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  1. Article ; Online: Deep CANALs: a deep learning approach to refining the canalization theory of psychopathology.

    Juliani, Arthur / Safron, Adam / Kanai, Ryota

    Neuroscience of consciousness

    2024  Volume 2024, Issue 1, Page(s) niae005

    Abstract: Psychedelic therapy has seen a resurgence of interest in the last decade, with promising clinical outcomes for the treatment of a variety of psychopathologies. In response to this success, several theoretical models have been proposed to account for the ... ...

    Abstract Psychedelic therapy has seen a resurgence of interest in the last decade, with promising clinical outcomes for the treatment of a variety of psychopathologies. In response to this success, several theoretical models have been proposed to account for the positive therapeutic effects of psychedelics. One of the more prominent models is "RElaxed Beliefs Under pSychedelics," which proposes that psychedelics act therapeutically by relaxing the strength of maladaptive high-level beliefs encoded in the brain. The more recent "CANAL" model of psychopathology builds on the explanatory framework of RElaxed Beliefs Under pSychedelics by proposing that canalization (the development of overly rigid belief landscapes) may be a primary factor in psychopathology. Here, we make use of learning theory in deep neural networks to develop a series of refinements to the original CANAL model. Our primary theoretical contribution is to disambiguate two separate optimization landscapes underlying belief representation in the brain and describe the unique pathologies which can arise from the canalization of each. Along each dimension, we identify pathologies of either too much or too little canalization, implying that the construct of canalization does not have a simple linear correlation with the presentation of psychopathology. In this expanded paradigm, we demonstrate the ability to make novel predictions regarding what aspects of psychopathology may be amenable to psychedelic therapy, as well as what forms of psychedelic therapy may ultimately be most beneficial for a given individual.
    Language English
    Publishing date 2024-03-26
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 2815642-0
    ISSN 2057-2107 ; 2057-2107
    ISSN (online) 2057-2107
    ISSN 2057-2107
    DOI 10.1093/nc/niae005
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  2. Article ; Online: Deep learning and the Global Workspace Theory.

    VanRullen, Rufin / Kanai, Ryota

    Trends in neurosciences

    2021  Volume 44, Issue 9, Page(s) 692–704

    Abstract: Recent advances in deep learning have allowed artificial intelligence (AI) to reach near human-level performance in many sensory, perceptual, linguistic, and cognitive tasks. There is a growing need, however, for novel, brain-inspired cognitive ... ...

    Abstract Recent advances in deep learning have allowed artificial intelligence (AI) to reach near human-level performance in many sensory, perceptual, linguistic, and cognitive tasks. There is a growing need, however, for novel, brain-inspired cognitive architectures. The Global Workspace Theory (GWT) refers to a large-scale system integrating and distributing information among networks of specialized modules to create higher-level forms of cognition and awareness. We argue that the time is ripe to consider explicit implementations of this theory using deep-learning techniques. We propose a roadmap based on unsupervised neural translation between multiple latent spaces (neural networks trained for distinct tasks, on distinct sensory inputs and/or modalities) to create a unique, amodal Global Latent Workspace (GLW). Potential functional advantages of GLW are reviewed, along with neuroscientific implications.
    MeSH term(s) Artificial Intelligence ; Brain ; Cognition ; Deep Learning ; Humans ; Neural Networks, Computer
    Language English
    Publishing date 2021-05-14
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't ; Review
    ZDB-ID 282488-7
    ISSN 1878-108X ; 0378-5912 ; 0166-2236
    ISSN (online) 1878-108X
    ISSN 0378-5912 ; 0166-2236
    DOI 10.1016/j.tins.2021.04.005
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    In stock of ZB MED Cologne/Königswinter

    Zs.A 1442: Show issues Location:
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    bis Jg. 1994: Bestellungen von Artikeln über das Online-Bestellformular
    Jg. 1995 - 2021: Lesesall (1.OG)
    ab Jg. 2022: Lesesaal (EG)
    Zs.MG 53: Show issues

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  3. Article ; Online: Open questions in conducting confirmatory replication studies: Commentary on Boekel et al., 2015.

