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  1. Article ; Online: A combined experimental-correlational approach to the construct validity of performance-based and self-report-based measures of sustained attention.

    Welhaf, Matthew S / Kane, Michael J

    Attention, perception & psychophysics

    2023  Volume 86, Issue 1, Page(s) 109–145

    Abstract: The ability to sustain attention is often measured with either objective performance indicators, like within-person RT variability, or subjective self-reports, like mind wandering propensity. A more construct valid approach, however, may be to assess the ...

    Abstract The ability to sustain attention is often measured with either objective performance indicators, like within-person RT variability, or subjective self-reports, like mind wandering propensity. A more construct valid approach, however, may be to assess the covariation in these performance and self-report measures, given that each of these is influenced by different sources of measurement error. If the correlation between performance-variability and self-report measures reflects the sustained attention construct, then task manipulations aimed at reducing the sustained attention demands of tasks should reduce the correlation between them (in addition to reducing mean levels of variability and mind wandering). The current study investigated this claim with a combined experimental-correlation approach. In two experiments (Ns ~ 1,500 each), participants completed tasks that either maximized or minimized the demand for sustained attention. Our demand manipulations successfully reduced the mean levels of sustained attention failures in both the objective and subjective measures, in both experiments. In neither experiment, however, did the covariation between these measures change as a function of the sustained attention demands of the tasks. We can therefore claim only minimal support for the construct validity of our measurement approach to sustained attention.
    MeSH term(s) Humans ; Self Report ; Attention
    Language English
    Publishing date 2023-11-27
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 2464550-3
    ISSN 1943-393X ; 1943-3921
    ISSN (online) 1943-393X
    ISSN 1943-3921
    DOI 10.3758/s13414-023-02786-2
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  2. Article ; Online: A Nomothetic Span Approach to the Construct Validation of Sustained Attention Consistency: Re-Analyzing Two Latent-Variable Studies of Performance Variability and Mind-Wandering Self-Reports.

    Welhaf, Matthew S / Kane, Michael J

    Psychological research

    2023  Volume 88, Issue 1, Page(s) 39–80

    Abstract: The ability to sustain attention consistency is frequently assessed using either objective behavioral measures, such as reaction time (RT) variability, or subjective self-report measures, such as rates of task-unrelated thought (TUT). The current studies ...

    Abstract The ability to sustain attention consistency is frequently assessed using either objective behavioral measures, such as reaction time (RT) variability, or subjective self-report measures, such as rates of task-unrelated thought (TUT). The current studies examined whether the individual-difference covariation in these measures provides a more construct valid assessment of attention consistency than does either alone. We argue that performance and self-report measures mutually validate each other; each measurement approach has its own sources of error, so their shared variance should best reflect the attention consistency construct. We reanalyzed two latent-variable studies where RT variability and TUTs were measured in multiple tasks (Kane et al. in J Exp Psychol Gen 145:1017-1048, 2016; Unsworth et al. in J Exp Psychol Gen 150:1303-1331, 2021), along with several nomological network constructs to test the convergent and discriminant validity of a general attention consistency factor. Confirmatory factor analyses assessing bifactor (preregistered) and hierarchical (non-preregistered) models suggested that attention consistency can be modeled as the shared variance among objective and subjective measures. This attention consistency factor was related to working memory capacity, attention (interference) control, processing speed, state motivation and alertness, and self-reported cognitive failures and positive schizotypy. Although bifactor models of general attention consistency provide the most compelling construct validity evidence for a specific ability to sustain attention, multiverse analyses of outlier decisions suggested they are less robust than hierarchical models. The results provide evidence for the general ability to sustain attention consistency and suggestions for improving its measurement.
    MeSH term(s) Humans ; Self Report ; Thinking ; Attention ; Reaction Time ; Memory, Short-Term
    Language English
    Publishing date 2023-06-14
    Publishing country Germany
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 1463034-5
    ISSN 1430-2772 ; 0340-0727
    ISSN (online) 1430-2772
    ISSN 0340-0727
    DOI 10.1007/s00426-023-01820-0
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  3. Article ; Online: A compressed large language model embedding dataset of ICD 10 CM descriptions.

    Kane, Michael J / King, Casey / Esserman, Denise / Latham, Nancy K / Greene, Erich J / Ganz, David A

    BMC bioinformatics

    2023  Volume 24, Issue 1, Page(s) 482

    Abstract: This paper presents novel datasets providing numerical representations of ICD-10-CM codes by generating description embeddings using a large language model followed by a dimension reduction via autoencoder. The embeddings serve as informative input ... ...

