jones, B.W. / Guay, K.A.

Journal of Equine Veterinary Science. 2023 May, v. 124 p.104438-

2023

Abstract: Changes in the Agriculture Improvement Act of 2018 increased popularity of Cannabidiol (CBD) as a supplement. Exogenous CBD, derived from Cannabis Sativa L., binds to cannabinoid receptors in the endocannabinoid system. These receptors are located ... ...

Abstract	Changes in the Agriculture Improvement Act of 2018 increased popularity of Cannabidiol (CBD) as a supplement. Exogenous CBD, derived from Cannabis Sativa L., binds to cannabinoid receptors in the endocannabinoid system. These receptors are located throughout the body, CB1 being prominent in the central nervous system and CB2 in the immune system. Physiological effects of CBD have been well researched but the effects on libido have not. Lack of libido or sexual drive can be detrimental to stallion breeding productivity. The use of CBD as a calming supplement in animals is increasing due to marketing strategies. The study objective was to evaluate libido and heart rate (HR) in stallions given a daily oral CBD supplement for 90d. Two-year old stallions (n = 7) were assigned to either Control (CON; n = 3) or Cannabidiol (CBD; n = 4) treatment groups. CBD was administered at 0.6mg/kg of BW/d, while CON was administered an equal volume of olive oil, as a placebo of similar nature. Treatments were top-dressed over morning feed. Horses were weighed every Monday with dosages recalculated accordingly. Data collections occurred 2x/wk during semen collections with an artificial vagina. Behaviors were previously defined, calmly called out and logged as they occurred. Observations included time spent licking a tease mare, time to erection, time to first mount, and time to ejaculation. A Polar® heart rate monitoring system linked to the KER® ClockItapp was usedto measure HR. Variations of HR included resting HR, teasing HR, mounting HR, step-off HR, and walk-off HR. Data was analyzed using a repeated measures ANOVA within R Statistical Program®(R Core Team, 2022). Results were considered significant at P ≤ 0.05. Throughout the duration all stallions exhibited normal sexual behavior, regardless of treatment. A treatment affect was not seen for licking time between CBD and CON (11.92s ± 3.76 and 0.32s ± 0.20 respectively). There was no difference between CBD and CON for time to erection (27.64s ± 6.84 and 22.9s ± 4.76 respectively). Time to first mount CBD stallions averaged 330.6s ± 23.04, CON stallions averaged 359.5s ± 25.51, with no effect of treatment. Time to ejaculation in CBD stallions was 356s ± 23.78 and 374s ± 24.84 in CON stallions. There were no differences in behaviors over time. There was a time x day effect for walk-off HR(P = 0.04), though this was significant in both groups. No other differences in HR occurred. Long-term use of CBD for young stallions was seen to not affect libido. However, supplementation may lower HR over time. The immediate and lasting response to CBD use in mature stallions and older aggressive stallions is needed to understand the effects of using these products.
Keywords	Cannabis sativa ; artificial vagina ; cannabidiol ; central nervous system ; ejaculation ; heart rate ; immune system ; libido ; mares ; olive oil ; placebos ; semen ; stallions ; veterinary medicine
Language	English
Dates of publication	2023-05
Publishing place	Elsevier Inc.
Document type	Article ; Online
ZDB-ID	2102631-2
ISSN	1542-7412 ; 0737-0806
ISSN (online)	1542-7412
ISSN	0737-0806
DOI	10.1016/j.jevs.2023.104438
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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Article ; Online: 51 Estimation of in vitro digestibility measures within equine fecal inoculum using feedstuff fiber composition

Springer, R.W. / Cherry, N.M. / Cross, T.D. / Mason, A.C. / Guay, K.A. / Raub, R.H. / Wellmann, K. / Jones, T.N.

Journal of Equine Veterinary Science. 2023 May, v. 124 p.104353-

2023

Abstract: Previous studies support the use of equine fecal microbes to simulate hindgut fermentation to calculate in vitro true digestibility (IVTD) of feedstuffs. Neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and acid detergent fiber (ADF) composition have been shown to predict ... ...

