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  1. AU="Kalinich, Chaney C"
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  1. Article ; Online: Prevention of host-to-host transmission by SARS-CoV-2 vaccines.

    Mostaghimi, Darius / Valdez, Caroline N / Larson, Haleigh T / Kalinich, Chaney C / Iwasaki, Akiko

    The Lancet. Infectious diseases

    2021  Volume 22, Issue 2, Page(s) e52–e58

    Abstract: As the number of individuals vaccinated against SARS-CoV-2 rises worldwide, population-level data regarding the vaccines' ability to reduce infection are being generated. Randomised trials have shown that these vaccines dramatically reduce symptomatic ... ...

    Abstract As the number of individuals vaccinated against SARS-CoV-2 rises worldwide, population-level data regarding the vaccines' ability to reduce infection are being generated. Randomised trials have shown that these vaccines dramatically reduce symptomatic COVID-19; however, less is known about their effects on transmission between individuals. The natural course of infection with SARS-CoV-2 involves infection of the respiratory epithelia and replication within the mucosa to sufficient viral titres for transmission via aerosol particles and droplets. Here we discuss the available data on the existing, approved SARS-CoV-2 vaccines' capacity to reduce transmissibility by reducing primary infection, viral replication, capacity for transmission, and symptomaticity. The potential for mucosal-targeted SARS-CoV-2 vaccine strategies to more effectively limit transmission than intramuscular vaccines is considered with regard to known immunological mechanisms. Finally, we enumerate the population-level effects of approved vaccines on transmission through observational studies following clinical trials and vaccine distribution in real-world settings.
    MeSH term(s) Antibodies, Viral/biosynthesis ; Antibodies, Viral/immunology ; COVID-19/prevention & control ; COVID-19/transmission ; COVID-19 Vaccines/adverse effects ; COVID-19 Vaccines/immunology ; Humans ; Immunoglobulin A/biosynthesis ; Immunoglobulin A/immunology ; Immunoglobulin G/biosynthesis ; Immunoglobulin G/immunology ; Virus Replication/immunology
    Chemical Substances Antibodies, Viral ; COVID-19 Vaccines ; Immunoglobulin A ; Immunoglobulin G
    Language English
    Publishing date 2021-09-14
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article ; Review
    ZDB-ID 2061641-7
    ISSN 1474-4457 ; 1473-3099
    ISSN (online) 1474-4457
    ISSN 1473-3099
    DOI 10.1016/S1473-3099(21)00472-2
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  2. Article ; Online: Assessment of Clinical Effectiveness of BNT162b2 COVID-19 Vaccine in US Adolescents.

    Oliveira, Carlos R / Niccolai, Linda M / Sheikha, Hassan / Elmansy, Lina / Kalinich, Chaney C / Grubaugh, Nathan D / Shapiro, Eugene D

    JAMA network open

    2022  Volume 5, Issue 3, Page(s) e220935

    Abstract: Importance: The emergence of the B.1.617.2 (Delta) variant of SARS-CoV-2 has led to increases in both infections and hospitalizations among adolescents. Little is known about the effectiveness of the BNT162b2 vaccine in adolescents in the general ... ...

