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  1. Article ; Online: Gender invariance in the relationship between social support and glycemic control.

    Joni S Williams / Rebekah J Walker / Leonard E Egede

    PLoS ONE, Vol 18, Iss 5, p e

    2023  Volume 0285373

    Abstract: Background Social support (SS) is important in diabetes self-management; however, little is known about how different types of SS influence diabetes outcomes in men and women with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Therefore, the aims of this study were to ...

    Abstract Background Social support (SS) is important in diabetes self-management; however, little is known about how different types of SS influence diabetes outcomes in men and women with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Therefore, the aims of this study were to investigate the relationships between types of SS and glycemic control and self-care behaviors and assess whether the relationships differ by gender. Methods Cross-sectional study of 615 adults from two primary care clinics in the southeastern U.S. Outcomes were hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) extracted from the medical records, and self-management behaviors (general diet, specific diet, exercise, blood glucose testing, foot care) measured using the Summary of Diabetes Self-Care Activities (SDSCA). Independent variable was SS (emotional/informational, tangible, affectionate, positive social interaction) measured using the Medical Outcomes Study (MOS) SS Scale. Structural equation modeling (SEM) was used to understand pathways between SS and glycemic control based on a theoretical model. Results Tangible support was significantly associated with self-care (r = 0.16; p = 0.046) and affectionate support was marginally associated with glycemic control (r = 0.15; p = 0.08) for both men and women. Using SEM to test gender invariance, there was no statistically significant difference in the meaning of SS between men and women. However, unique invariances in responses occurred, including a stronger relationship between tangible support and self-care for women (r = 0.24; p = 0.061). Conclusions Of the four components of SS, tangible and affectionate support had the strongest influence on glycemic control. While affectionate support will improve glycemic control in both men and women, tangible support will improve self-care management, particularly in women.
    Keywords Medicine ; R ; Science ; Q
    Language English
    Publishing date 2023-01-01T00:00:00Z
    Publisher Public Library of Science (PLoS)
    Document type Article ; Online
    Database BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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  2. Article ; Online: Association Between Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors and Mortality in Adults With Diabetes

    Kristina Savage / Joni S. Williams / Emma Garacci / Leonard E. Egede

    International Journal of Public Health, Vol

    A Stratified Analysis by Sex, Race, and Ethnicity

    2022  Volume 67

    Abstract: Objectives: To assess sex and racial/ethnic differences in the relationship between multiple cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors and mortality among a nationally representative sample of adults with diabetes.Methods: Data were analyzed from 3,503 ... ...

    Abstract Objectives: To assess sex and racial/ethnic differences in the relationship between multiple cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors and mortality among a nationally representative sample of adults with diabetes.Methods: Data were analyzed from 3,503 adults with diabetes from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2001–2010 and its linked mortality data through 31 December 2011. The outcome was mortality; the independent variables were sex and race/ethnicity. Covariates included demographics, comorbidity, and lifestyle variables. Cox proportional hazards regression was used to test associations between mortality and CVD risk factors.Results: In adjusted analyses, the association between diastolic blood pressure and mortality was significantly different by sex and race/ethnicity (unadjusted p = 0.009; adjusted p = 0.042). Kaplan-Meier survival curves showed Hispanic women had the highest survival compared to Hispanic men and Non-Hispanic Black (NHB) and Non-Hispanic White (NHW) men and women; NHW men had the lowest survival probability.Conclusion: In this nationally representative sample, stratified analyses showed women had higher survival rates compared to men within each race/ethnicity group, and Hispanic women had the highest survival compared to all other groups.
    Keywords mortality ; race ; ethnicity ; sex ; diabetes ; cardiovascular disease risk factors ; Public aspects of medicine ; RA1-1270
    Subject code 310
    Language English
    Publishing date 2022-04-01T00:00:00Z
    Publisher Frontiers Media S.A.
    Document type Article ; Online
    Database BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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  3. Article ; Online: Financial Incentives and Nurse Coaching to Enhance Diabetes Outcomes (FINANCE-DM)

    Joni S Williams / Rebecca Knapp / Clara Elizabeth Dismuke / Tatiana Davidson

    BMJ Open, Vol 10, Iss

    a trial protocol

    2020  Volume 12

    Abstract: Introduction Given the burden of diabetes in ethnic minorities and emerging data on the efficacy of financial incentives in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), it is critical to examine the efficacy of financial incentives across and within racial/ethnic ... ...