    Kanai, Ryota

    Cortex; a journal devoted to the study of the nervous system and behavior

    2016  Volume 74, Page(s) 343–347

    MeSH term(s) Behavior/physiology ; Brain/anatomy & histology ; Cognition/physiology ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Neural Pathways/anatomy & histology
    Language English
    Publishing date 2016-01
    Publishing country Italy
    Document type Comment ; Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 280622-8
    ISSN 1973-8102 ; 0010-9452
    ISSN (online) 1973-8102
    ISSN 0010-9452
    DOI 10.1016/j.cortex.2015.02.020
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    In stock of ZB MED Cologne/Königswinter

    Zs.A 687: Show issues Location:
    Je nach Verfügbarkeit (siehe Angabe bei Bestand)
    bis Jg. 1994: Bestellungen von Artikeln über das Online-Bestellformular
    Jg. 1995 - 2021: Lesesall (1.OG)
    ab Jg. 2022: Lesesaal (EG)

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  4. Book ; Online: AI agents for facilitating social interactions and wellbeing

    Hamada, Hiro Taiyo / Kanai, Ryota

    2022  

    Abstract: Wellbeing AI has been becoming a new trend in individuals' mental health, organizational health, and flourishing our societies. Various applications of wellbeing AI have been introduced to our daily lives. While social relationships within groups are a ... ...

    Abstract Wellbeing AI has been becoming a new trend in individuals' mental health, organizational health, and flourishing our societies. Various applications of wellbeing AI have been introduced to our daily lives. While social relationships within groups are a critical factor for wellbeing, the development of wellbeing AI for social interactions remains relatively scarce. In this paper, we provide an overview of the mediative role of AI-augmented agents for social interactions. First, we discuss the two-dimensional framework for classifying wellbeing AI: individual/group and analysis/intervention. Furthermore, wellbeing AI touches on intervening social relationships between human-human interactions since positive social relationships are key to human wellbeing. This intervention may raise technical and ethical challenges. We discuss opportunities and challenges of the relational approach with wellbeing AI to promote wellbeing in our societies.

    Comment: 10 pages, 1 figure, 1 table
    Keywords Computer Science - Computers and Society ; Computer Science - Artificial Intelligence ; Computer Science - Computation and Language ; Computer Science - Human-Computer Interaction ; Computer Science - Machine Learning
    Subject code 360
    Publishing date 2022-02-25
    Publishing country us
    Document type Book ; Online
    Database BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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  5. Article ; Online: Linking human behaviour to brain structure: further challenges and possible solutions.

    Song, Chen / Sandberg, Kristian / Rutiku, Renate / Kanai, Ryota

    Nature reviews. Neuroscience

    2022  Volume 23, Issue 8, Page(s) 517–518

    MeSH term(s) Brain ; Humans
    Language English
    Publishing date 2022-06-28
    Publishing country England
    Document type Letter ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't ; Comment
    ZDB-ID 2034150-7
    ISSN 1471-0048 ; 1471-0048 ; 1471-003X
    ISSN (online) 1471-0048
    ISSN 1471-0048 ; 1471-003X
    DOI 10.1038/s41583-022-00614-4
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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    In stock of ZB MED Cologne/Königswinter

    Zs.A 5473: Show issues Location:
    Je nach Verfügbarkeit (siehe Angabe bei Bestand)
    bis Jg. 1994: Bestellungen von Artikeln über das Online-Bestellformular
    Jg. 1995 - 2021: Lesesall (2.OG)
    ab Jg. 2022: Lesesaal (EG)
    Zs.MG 47: Show issues

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  6. Article ; Online: A Technical Critique of Some Parts of the Free Energy Principle.

    Biehl, Martin / Pollock, Felix A / Kanai, Ryota

    Entropy (Basel, Switzerland)

    2021  Volume 23, Issue 3

    Abstract: We summarize the original formulation of the free energy principle and highlight some technical issues. We discuss how these issues affect related results involving generalised coordinates and, where appropriate, mention consequences for and reveal, up ... ...