Abstract	Previous studies support the use of equine fecal microbes to simulate hindgut fermentation to calculate in vitro true digestibility (IVTD) of feedstuffs. Neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and acid detergent fiber (ADF) composition have been shown to predict IVTD, in vitro NDF digestibility (IVNDFD), and in vitro ADF digestibility (IVADFD). However, little work has been done to predict these digestibility measures within horses. Thus, the study objective was to determine correlation and estimation of in vitro digestibility measures using equine fecal inoculum from feedstuff NDF and ADF composition. Four mature stock-type geldings (8.5 ± 3.9yr; 558.4 ± 31.0kg; 6.0 ± 0.4 BCS) were used in a duplicated 4 × 6 Factorial Design. Horses were acclimated to a basal diet of 1.8% BW as-fed of Coastal Bermudagrass hay (Cynodon dactylon)and 0.2% BW as-fed of Bluebonnet® Equilene® Pellets for 21d. Feces were collected on d22 via rectal-grab for use as incubation inoculum. Dried, ground feed samples (0.5g: alfalfa hay, Coastal Bermudagrass hay, soybean meal, rice bran, hempseed meal, Bluebonnet® Equilene® Pellets), sealed in ANKOM filter bags, were placed in duplicate within 2 Daisyᴵᴵ incubators for 48hr. After incubation, fiber bags were removed and dried, then analyzed for NDF composition to determine IVTD. Split samples were analyzed to determine pre-incubation NDF composition of feedstuffs. Correlations and linearregressions were performed within R Statistical Program©. Both NDF (r = −0.936) and ADF (r = −0.897) were highly correlated to IVTD. However, ADF had a greater correlation to both IVNDFD (r = −0.807) and IVADFD (r = −0.848) than NDF (r = −0.684; r = −0.720). A linear regression between NDF and IVTD produced the model: IVTD (g/kg DM) = 1052.30 – 0.932 * NDF (g/kg DM); R² = 0.930; P < 0.001. A lower goodness-of-fit was found between ADF and IVTD: IVTD (g/kg DM) = 1033.25 – 1.528 * ADF (g/kg DM); R² = 0.866; P < 0.001. An additive model of IVTD versus NDF+ADF mildly increased goodness-of-fit (R² = 0.953). Sample ADF strongly predicted IVADFD (IVADFD (g/kg ADF) = 881.91 – 1.595 * ADF (g/kg DM); R² = 0.835; P < 0.001) but only moderately predicted IVNDFD (IVNDFD (g/kg NDF) = 855.15 – 1.518 * ADF (g/kg DM); R² = 0.749; P < 0.001). These results indicate the effectiveness of using feedstuff NDF to predict IVTD when using equine fecal inoculum. Feedstuff IVNDFD and IVADFD are predicted with less precision, likely due to the lack of foregut digestion of feedstuffs that would occur in vivo. The use of in vitro total-tract digestion modeling in horses may estimate equine hindgut fiber digestion with greater precision.
Keywords	Cynodon dactylon ; acid detergent fiber ; diet ; digestibility ; feces ; feeds ; fermentation ; hay ; hindgut ; horses ; inoculum ; neutral detergent fiber ; veterinary medicine
Language	English
Dates of publication	2023-05
Publishing place	Elsevier Inc.
Document type	Article ; Online
ZDB-ID	2102631-2
ISSN	1542-7412 ; 0737-0806
ISSN (online)	1542-7412
ISSN	0737-0806
DOI	10.1016/j.jevs.2023.104353
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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Article ; Online: 77 In vitro true digestibility of hempseed meal using equine fecal inoculum

Springer, R.W. / Cherry, N.M. / Cross, T.D. / Mason, A.C. / Guay, K.A. / Raub, R.H. / Wellmann, K. / Jones, T.N.

Journal of Equine Veterinary Science. 2023 May, v. 124 p.104379-

2023

Abstract: Digestibility of hempseed meal (Cannabis sativa L.; HSM) has been previously investigated in several livestock species as a protein source; however, data is lacking in horses. The study objective was to determine in vitro true digestibility (IVTD) of HSM ...