    Abstract This paper presents novel datasets providing numerical representations of ICD-10-CM codes by generating description embeddings using a large language model followed by a dimension reduction via autoencoder. The embeddings serve as informative input features for machine learning models by capturing relationships among categories and preserving inherent context information. The model generating the data was validated in two ways. First, the dimension reduction was validated using an autoencoder, and secondly, a supervised model was created to estimate the ICD-10-CM hierarchical categories. Results show that the dimension of the data can be reduced to as few as 10 dimensions while maintaining the ability to reproduce the original embeddings, with the fidelity decreasing as the reduced-dimension representation decreases. Multiple compression levels are provided, allowing users to choose as per their requirements, download and use without any other setup. The readily available datasets of ICD-10-CM codes are anticipated to be highly valuable for researchers in biomedical informatics, enabling more advanced analyses in the field. This approach has the potential to significantly improve the utility of ICD-10-CM codes in the biomedical domain.
    MeSH term(s) International Classification of Diseases ; Electronic Health Records ; Language ; Machine Learning ; Natural Language Processing
    Language English
    Publishing date 2023-12-17
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 2041484-5
    ISSN 1471-2105 ; 1471-2105
    ISSN (online) 1471-2105
    ISSN 1471-2105
    DOI 10.1186/s12859-023-05597-2
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  4. Article: A Compressed Language Model Embedding Dataset of ICD 10 CM Descriptions.

    Kane, Michael J / King, Casey / Esserman, Denise / Latham, Nancy K / Greene, Erich J / Ganz, David A

    medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences

    2023  

    Abstract: This paper presents novel datasets providing numerical representations of ICD-10-CM codes by generating description embeddings using a large language model followed by a dimension reduction via autoencoder. The embeddings serve as informative input ... ...

    Abstract This paper presents novel datasets providing numerical representations of ICD-10-CM codes by generating description embeddings using a large language model followed by a dimension reduction via autoencoder. The embeddings serve as informative input features for machine learning models by capturing relationships among categories and preserving inherent context information. The model generating the data was validated in two ways. First, the dimension reduction was validated using an autoencoder, and secondly, a supervised model was created to estimate the ICD-10-CM hierarchical categories. Results show that the dimension of the data can be reduced to as few as 10 dimensions while maintaining the ability to reproduce the original embeddings, with the fidelity decreasing as the reduced-dimension representation decreases. Multiple compression levels are provided, allowing users to choose as per their requirements. The readily available datasets of ICD-10-CM codes are anticipated to be highly valuable for researchers in biomedical informatics, enabling more advanced analyses in the field. This approach has the potential to significantly improve the utility of ICD-10-CM codes in the biomedical domain.
    Language English
    Publishing date 2023-05-15
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Preprint
    DOI 10.1101/2023.04.24.23289046
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  5. Book ; Online: On the Programmatic Generation of Reproducible Documents

    Kane, Michael J. / Urbanek, Simon

    2020  

    Abstract: Reproducible document standards, like R Markdown, facilitate the programmatic creation of documents whose content is itself programmatically generated. While these documents are generally not complete in the sense that they will not include prose content, ...

    Abstract Reproducible document standards, like R Markdown, facilitate the programmatic creation of documents whose content is itself programmatically generated. While these documents are generally not complete in the sense that they will not include prose content, generated by an author to provide context, a narrative, etc., programmatic generation can provide substantial efficiencies for structuring and constructing documents. This paper explores the programmatic generation of reproducible by distinguishing components than can be created by computational means from those requiring human-generated prose, providing guidelines for the generation of these documents, and identifying a use case in clinical trial reporting. These concepts and use case are illustrated through the listdown package for the R programming environment, which is is currently available on the Comprehensive R Archive Network (CRAN).
    Keywords Computer Science - Digital Libraries ; Computer Science - Artificial Intelligence ; Statistics - Other Statistics
    Publishing date 2020-06-23
    Publishing country us
    Document type Book ; Online
    Database BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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  6. Article ; Online: Bayesian basket trial design with false-discovery rate control.

    Zabor, Emily C / Kane, Michael J / Roychoudhury, Satrajit / Nie, Lei / Hobbs, Brian P

    Clinical trials (London, England)

    2022  Volume 19, Issue 3, Page(s) 297–306

    Abstract: Background: Recent advances in developing "tumor agnostic" oncology therapies have identified molecular targets that define patient subpopulations in a manner that supersedes conventional criteria for cancer classification. These successes have produced ...