    Abstract Importance: The emergence of the B.1.617.2 (Delta) variant of SARS-CoV-2 has led to increases in both infections and hospitalizations among adolescents. Little is known about the effectiveness of the BNT162b2 vaccine in adolescents in the general population, as opposed to a clinical trial population.
    Objective: To estimate the effectiveness of the BNT162b2 vaccine in adolescents aged 12 to 18 years.
    Design, setting, and participants: This was a matched case-control study among adolescents (aged 12-18 years) who had results from a SARS-CoV-2 reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) test. Immunization histories, relevant clinical data, and RT-PCR test results were obtained from the Yale New Haven Health System's medical records between June 1, 2021, and August 15, 2021, when the Delta variant caused 92% of infections in Connecticut. Case participants were defined as adolescents who had a positive test result and an associated medical encounter. Control participants were defined as those who had a negative test result and were matched to a case participant by age, county of residence, and date of testing.
    Exposures: Adolescents were defined as fully immunized if they had received 2 doses of vaccine at least 14 days before focal time.
    Main outcomes and measures: The primary outcome measured was SARS-CoV-2 infection confirmed by RT-PCR. The vaccine's effectiveness (VE) was estimated using matched odds ratios from conditional logistic regression models. Secondary measures included estimated VE by clinical symptoms, number of vaccine doses received, and elapsed time from immunization.
    Results: A total of 6901 adolescents were tested for SARS-CoV-2. The final sample comprised 186 case participants and 356 matched control participants. The median age was 14 (IQR, 13-16) years, 262 (48%) identified as female, 81 (15%) as Black, 82 (15%) as Hispanic, and 297 (55%) as White. Overall, 134 (25%) were fully immunized (case participants, 10 [5%]; control participants, 124 [35%]). The median time between immunization and the SARS-CoV-2 test was 62 days (range, 17-129 days). Within 4 months of receiving 2 doses, VE against any infection was estimated to be 91% (95% CI, 80%-96%); against asymptomatic infection, 85% (95% CI, 57%-95%). Effectiveness after a single dose was estimated to be 74% (95% CI, 18%-92%).
    Conclusions and relevance: In this retrospective case-control study of US adolescents, 2 doses of BNT162b2 vaccine appeared to provide excellent protection for at least 4 months after immunization against both symptomatic and asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infections.
    MeSH term(s) Adolescent ; BNT162 Vaccine/administration & dosage ; COVID-19/diagnosis ; COVID-19/prevention & control ; COVID-19 Nucleic Acid Testing ; Case-Control Studies ; Connecticut ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Retrospective Studies ; SARS-CoV-2/immunology ; United States/epidemiology ; Vaccine Efficacy
    Chemical Substances BNT162 Vaccine (N38TVC63NU)
    Language English
    Publishing date 2022-03-01
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article
    ISSN 2574-3805
    ISSN (online) 2574-3805
    DOI 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2022.0935
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  3. Article: The sensitivity of respiratory tract specimens for the detection of SARS-CoV-2: A protocol for a living systematic review and meta-analysis.

    Moore, Adam J / Nakahata, Maura I / Kalinich, Chaney C / Nyhan, Kate / Bromberg, Daniel J / Shi, Xiaoting / Ko, Albert I / Grubaugh, Nathan D / Casanovas-Massana, Arnau / Wyllie, Anne L

    medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences

    2020  

    Abstract: Background: Highly sensitive, non-invasive, and easily accessible diagnostics for Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) are essential for the control of the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. There is a clear need to ... ...

    Abstract Background: Highly sensitive, non-invasive, and easily accessible diagnostics for Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) are essential for the control of the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. There is a clear need to establish a gold standard diagnostic for SARS-CoV-2 infection in humans using respiratory tract specimens.
    Methods: Searches will be conducted in the bibliographic databases Medline, Embase, bioRxiv, medRxiv, F1000, ChemRxiv, PeerJ Preprints, Preprints.org, Beilstein Archive, and Research Square. Relevant government documents and grey literature will be sought on the FDA's Emergency Use Authorizations website, the ECDC's website, and the website of the Foundation for Innovative New Diagnostics. Finally, papers categorized as diagnosis papers by the EPPI Centre's COVID-19 living systematic map will be added to our screening process; those papers are tagged with the diagnosis topic based on human review, rather than database searches, and thus this set of papers might include ones that have not been captured by our search strategy.
    Keywords covid19
    Language English
    Publishing date 2020-07-04
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Preprint
    DOI 10.1101/2020.07.02.20144543
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  4. Article ; Online: Real-time public health communication of local SARS-CoV-2 genomic epidemiology.

    Kalinich, Chaney C / Jensen, Cole G / Neugebauer, Peter / Petrone, Mary E / Peña-Hernández, Mario / Ott, Isabel M / Wyllie, Anne L / Alpert, Tara / Vogels, Chantal B F / Fauver, Joseph R / Grubaugh, Nathan D / Brito, Anderson F

    PLoS biology

    2020  Volume 18, Issue 8, Page(s) e3000869

    Abstract: Genomic epidemiology can provide a unique, real-time understanding of SARS-CoV-2 transmission patterns. Yet the potential for genomic analyses to guide local policy and community-based behavioral decisions is limited because they are often oriented ... ...