    Abstract Introduction Given the burden of diabetes in ethnic minorities and emerging data on the efficacy of financial incentives in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), it is critical to examine the efficacy of financial incentives across and within racial/ethnic groups.Methods and analysis This trial is an ongoing 5-year, randomised clinical trial designed to test the efficacy of a Financial Incentives And Nurse Coaching to Enhance Diabetes Outcomes (FINANCE-DM) intervention composed of (1) nurse education, (2) home telemonitoring and (3) structured financial incentives; compared with an active control group (nurse education and home telemonitoring alone). The study also will evaluate whether intervention effects are sustained 6 months after the financial incentives are withdrawn (ie, 18 months post-randomisation) and whether the intervention is differentially efficacious across racial/ethnic groups. Participants will include 450 adults with a clinical diagnosis of T2DM and HbA1c of 8% or higher who self-identify as White, African American or Hispanic. Participants will be randomised to one of two groups: the FINANCE intervention or Active Control. The location and setting of this study include primary care clinics at the Medical College of Wisconsin (MCW) in Milwaukee, WI and community partner sites affiliated with the Center for Advancing Population Science at MCW.Ethics and dissemination This trial was approved by IRB at MCW under PRO00033788.Trial registration number Registration for this trial on the United States National Institute of Health Clinical Trials Registry can be found under ID: NCT04203173 and online (https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04203173?id=NCT04203173&draw=2&rank=1).
    Keywords Medicine ; R
    Subject code 390
    Language English
    Publishing date 2020-12-01T00:00:00Z
    Publisher BMJ Publishing Group
    Document type Article ; Online
    Database BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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  4. Article ; Online: Feasibility, impact, and priority of key strategies to enhance diverse and inclusive training programs in clinical and translational research

    Jennifer A. Campbell / Rebekah J. Walker / Aprill Z. Dawson / Mukoso N. Ozieh / Susanne Schmidt / L. Aubree Shay / Joni S. Williams / Shane A. Phillips / Leonard E. Egede

    Journal of Clinical and Translational Science, Vol

    A mixed methods study

    2023  Volume 7

    Abstract: Abstract Background: Enhancing diversity in the scientific workforce is a long-standing issue. This study uses mixed methods to understand the feasibility, impact, and priority of six key strategies to promote diverse and inclusive training and ... ...

    Abstract Abstract Background: Enhancing diversity in the scientific workforce is a long-standing issue. This study uses mixed methods to understand the feasibility, impact, and priority of six key strategies to promote diverse and inclusive training and contextualize the six key strategies across Clinical and Translational Science Awards (CTSAs) Program Institutions. Methods: Four breakout sessions were held at the NCATS 2020 CTSA Program annual meeting focused on diversity, equity, and inclusion (DEI) efforts. This paper focuses on the breakout session for Enhancing DEI in Translational Science Training Programs. Data were analyzed using a mixed methods convergent approach. The quantitative strand includes the online polling results. The qualitative strand includes the breakout session and the chat box in response to the training presentation. Results: Across feasibility, impact, and priority questions, prioritizing representation ranked number 1. Building partnerships ranked number 2 in feasibility and priority, while making it personal ranked number 2 for impact. Across each strategy, rankings supported the qualitative data findings in feasibility through shared experiences, impact in the ability to increase DEI, and priority rankings in comparison to the other strategies. No divergence was found across quantitative and qualitative data findings. Conclusion: Findings provide robust support for prioritizing representation as a number one strategy to focus on in training programs. Specifically, this strategy can be operationalized through integration of community representation, diversity advocates, and adopting a holistic approach to recruiting a diverse cadre of scholars into translational science training programs at the national level across CTSAs.
    Keywords Diversity ; equity ; inclusion ; clinical and translational research ; mixed methods ; Medicine ; R
    Subject code 306
    Language English
    Publishing date 2023-01-01T00:00:00Z
    Publisher Cambridge University Press
    Document type Article ; Online
    Database BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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  5. Article ; Online: Prevalence and correlates of pre-diabetes in Sub-Saharan Africa using Demographic and Health Survey Data