Abstract	Digestibility of hempseed meal (Cannabis sativa L.; HSM) has been previously investigated in several livestock species as a protein source; however, data is lacking in horses. The study objective was to determine in vitro true digestibility (IVTD) of HSM compared with soybean meal (SBM), rice bran pellets (RBP), alfalfa hay (Medicago sativa; ALF), Coastal Bermudagrass hay (Cynodon dactylon; CBH), and a commercial concentrate (Bluebonnet® Equilene® Pellets; EQU). Four mature stock-type geldings (8.5 ± 3.9yr; 558.4 ± 31.0kg; 6.0 ± 0.4 BCS) were used in a duplicated 4 × 6 Factorial Design. Horses were acclimated to a basal diet of 1.8% BW as-fed of CBH and 0.2% BW as-fed of EQU for 21d. Fresh feces (400g) were collected on d22 via rectal-grab for use as incubation inoculum. Dried, ground feed samples (0.5g), sealed in ANKOM filter bags, were placed in duplicate within 2 Daisyᴵᴵ incubators for 48hr in fecal inoculum. After incubation, fiber bags were removed, dried (100°C for 2hr), then analyzed for neutral detergent fiber (NDF) composition to determine IVTD. Split samples were analyzed to determine pre-incubation NDF composition of feedstuffs. Data (mean ± SEM) were analyzed using a repeated measures ANOVA within R Statistical Program©. Significance was set at P ≤ 0.05. Hempseed meal NDF (440.2 ± 6.82 g/kg DM) was greater than ALF(330.8 ± 5.07; P < 0.001), RBP (219.0 ± 12.15; P < 0.001), and SBM (109.4 ± 6.17 g/kg DM; P < 0.001), yet lower than CBH (715.4 ± 10.77; P < 0.001) and tended to be higher than EQU (400.2 ± 8.29; P = 0.077). Feedstuff IVTD (g/kg DM) was greatest in SBM (962.9 ± 4.47) followed by RBP (857.8 ± 5.88) (P < 0.001). Alfalfa hay (742.6 ± 9.34) and EQU (757.2 ± 33.91) IVTD were similar (P = 0.962). Both ALF and EQU were decreased compared with RBP (P < 0.001) and greater than HSM (567.1 ± 4.93; P < 0.001) which was higher than CBH (401.4 ± 14.04; P < 0.001). These results indicate that HSM has an NDF content and IVTD between ALF and CBH, indicative of a lower digestibility compared with other proteinaceous feeds. This suggests potential for HSM to partially replace fiber sources in equine rations. High fat content in feedstuffs limits microbial fermentation of fiber, thus the fat content of HSM (107.0 g/kg DM), assumed to be digested in the foregut, may have limited microbial fiber digestion during in vitro incubation. Modified methods may be necessary to further assess IVTD of HSM in horses.
Keywords	Cannabis sativa ; Cynodon dactylon ; Medicago sativa ; alfalfa hay ; digestibility ; feces ; feeds ; horses ; inoculum ; neutral detergent fiber ; protein sources ; rice bran ; soybean meal ; veterinary medicine
Language	English
Dates of publication	2023-05
Publishing place	Elsevier Inc.
Document type	Article ; Online
ZDB-ID	2102631-2
ISSN	1542-7412 ; 0737-0806
ISSN (online)	1542-7412
ISSN	0737-0806
DOI	10.1016/j.jevs.2023.104379
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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Article ; Online: 183 Effects of prolonged hay net feeding on equine behavior

Locke, M.R. / Cross, T.D. / Hoglan, A. / Springer, R. / Guay, K.A. / Wellmann, K. / Martínez, R. / Jones, T.N.

Journal of Equine Veterinary Science. 2023 May, v. 124 p.104529-

2023

Abstract: Feeding strategies are known to affect equine behavior. Hay nets made of rope or canvas are used in the equine industry to slow consumption rates and prevent forage waste. Hay net design varies by material and opening size to restrict or extend forage ... ...

Abstract	Feeding strategies are known to affect equine behavior. Hay nets made of rope or canvas are used in the equine industry to slow consumption rates and prevent forage waste. Hay net design varies by material and opening size to restrict or extend forage intake. However, the effect of hay net usage on equine behavior has not been entirely elucidated. A randomized block design 84-d pilot study used 8 mature, stock-type horses (5 mares and 3 geldings with BW and body condition used as blocking factors) to evaluate the impact of hay net use on equine behavior. Horses were randomly assigned to treatment [control (CON) and net (NET)] and individually housed for 16 h/d (1500 to 0700) in 8.22m by 2.74m dry runs. At 0700 and 1500 0.75% BW as-fed coastal bermudagrass hay and a pelleted commercial feed (Equilene® Pellets) at ≤ 0.35% BW was offered. Horses were group housed (n = 4 hd/treatment) with ad libitum access to water and salt between feedings (8 h/d) to allow enrichment and natural behavior. Control horses’ hay was provided in a tub on the ground. Hay for NET was provided in UV-resistant nylon mesh hay nets (Texas Hay NetTM, 14.5 cm² openings), nets were hung ∼1m from the ground. Each horse was filmed for 1h, bi-weekly during hay consumption and individual behavioral data were collected by 2 researchers to confirm and quantify behaviors defined by an ethogram. Behaviors studiedwere drinking water, startles, maintenance (scratch, stretch, and shake), vocalizations, stall vices (pawing and pacing), aggression, duration of head position while chewing, and frustration with the feeding system (biting at, pinning ears, or kicking out). Data were analyzed using a Chi-squared analysis within R Statistical Program? with expected thresholds for each behavior being based on the projected change for the mean of the treatments. Results were considered significant at P < 0.05. Treatment did not have an effect on forage intake (P = 0.874). Control horses spent more time eating with their heads below their withers when compared with NET (P < 0.001). Observations of startle response were similar to expected values (expected = 4.5, CON = 5, NET = 4). Frustration with the feeding system, pawing, and pacing were increased (P < 0.001) for NET compared with CON. The CON horses exhibited more trips to a water trough (P = 0.035), while NET horses displayed more shaking, scratching, and stretching (P = 0.035). The use of slow-feeder hay nets increased frustration, stall vices, and maintenance behaviors in horses over 84 d, indicating that feeding from hay nets may result in negative feeding habits. These negative habits include kicking and biting at the feeding system, and increased pawing and pacing.
Keywords	aggression ; body condition ; feed intake ; forage ; hay ; head ; horses ; industry ; nylon ; veterinary medicine ; wastes ; water troughs ; withers ; Texas
Language	English
Dates of publication	2023-05
Publishing place	Elsevier Inc.
Document type	Article ; Online
ZDB-ID	2102631-2
ISSN	1542-7412 ; 0737-0806
ISSN (online)	1542-7412
ISSN	0737-0806
DOI	10.1016/j.jevs.2023.104529
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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Article ; Online: Entrustable professional activities for gastroenterology fellowship training.