    Abstract Genomic epidemiology can provide a unique, real-time understanding of SARS-CoV-2 transmission patterns. Yet the potential for genomic analyses to guide local policy and community-based behavioral decisions is limited because they are often oriented towards specially trained scientists and conducted on a national or global scale. Here, we propose a new paradigm: Phylogenetic analyses performed on a local level (municipal, county, or state), with results communicated in a clear, timely, and actionable manner to strengthen public health responses. We believe that presenting results rapidly, and tailored to a non-expert audience, can serve as a template for effective public health response to COVID-19 and other emerging viral diseases.
    MeSH term(s) Betacoronavirus/genetics ; COVID-19 ; Coronavirus Infections/epidemiology ; Genomics ; Humans ; Information Dissemination ; Pandemics ; Phylogeny ; Pneumonia, Viral/epidemiology ; Public Health ; SARS-CoV-2
    Keywords covid19
    Language English
    Publishing date 2020-08-21
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
    ZDB-ID 2126776-5
    ISSN 1545-7885 ; 1544-9173
    ISSN (online) 1545-7885
    ISSN 1544-9173
    DOI 10.1371/journal.pbio.3000869
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  5. Article ; Online: Comparison of infectious SARS-CoV-2 from the nasopharynx of vaccinated and unvaccinated individuals

    Pena-Hernandez, Mario A. / Klein, Jon / Malik, Amyn / Coppi, Andreas / Kalinich, Chaney C / Vogels, Chantal B.F. / Silva, Julio / Yale SARS-CoV-2 Genomic Surveillance Initiative / Peaper, David R. / Landry, Marie / Wilen, Craig / Grubaugh, Nathan D / Schulz, Wade L / Omer, Saad B. / Iwasaki, Akiko

    medRxiv

    Abstract: The frequency of SARS-CoV-2 breakthrough infections in fully vaccinated individuals increased with the emergence of the Delta variant, particularly with longer time from vaccine completion. However, whether breakthrough infections lead to onward ... ...

    Abstract The frequency of SARS-CoV-2 breakthrough infections in fully vaccinated individuals increased with the emergence of the Delta variant, particularly with longer time from vaccine completion. However, whether breakthrough infections lead to onward transmission remains unclear. Here, we conducted a study involving 125 patients comprised of 72 vaccinated and 53 unvaccinated individuals, to assess the levels of infectious virus in in vaccinated and unvaccinated individuals. Quantitative plaque assays showed no significant differences in the titers of virus between these cohorts. However, the proportion of nasopharyngeal samples with culturable virus was lower in the vaccinated patients relative to unvaccinated patients (21% vs. 40%). Finally, time-to-event analysis with Kaplan-Myer curves revealed that protection from culturable infectious virus waned significantly starting at 5 months after completing a 2-dose regimen of mRNA vaccines. These results have important implications in timing of booster dose to prevent onward transmission from breakthrough cases.
    Keywords covid19
    Language English
    Publishing date 2022-01-04
    Publisher Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press
    Document type Article ; Online
    DOI 10.1101/2021.12.28.21268460
    Database COVID19

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  6. Article ; Online: Viral dynamics of acute SARS-CoV-2 infection and applications to diagnostic and public health strategies.

    Kissler, Stephen M / Fauver, Joseph R / Mack, Christina / Olesen, Scott W / Tai, Caroline / Shiue, Kristin Y / Kalinich, Chaney C / Jednak, Sarah / Ott, Isabel M / Vogels, Chantal B F / Wohlgemuth, Jay / Weisberger, James / DiFiori, John / Anderson, Deverick J / Mancell, Jimmie / Ho, David D / Grubaugh, Nathan D / Grad, Yonatan H

    PLoS biology

    2021  Volume 19, Issue 7, Page(s) e3001333

    Abstract: SARS-CoV-2 infections are characterized by viral proliferation and clearance phases and can be followed by low-level persistent viral RNA shedding. The dynamics of viral RNA concentration, particularly in the early stages of infection, can inform ... ...