    Leonard E Egede / Jennifer A Campbell / Joni S Williams / Rebekah J Walker / Abigail M Thorgerson / Alice Yan / Aprill Z Dawson / Vincent Renta

    BMJ Open, Vol 13, Iss

    a cross-sectional study

    2023  Volume 10

    Abstract: Objective The objective is to investigate the prevalence of pre-diabetes in Namibia and South Africa and to determine sociodemographic correlates of disease using population data.Design Cross-sectional study.Setting Demographic and Health Survey for ... ...

    Abstract Objective The objective is to investigate the prevalence of pre-diabetes in Namibia and South Africa and to determine sociodemographic correlates of disease using population data.Design Cross-sectional study.Setting Demographic and Health Survey for emerging (Namibia) and established (South Africa) economies in Sub-Saharan Africa collected laboratory data that allowed determination of pre-diabetes status.Participants 3141 adults over age 18 from the 2013 Namibia survey, weighted to a population of 2176, and 4964 adults over age 18 from the 2016 South Africa survey, weighted to a population of 4627 had blood glucose/glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) and diabetes information were included in the analysis.Outcome measures Pre-diabetes was defined as not being diagnosed with diabetes and having a blood sugar measurement of 100–125 mg/dL in Namibia or an HbA1c measurement of 5.7%–6.4%. Logistic models were run for each country separately, with pre-diabetes as the outcome and a series of sociodemographic variables (age, gender, urban/rural residence, number of children, employment status, wealth index, education level, and ethnicity (in South Africa) or religion (in Namibia)) entered as variables to investigate the independent relationship of each.Results The weighted prevalence of pre-diabetes was 18.7% in Namibia and 70.1% in South Africa. Rural residence was independently associated with higher odds of pre-diabetes in Namibia (1.47, 95% CI 1.05 to 2.06), while both younger age (0.98, 95% CI 0.97 to 0.99) and urban residence (0.80, 95% CI 0.66 to 0.99) were independently associated with odds of pre-diabetes in South Africa.Conclusions The prevalence of pre-diabetes was 18.7% in Namibia and 70.1% in South Africa. Correlates of pre-diabetes differed between the two countries with rural residents having higher odds of pre-diabetes in Namibia and urban residents with higher odds in South Africa. Aggressive interventions, including population level education and awareness programmes, and individual level education and ...
    Keywords Medicine ; R
    Subject code 390
    Language English
    Publishing date 2023-10-01T00:00:00Z
    Publisher BMJ Publishing Group
    Document type Article ; Online
    Database BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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  6. Article ; Online: Financial incentives to improve glycemic control in African American adults with type 2 diabetes

    Leonard E. Egede / Jennifer A. Campbell / Rebekah J. Walker / Aprill Z. Dawson / Joni S. Williams

    BMC Health Services Research, Vol 21, Iss 1, Pp 1-

    a pilot randomized controlled trial

    2021  Volume 9

    Abstract: Abstract Background Financial incentives is emerging as a viable strategy for improving clinical outcomes for adults with type 2 diabetes. However, there is limited data on optimal structure for financial incentives and whether financial incentives are ... ...