    Abstract We summarize the original formulation of the free energy principle and highlight some technical issues. We discuss how these issues affect related results involving generalised coordinates and, where appropriate, mention consequences for and reveal, up to now unacknowledged, differences from newer formulations of the free energy principle. In particular, we reveal that various definitions of the "Markov blanket" proposed in different works are not equivalent. We show that crucial steps in the free energy argument, which involve rewriting the equations of motion of systems with Markov blankets, are not generally correct without additional (previously unstated) assumptions. We prove by counterexamples that the original free energy lemma, when taken at face value, is wrong. We show further that this free energy lemma, when it does hold, implies the equality of variational density and ergodic conditional density. The interpretation in terms of Bayesian inference hinges on this point, and we hence conclude that it is not sufficiently justified. Additionally, we highlight that the variational densities presented in newer formulations of the free energy principle and lemma are parametrised by different variables than in older works, leading to a substantially different interpretation of the theory. Note that we only highlight some specific problems in the discussed publications. These problems do not rule out conclusively that the general ideas behind the free energy principle are worth pursuing.
    Language English
    Publishing date 2021-02-27
    Publishing country Switzerland
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 2014734-X
    ISSN 1099-4300 ; 1099-4300
    ISSN (online) 1099-4300
    ISSN 1099-4300
    DOI 10.3390/e23030293
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  7. Article ; Online: Effective connectivity in a duration selective cortico-cerebellar network.

    Protopapa, Foteini / Kulashekhar, Shrikanth / Hayashi, Masamichi J / Kanai, Ryota / Bueti, Domenica

    Scientific reports

    2023  Volume 13, Issue 1, Page(s) 20674

    Abstract: How the human brain represents millisecond unit of time is far from clear. A recent neuroimaging study revealed the existence in the human premotor cortex of a topographic representation of time i.e., neuronal units selectively responsive to specific ... ...

    Abstract How the human brain represents millisecond unit of time is far from clear. A recent neuroimaging study revealed the existence in the human premotor cortex of a topographic representation of time i.e., neuronal units selectively responsive to specific durations and topographically organized on the cortical surface. By using high resolution functional Magnetic Resonance Images here, we go beyond this previous work, showing duration preferences across a wide network of cortical and subcortical brain areas: from cerebellum to primary visual, parietal, premotor and prefrontal cortices. Most importantly, we identify the effective connectivity structure between these different brain areas and their duration selective neural units. The results highlight the role of the cerebellum as the network hub and that of medial premotor cortex as the final stage of duration recognition. Interestingly, when a specific duration is presented, only the communication strength between the units selective to that specific duration and to the neighboring durations is affected. These findings link for the first time, duration preferences within single brain region with connectivity dynamics between regions, suggesting a communication mode that is partially duration specific.
    MeSH term(s) Humans ; Brain Mapping ; Cerebellum/physiology ; Brain ; Prefrontal Cortex ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging/methods ; Neural Pathways/physiology
    Language English
    Publishing date 2023-11-24
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 2615211-3
    ISSN 2045-2322 ; 2045-2322
    ISSN (online) 2045-2322
    ISSN 2045-2322
    DOI 10.1038/s41598-023-47954-4
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  8. Book ; Online: Associative Transformer

    Sun, Yuwei / Ochiai, Hideya / Wu, Zhirong / Lin, Stephen / Kanai, Ryota

    2023  

    Abstract: Emerging from the pairwise attention in conventional Transformers, there is a growing interest in sparse attention mechanisms that align more closely with localized, contextual learning in the biological brain. Existing studies such as the Coordination ... ...

    Abstract Emerging from the pairwise attention in conventional Transformers, there is a growing interest in sparse attention mechanisms that align more closely with localized, contextual learning in the biological brain. Existing studies such as the Coordination method employ iterative cross-attention mechanisms with a bottleneck to enable the sparse association of inputs. However, these methods are parameter inefficient and fail in more complex relational reasoning tasks. To this end, we propose Associative Transformer (AiT) to enhance the association among sparsely attended input patches, improving parameter efficiency and performance in relational reasoning tasks. AiT leverages a learnable explicit memory, comprised of various specialized priors, with a bottleneck attention to facilitate the extraction of diverse localized features. Moreover, we propose a novel associative memory-enabled patch reconstruction with a Hopfield energy function. The extensive experiments in four image classification tasks with three different sizes of AiT demonstrate that AiT requires significantly fewer parameters and attention layers while outperforming Vision Transformers and a broad range of sparse Transformers. Additionally, AiT establishes new SOTA performance in the Sort-of-CLEVR dataset, outperforming the previous Coordination method.
    Keywords Computer Science - Machine Learning ; Computer Science - Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition ; Computer Science - Neural and Evolutionary Computing
    Subject code 004
    Publishing date 2023-09-22
    Publishing country us
    Document type Book ; Online
    Database BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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  9. Book ; Online: On the link between conscious function and general intelligence in humans and machines

    Juliani, Arthur / Arulkumaran, Kai / Sasai, Shuntaro / Kanai, Ryota

    2022  

    Abstract: In popular media, there is often a connection drawn between the advent of awareness in artificial agents and those same agents simultaneously achieving human or superhuman level intelligence. In this work, we explore the validity and potential ... ...