    Abstract SARS-CoV-2 infections are characterized by viral proliferation and clearance phases and can be followed by low-level persistent viral RNA shedding. The dynamics of viral RNA concentration, particularly in the early stages of infection, can inform clinical measures and interventions such as test-based screening. We used prospective longitudinal quantitative reverse transcription PCR testing to measure the viral RNA trajectories for 68 individuals during the resumption of the 2019-2020 National Basketball Association season. For 46 individuals with acute infections, we inferred the peak viral concentration and the duration of the viral proliferation and clearance phases. According to our mathematical model, we found that viral RNA concentrations peaked an average of 3.3 days (95% credible interval [CI] 2.5, 4.2) after first possible detectability at a cycle threshold value of 22.3 (95% CI 20.5, 23.9). The viral clearance phase lasted longer for symptomatic individuals (10.9 days [95% CI 7.9, 14.4]) than for asymptomatic individuals (7.8 days [95% CI 6.1, 9.7]). A second test within 2 days after an initial positive PCR test substantially improves certainty about a patient's infection stage. The effective sensitivity of a test intended to identify infectious individuals declines substantially with test turnaround time. These findings indicate that SARS-CoV-2 viral concentrations peak rapidly regardless of symptoms. Sequential tests can help reveal a patient's progress through infection stages. Frequent, rapid-turnaround testing is needed to effectively screen individuals before they become infectious.
    MeSH term(s) Adult ; Athletes ; Basketball ; COVID-19/diagnosis ; COVID-19/epidemiology ; COVID-19/pathology ; COVID-19/virology ; COVID-19 Nucleic Acid Testing/statistics & numerical data ; Convalescence ; Humans ; Male ; Prospective Studies ; Public Health/methods ; RNA, Viral/genetics ; SARS-CoV-2/genetics ; SARS-CoV-2/growth & development ; Severity of Illness Index ; United States/epidemiology ; Virus Replication/genetics ; Virus Shedding/genetics
    Chemical Substances RNA, Viral
    Language English
    Publishing date 2021-07-12
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
    ZDB-ID 2126776-5
    ISSN 1545-7885 ; 1544-9173
    ISSN (online) 1545-7885
    ISSN 1544-9173
    DOI 10.1371/journal.pbio.3001333
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  7. Article ; Online: Tracing the Origin, Spread, and Molecular Evolution of Zika Virus in Puerto Rico, 2016-2017.

    Santiago, Gilberto A / Kalinich, Chaney C / Cruz-López, Fabiola / González, Glenda L / Flores, Betzabel / Hentoff, Aaron / Charriez, Keyla N / Fauver, Joseph R / Adams, Laura E / Sharp, Tyler M / Black, Allison / Bedford, Trevor / Ellis, Esther / Ellis, Brett / Waterman, Steve H / Paz-Bailey, Gabriela / Grubaugh, Nathan D / Muñoz-Jordán, Jorge L

    Emerging infectious diseases

    2021  Volume 27, Issue 11, Page(s) 2971–2973

    Abstract: We reconstructed the 2016-2017 Zika virus epidemic in Puerto Rico by using complete genomes to uncover the epidemic's origin, spread, and evolutionary dynamics. Our study revealed that the epidemic was propelled by multiple introductions that spread ... ...

    Abstract We reconstructed the 2016-2017 Zika virus epidemic in Puerto Rico by using complete genomes to uncover the epidemic's origin, spread, and evolutionary dynamics. Our study revealed that the epidemic was propelled by multiple introductions that spread across the island, intricate evolutionary patterns, and ≈10 months of cryptic transmission.
    MeSH term(s) Epidemics ; Evolution, Molecular ; Humans ; Puerto Rico/epidemiology ; Zika Virus/genetics ; Zika Virus Infection/epidemiology
    Language English
    Publishing date 2021-10-14
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't ; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.
    ZDB-ID 1380686-5
    ISSN 1080-6059 ; 1080-6040
    ISSN (online) 1080-6059
    ISSN 1080-6040
    DOI 10.3201/eid2711.211575
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  8. Article ; Online: The Sensitivity of Respiratory Tract Specimens for the Detection of SARS-CoV-2: A Protocol for a Living Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

    Moore, Adam J / Nakahata, Maura I / Kalinich, Chaney C / Nyhan, Kate / Bromberg, Daniel J / Shi, Xiaoting / Ko, Albert I / Grubaugh, Nathan D / Casanovas-Massana, Arnau / Wyllie, Anne L

    medRxiv

    Abstract: BACKGROUND: Highly sensitive, non-invasive, and easily accessible diagnostics for Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) are essential for the control of the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. There is a clear need to ... ...