    Abstract Abstract Background Financial incentives is emerging as a viable strategy for improving clinical outcomes for adults with type 2 diabetes. However, there is limited data on optimal structure for financial incentives and whether financial incentives are effective in African Americans with type 2 diabetes. This pilot study evaluated impact of three financial incentive structures on glycemic control in this population. Methods Sixty adults with type 2 diabetes were randomized to one of three financial incentive structures: 1) single incentive (Group 1) at 3 months for Hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) reduction, 2) two-part equal incentive (Group 2) for home testing of glucose and HbA1c reduction at 3 months, and 3) three-part equal incentive (Group 3) for home testing, attendance of weekly telephone education classes and HbA1c reduction at 3 months. The primary outcome was HbA1c reduction within each group at 3 months post-randomization. Paired t-tests were used to test differences between baseline and 3-month HbA1c within each group. Results The mean age for the sample was 57.9 years and 71.9% were women. Each incentive structure led to significant reductions in HbA1c at 3 months with the greatest reduction from baseline in the group with incentives for multiple components: Group 1 mean reduction = 1.25, Group 2 mean reduction = 1.73, Group 3 mean reduction = 1.74. Conclusion Financial incentives led to significant reductions in HbA1c from baseline within each group. Incentives for multiple components led to the greatest reductions from baseline. Structured financial incentives that reward home monitoring, attendance of telephone education sessions, and lifestyle modification to lower HbA1c are viable options for glycemic control in African Americans with type 2 diabetes. Trial registration Trial registration: NCT02722499 . Registered 23 March 2016, url.
    Keywords Financial incentives ; Randomized controlled trial ; Diabetes ; African American ; Glycemic control ; Public aspects of medicine ; RA1-1270
    Subject code 338
    Language English
    Publishing date 2021-01-01T00:00:00Z
    Publisher BMC
    Document type Article ; Online
    Database BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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  7. Article ; Online: HIV and cardiovascular disease in sub-Saharan Africa

    Leonard E. Egede / Rebekah J. Walker / Patricia Monroe / Joni S. Williams / Jennifer A. Campbell / Aprill Z. Dawson

    BMC Public Health, Vol 21, Iss 1, Pp 1-

    Demographic and Health Survey data for 4 countries

    2021  Volume 7

    Abstract: Abstract Background Investigate the relationship between two common cardiovascular diseases and HIV in adults living in sub-Saharan Africa using population data provided through the Demographic and Health Survey. Methods Data for four sub-Saharan ... ...

    Abstract Abstract Background Investigate the relationship between two common cardiovascular diseases and HIV in adults living in sub-Saharan Africa using population data provided through the Demographic and Health Survey. Methods Data for four sub-Saharan countries were used. All adults asked questions regarding diagnosis of HIV, diabetes, and hypertension were included in the sample totaling 5356 in Lesotho, 3294 in Namibia, 9917 in Senegal, and 1051 in South Africa. Logistic models were run for each country separately, with self-reported diabetes as the first outcome and self-reported hypertension as the second outcome and HIV status as the primary independent variable. Models were adjusted for age, gender, rural/urban residence and BMI. Complex survey design allowed weighting to the population. Results Prevalence of self-reported diabetes ranged from 3.8% in Namibia to 0.5% in Senegal. Prevalence of self-reported hypertension ranged from 22.9% in Namibia to 0.6% in Senegal. In unadjusted models, individuals with HIV in Lesotho were 2 times more likely to have self-reported diabetes (OR = 2.01, 95% CI 1.08–3.73), however the relationship lost significance after adjustment. Individuals with HIV were less likely to have self-reported diabetes after adjustment in Namibia (OR = 0.29, 95% CI 0.12–0.72) and less likely to have self-reported hypertension after adjustment in Lesotho (OR = 0.63, 95% CI 0.47–0.83). Relationships were not significant for Senegal or South Africa. Discussion HIV did not serve as a risk factor for self-reported cardiovascular disease in sub-Saharan Africa during the years included in this study. However, given the growing prevalence of diabetes and hypertension in the region, and the high prevalence of undiagnosed cardiovascular disease, it will be important to continue to track and monitor cardiovascular disease at the population level and in individuals with and without HIV. Conclusions The odds of self-reported diabetes in individuals with HIV was high in Lesotho and low in Namibia, while the ...
    Keywords HIV ; Diabetes ; Hypertension ; Cardiovascular disease ; Demographic and Health Survey ; Public aspects of medicine ; RA1-1270
    Subject code 310
    Language English
    Publishing date 2021-06-01T00:00:00Z
    Publisher BMC
    Document type Article ; Online
    Database BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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  8. Article ; Online: Advancing diversity, equity, and inclusion within clinical and translational science training programs