Rose, S / Fix, O K / Shah, B J / Jones, T N / Szyjkowski, R D

Neurogastroenterology and motility : the official journal of the European Gastrointestinal Motility Society

2014 Volume 26, Issue 8, Page(s) 1204–1214

MeSH term(s)	Fellowships and Scholarships/trends ; Gastroenterology/education ; Humans ; Professional Competence ; Societies, Medical/trends
Language	English
Publishing date	2014-08
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	1186328-6
ISSN	1365-2982 ; 1350-1925
ISSN (online)	1365-2982
ISSN	1350-1925
DOI	10.1111/nmo.12392
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Article ; Online: Influence of an n-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid-enriched diet on experimentally induced synovitis in horses.

Ross-Jones, T N / McIlwraith, C W / Kisiday, J D / Hess, T M / Hansen, D K / Black, J

Journal of animal physiology and animal nutrition

2016 Volume 100, Issue 3, Page(s) 565–577

Abstract: Dietary n-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid (LCPUFA) supplementation has previously been shown to modify joint-related inflammation in several species, although information in the horse is lacking. We investigated whether dietary supplementation ... ...

Abstract	Dietary n-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid (LCPUFA) supplementation has previously been shown to modify joint-related inflammation in several species, although information in the horse is lacking. We investigated whether dietary supplementation with n-3 LCPUFA would modify experimentally induced synovitis in horses. Twelve, skeletally mature, non-pregnant mares were randomly assigned to either a control diet (CONT) or an n-3 long-chain fatty acid-enriched treatment diet (N3FA) containing 40 g/day of n-3 LCPUFA for 91 days. Blood samples taken on days 0, 30, 60 and 90, and synovial fluid collected on days 0 and 90 were processed for lipid composition. On day 91, joint inflammation was stimulated using an intra-articular (IA) injection of 100 ng of recombinant equine IL-1beta (reIL-1β). Synovial fluid samples taken at post-injection hours (PIH) 0, 4, 8 and 24 were analysed for prostaglandin E2 (PGE2 ), matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) activity and routine cytology. Synovium and articular cartilage samples collected at PIH 8 were analysed for gene expression of MMP 1 and MMP 13, interleukin-1beta (IL-1β), cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2), tumour necrosis factor-alpha and the aggrecanases, a disintegrin and metalloprotease with thrombospondin motifs (ADAMTS)-4 and ADAMTS-5. A 90-day feeding period of n-3 LCPUFA increased serum phospholipid and synovial fluid lipid compositions of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) compared to CONT horses. The reIL-1β injection caused an inflammatory response; however, there was no effect of dietary treatment on synovial fluid PGE2 content and MMP activity. Synovial tissue collected from N3FA horses exhibited lower expression of ADAMTS-4 compared to CONT horses. Despite the presence of EPA and DHA in the synovial fluid of N3FA horses, dietary n-3 LCPUFA supplementation did not modify synovial fluid biomarkers compared to CONT horses; however, the lower ADAMTS-4 mRNA expression in N3FA synovium warrants further investigation of n-3 LCPUFA as a joint therapy.
MeSH term(s)	Animal Feed/analysis ; Animal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena ; Animals ; Diet/veterinary ; Fatty Acids, Omega-3/administration & dosage ; Fatty Acids, Omega-3/pharmacology ; Female ; Horse Diseases/chemically induced ; Horse Diseases/diet therapy ; Horses ; Interleukin-1beta/administration & dosage ; Interleukin-1beta/toxicity ; Recombinant Proteins ; Synovitis/chemically induced ; Synovitis/diet therapy ; Synovitis/veterinary
Chemical Substances	Fatty Acids, Omega-3 ; Interleukin-1beta ; Recombinant Proteins
Language	English
Publishing date	2016-06
Publishing country	Germany
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	232729-6
ISSN	1439-0396 ; 0044-3565 ; 0931-2439
ISSN (online)	1439-0396
ISSN	0044-3565 ; 0931-2439
DOI	10.1111/jpn.12359
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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