    Abstract BACKGROUND: Highly sensitive, non-invasive, and easily accessible diagnostics for Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) are essential for the control of the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. There is a clear need to establish a gold standard diagnostic for SARS-CoV-2 infection in humans using respiratory tract specimens. METHODS: Searches will be conducted in the bibliographic databases Medline, Embase, bioRxiv, medRxiv, F1000, ChemRxiv, PeerJ Preprints, Preprints.org, Beilstein Archive, and Research Square. Relevant government documents and grey literature will be sought on the FDA9s Emergency Use Authorizations website, the ECDC9s website, and the website of the Foundation for Innovative New Diagnostics. Finally, papers categorized as diagnosis papers by the EPPI Centre9s COVID-19 living systematic map will be added to our screening process; those papers are tagged with the diagnosis topic based on human review, rather than database searches, and thus this set of papers might include ones that have not been captured by our search strategy.
    Keywords covid19
    Language English
    Publishing date 2020-07-05
    Publisher Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press
    Document type Article ; Online
    DOI 10.1101/2020.07.02.20144543
    Database COVID19

    Kategorien

  9. Article ; Online: Analytical sensitivity and efficiency comparisons of SARS-COV-2 qRT-PCR assays

    Vogels, Chantal B.F. / Brito, Anderson F. / Wyllie, Anne Louise / Fauver, Joseph R / Ott, Isabel M. / Kalinich, Chaney C. / Petrone, Mary E. / Landry, Marie-Louise / Foxman, Ellen F. / Grubaugh, Nathan D.

    medRxiv

    Abstract: The recent spread of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) exemplifies the critical need for accurate and rapid diagnostic assays to prompt public health actions. Currently, several quantitative reverse-transcription polymerase chain ...

    Abstract The recent spread of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) exemplifies the critical need for accurate and rapid diagnostic assays to prompt public health actions. Currently, several quantitative reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) assays are being used by clinical, research, and public health laboratories for rapid detection of the virus. However, it is currently unclear if results from different tests are comparable. Our goal was to evaluate the primer-probe sets used in four common diagnostic assays available on the World Health Organization (WHO) website. To facilitate this effort, we generated RNA transcripts to create standards and distributed them to other laboratories for internal validation. We then used these RNA transcript standards, full-length SARS-CoV-2 RNA, and RNA-spiked mock samples to determine analytical efficiency and sensitivity of nine primer-probe sets. We show that all primer-probe sets can be used to detect SARS-CoV-2, but there are clear differences in the ability to differentiate between true negatives and positives with low amounts of virus. Adding to this, many primer-probe sets, including the "N2" and "N3" sets issued by the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, have background amplification with SARS-CoV-2-negative nasopharyngeal swabs, which may lead to inconclusive results. Our findings characterize the limitations of commonly used primer-probe sets and can assist other laboratories in selecting appropriate assays for the detection of SARS-CoV-2.
    Keywords covid19
    Language English
    Publishing date 2020-04-01
    Publisher Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press
    Document type Article ; Online
    DOI 10.1101/2020.03.30.20048108
    Database COVID19

    Kategorien

  10. Article: The Sensitivity of Respiratory Tract Specimens for the Detection of SARS-CoV-2: A Protocol for a Living Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

    Moore, Adam J. / Nakahata, Maura I. / Kalinich, Chaney C. / Nyhan, Kate / Bromberg, Daniel J. / Shi, Xiaoting / Ko, Albert I. / Grubaugh, Nathan D. / Casanovas-Massana, Arnau / Wyllie, Anne L.

    Abstract: BACKGROUND: Highly sensitive, non-invasive, and easily accessible diagnostics for Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) are essential for the control of the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic There is a clear need to ... ...

    Abstract BACKGROUND: Highly sensitive, non-invasive, and easily accessible diagnostics for Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) are essential for the control of the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic There is a clear need to establish a gold standard diagnostic for SARS-CoV-2 infection in humans using respiratory tract specimens METHODS: Searches will be conducted in the bibliographic databases Medline, Embase, bioRxiv, medRxiv, F1000, ChemRxiv, PeerJ Preprints, Preprints org, Beilstein Archive, and Research Square Relevant government documents and grey literature will be sought on the FDA's Emergency Use Authorizations website, the ECDC's website, and the website of the Foundation for Innovative New Diagnostics Finally, papers categorized as diagnosis papers by the EPPI Centre's COVID-19 living systematic map will be added to our screening process;those papers are tagged with the diagnosis topic based on human review, rather than database searches, and thus this set of papers might include ones that have not been captured by our search strategy
    Keywords covid19
    Publisher WHO
    Document type Article
    Note WHO #Covidence: #637873
    Database COVID19

    Kategorien

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