    L. Aubree Shay / Susanne Schmidt / Addison J. Thurston / Jennifer A. Campbell / Aprill Z. Dawson / Leonard E. Egede / Mukoso N. Ozieh / Shane A. Phillips / Rebekah J. Walker / Joni S. Williams / Joel Tsevat

    Journal of Clinical and Translational Science, Vol

    A qualitative content analysis of the training breakout session at the national CTSA program meeting

    2022  Volume 6

    Abstract: Abstract Background: Diversity, equity, and inclusion (DEI) in clinical and translational science (CTS) are paramount to driving innovation and increasing health equity. One important area for improving diversity is among trainees in CTS programs. This ... ...

    Abstract Abstract Background: Diversity, equity, and inclusion (DEI) in clinical and translational science (CTS) are paramount to driving innovation and increasing health equity. One important area for improving diversity is among trainees in CTS programs. This paper reports on findings from a special session at the November 2020 Clinical and Translational Science Award (CTSA) national program meeting that focused on advancing diversity and inclusion within CTS training programs. Methods: Using qualitative content analysis, we identified approaches brought forth to increase DEI in KL2 career development and other training programs aimed at early-stage CTS investigators, beyond the six strategies put forth to guide the breakout session (prioritizing representation, building partnerships, making it personal, designing program structure, improving through feedback, and winning endorsement). We used an inductive qualitative content analysis approach to identify themes from a transcript of the panel of KL2 program leaders centered on DEI in training programs. Results: We identified four themes for advancing DEI within CTS training programs: 1) institutional buy-in; 2) proactive recruitment efforts; 3) an equitable application process; and 4) high-quality, diverse mentorship. Conclusion: Implementing these strategies in CTS and other training programs will be an important step for advancing DEI. However, processes need to be established to evaluate the implementation and effectiveness of these strategies through continuous quality improvement, a key component of the CTSA program. Training programs within the CTSA are well-positioned to be leaders in this critical effort to increase the diversity of the scientific workforce.
    Keywords CTSA ; diversity ; equity and inclusion ; KL2/K12 ; qualitative ; training programs ; mentorship ; Medicine ; R
    Subject code 796
    Language English
    Publishing date 2022-01-01T00:00:00Z
    Publisher Cambridge University Press
    Document type Article ; Online
    Database BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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  9. Article ; Online: Cost-effectiveness of financial incentives to improve glycemic control in adults with diabetes

    Leonard E Egede / Rebekah J Walker / Clara E Dismuke-Greer / Sarah Pyzyk / Aprill Z Dawson / Joni S Williams / Jennifer A Campbell

    PLoS ONE, Vol 16, Iss 3, p e

    A pilot randomized controlled trial.

    2021  Volume 0248762

    Abstract: Purpose Determine the cost-effectiveness of three financial incentive structures in obtaining a 1% within group drop in HbA1c among adults with diabetes. Methods 60 African Americans with type 2 diabetes were randomized to one of three financial ... ...