    Abstract In popular media, there is often a connection drawn between the advent of awareness in artificial agents and those same agents simultaneously achieving human or superhuman level intelligence. In this work, we explore the validity and potential application of this seemingly intuitive link between consciousness and intelligence. We do so by examining the cognitive abilities associated with three contemporary theories of conscious function: Global Workspace Theory (GWT), Information Generation Theory (IGT), and Attention Schema Theory (AST). We find that all three theories specifically relate conscious function to some aspect of domain-general intelligence in humans. With this insight, we turn to the field of Artificial Intelligence (AI) and find that, while still far from demonstrating general intelligence, many state-of-the-art deep learning methods have begun to incorporate key aspects of each of the three functional theories. Having identified this trend, we use the motivating example of mental time travel in humans to propose ways in which insights from each of the three theories may be combined into a single unified and implementable model. Given that it is made possible by cognitive abilities underlying each of the three functional theories, artificial agents capable of mental time travel would not only possess greater general intelligence than current approaches, but also be more consistent with our current understanding of the functional role of consciousness in humans, thus making it a promising near-term goal for AI research.
    Keywords Computer Science - Artificial Intelligence ; Computer Science - Neural and Evolutionary Computing
    Subject code 401
    Publishing date 2022-03-23
    Publishing country us
    Document type Book ; Online
    Database BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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  10. Article: The effect of feedback valence and source on perception and metacognition

    Zacharopoulos, George / Hertz, Uri / Kanai, Ryota / Bahrami, Bahador

    Cognitive Neuroscience

    An fMRI investigation

    2022  Volume 13, Issue 1, Page(s) 38–46

    Abstract: Receiving feedback from our environment that informs us about the outcomes of our actions helps us assess our abilities (e.g., metacognition) and to flexibly adapt our behavior, consequently increasing our chances of success. However, a detailed ... ...

    Title translation Die Wirkung von Valenz und Quelle vom Feedback auf Wahrnehmung und Metakognition: Eine fMRI-Untersuchung (DeepL)
    Abstract Receiving feedback from our environment that informs us about the outcomes of our actions helps us assess our abilities (e.g., metacognition) and to flexibly adapt our behavior, consequently increasing our chances of success. However, a detailed examination of the effect of feedback on the brain activation during perceptual and confidence judgments as well as the interrelations between perceptual accuracy, prospective and retrospective confidence remains unclear. Here we used functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to examine the neural response to feedback valence and source in visual contrast discrimination together with prospective confidence judgments at the beginning of each block and retrospective confidence judgments after every decision. Positive feedback was associated with higher activation (or lower deactivation depending on the area) in areas previously involved in attention, performance monitoring and visual regions during the perceptual judgment than during the confidence judgment. Changes in prospective confidence were positively related to changes in perceptual accuracy as well as to the corresponding retrospective confidence. Thus, feedback information impacted multiple, qualitatively different brain processing states, and we also revealed the dynamic interplay between prospective, perceptual accuracy and retrospective self-assessment.
    Keywords Affective Valence ; Beurteilung ; Brain ; Cerebral Blood Flow ; Emotionale Valenz ; Feedback ; Gehirn ; Judgment ; Leistung (Ausführung) ; Metacognition ; Metakognition ; Performance ; Selbsteinschätzung ; Self-Evaluation ; Visual Perception ; Visuelle Wahrnehmung ; Zerebrale Durchblutung
    Language English
    Document type Article
    ZDB-ID 2542443-9
    ISSN 1758-8936 ; 1758-8928
    ISSN (online) 1758-8936
    ISSN 1758-8928
    DOI 10.1080/17588928.2020.1828323
    Database PSYNDEX

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