    Abstract Purpose Determine the cost-effectiveness of three financial incentive structures in obtaining a 1% within group drop in HbA1c among adults with diabetes. Methods 60 African Americans with type 2 diabetes were randomized to one of three financial incentive structures and followed for 3-months. Group 1 (low frequency) received a single incentive for absolute HbA1c reduction, Group 2 (moderate frequency) received a two-part incentive for home testing of glucose and absolute HbA1c reduction and Group 3 (high frequency) received a multiple component incentive for home testing, attendance of weekly telephone education classes and absolute HbA1c reduction. The primary clinical outcome was HbA1c reduction within each arm at 3-months. Cost for each arm was calculated based on the cost of the intervention, cost of health care visits during the 3-month time frame, and cost of workdays missed from illness. Incremental cost effectiveness ratios (ICER) were calculated based on achieving a 1% within group drop in HbA1c and were bootstrapped with 1,000 replications. Results The ICER to decrease HbA1c by 1% was $1,100 for all three arms, however, bootstrapped standard errors differed with Group 1 having twice the variation around the ICER coefficient as Groups 2 and 3. ICERs were statistically significant for Groups 2 and 3 (p<0.001) indicating they are cost effective interventions. Conclusions Given ICERs of prior diabetes interventions range from $1,000-$4,000, a cost of $1,100 per 1% within group decrease in HbA1c is a promising intervention. Multi-component incentive structures seem to have the least variation in cost-effectiveness.
    Keywords Medicine ; R ; Science ; Q
    Subject code 360
    Language English
    Publishing date 2021-01-01T00:00:00Z
    Publisher Public Library of Science (PLoS)
    Document type Article ; Online
    Database BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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  10. Article ; Online: HOME DM-BAT

    Leonard E. Egede / Tatiana M. Davidson / Rebecca G. Knapp / Rebekah J. Walker / Joni S. Williams / Clara E. Dismuke / Aprill Z. Dawson

    Trials, Vol 22, Iss 1, Pp 1-

    home-based diabetes-modified behavioral activation treatment for low-income seniors with type 2 diabetes—study protocol for a randomized controlled trial

    2021  Volume 11

    Abstract: Abstract Background About 13% of African Americans and 13% of Hispanics have diabetes, compared to 8% of non-Hispanic Whites (NHWs). This is more pronounced in the elderly where about 25–30% of those aged 65 and older have diabetes. Studies have found ... ...

    Abstract Abstract Background About 13% of African Americans and 13% of Hispanics have diabetes, compared to 8% of non-Hispanic Whites (NHWs). This is more pronounced in the elderly where about 25–30% of those aged 65 and older have diabetes. Studies have found associations between social determinants of health (SDoH) and increased incidence, prevalence, and burden of diabetes; however, few interventions have accounted for the context in which the elderly live by addressing SDoH. Specifically, psychosocial factors (such as cognitive dysfunction, functional impairment, and social isolation) impacting this population may be under-addressed due to numerous medical concerns addressed during the clinical visit. The long-term goal of the project is to identify strategies to improve glycemic control and reduce diabetes complications and mortality in African Americans and Hispanics/Latinos with type 2 diabetes. Methods This is a 5-year prospective, randomized clinical trial, which will test the effectiveness of a home-based diabetes-modified behavioral activation treatment for low-income, minority seniors with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) (HOME DM-BAT). Two hundred, aged 65 and older and with an HbA1c ≥8%, will be randomized into one of two groups: (1) an intervention using in-home, nurse telephone-delivered diabetes education, and behavioral activation or (2) a usual care group using in-home, nurse telephone-delivered, health education/supportive therapy. Participants will be followed for 12 months to ascertain the effect of the intervention on glycemic control, blood pressure, and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol. The primary hypothesis is low-income, minority seniors with poorly controlled type 2 diabetes randomized to HOME DM-BAT will have significantly greater improvements in clinical outcomes at 12 months of follow-up compared to usual care. Discussion Results from this study will provide important insight into the effectiveness of a home-based diabetes-modified behavioral activation treatment for low-income, ...
    Keywords Diabetes ; Elderly ; Seniors ; Older adults ; Education ; Behavioral activation ; Medicine (General) ; R5-920
    Subject code 571
    Language English
    Publishing date 2021-11-01T00:00:00Z
    Publisher BMC
    Document type Article ; Online
    Database BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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