    Abstract Background: Recent advances in developing "tumor agnostic" oncology therapies have identified molecular targets that define patient subpopulations in a manner that supersedes conventional criteria for cancer classification. These successes have produced effective targeted therapies that are administered to patients regardless of their tumor histology. Trials have evolved as well with master protocol designs. By blending translational and clinical science, basket trials in particular are well-suited to investigate and develop targeted therapies among multiple cancer histologies. However, basket trials intrinsically involve more complex design decisions, including issues of multiple testing across baskets, and guidance for investigators is needed.
    Methods: The sensitivity of the multisource exchangeability model to prior specification under differing degrees of response heterogeneity is explored through simulation. Then, a multisource exchangeability model design that incorporates control of the false-discovery rate is presented and a simulation study compares the operating characteristics to a design where the family-wise error rate is controlled and to the frequentist approach of treating the baskets as independent. Simulations are based on the original design of a real-world clinical trial, the SUMMIT trial, which investigated Neratinib treatment for a variety of solid tumors. The methods studied here are specific to single-arm phase II trials with binary outcomes.
    Results: Values of prior probability of exchangeability in the multisource exchangeability model between 0.1 and 0.3 provide the best trade-offs between gain in precision and bias, especially when per-basket sample size is below 30. Application of these calibration results to a re-analysis of the SUMMIT trial showed that the breast basket exceeded the null response rate with posterior probability of 0.999 while having low posterior probability of exchangeability with all other baskets. Simulations based on the design of the SUMMIT trial revealed that there is meaningful improvement in power even in baskets with small sample size when the false-discovery rate is controlled as opposed to the family-wise error rate. For example, when only the breast basket was active, with a sample size of 25, the power was 0.76 when the false-discovery rate was controlled at 0.05 but only 0.56 when the family-wise error rate was controlled at 0.05, indicating that impractical sample sizes for the phase II setting would be needed to achieve acceptable power while controlling the family-wise error rate in this setting of a trial with 10 baskets.
    Conclusion: Selection of the prior exchangeability probability based on calibration and incorporation of false-discovery rate control result in multisource exchangeability model designs with high power to detect promising treatments in the context of phase II basket trials.
    MeSH term(s) Bayes Theorem ; Clinical Trials as Topic/methods ; Humans ; Neoplasms/drug therapy ; Research Design ; Sample Size
    Language English
    Publishing date 2022-02-07
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 2138796-5
    ISSN 1740-7753 ; 1740-7745
    ISSN (online) 1740-7753
    ISSN 1740-7745
    DOI 10.1177/17407745211073624
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    Zs.A 5831: Show issues Location:
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  7. Article ; Online: Interpolated testing and content pretesting as interventions to reduce task-unrelated thoughts during a video lecture.

    Welhaf, Matthew S / Phillips, Natalie E / Smeekens, Bridget A / Miyake, Akira / Kane, Michael J

    Cognitive research: principles and implications

    2022  Volume 7, Issue 1, Page(s) 26

    Abstract: Considerable research has examined the prevalence and apparent consequences of task-unrelated thoughts (TUTs) in both laboratory and authentic educational settings. Few studies, however, have explored methods to reduce TUTs during learning; those few ... ...

    Abstract Considerable research has examined the prevalence and apparent consequences of task-unrelated thoughts (TUTs) in both laboratory and authentic educational settings. Few studies, however, have explored methods to reduce TUTs during learning; those few studies tested small samples or used unvalidated TUT assessments. The present experimental study attempted to conceptually replicate or extend previous findings of interpolated testing and pretesting effects on TUT and learning. In a study of 195 U.S. undergraduates, we investigated whether interpolated testing (compared to interpolated restudy) and pretesting on lecture-relevant materials (compared to pretesting on conceptually related but lecture-irrelevant materials) would reduce TUTs during a video lecture on introductory statistics. Subjects completed either a content-matched or content-mismatched pretest on statistics concepts and then watched a narrated lecture slideshow. During the lecture, half of the sample completed interpolated tests on the lecture material and half completed interpolated restudy of that material. All subjects responded to unpredictably presented thought probes during the video to assess their immediately preceding thoughts, including TUTs. Following the lecture, students reported on their situational interest elicited by the lecture and then completed a posttest. Interpolated testing significantly reduced TUT rates during the lecture compared to restudying, conceptually replicating previous findings-but with a small effect size and no supporting Bayes-factor evidence. We found statistical evidence for neither an interpolated testing effect on learning, nor an effect of matched-content pretesting on TUT rates or learning. Interpolated testing might have limited utility to support students' attention, but varying effect sizes across studies warrants further work.
    MeSH term(s) Attention ; Bayes Theorem ; Humans ; Learning ; Microsurgery ; Students
    Language English
    Publishing date 2022-03-26
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.
    ISSN 2365-7464
    ISSN (online) 2365-7464
    DOI 10.1186/s41235-022-00372-y
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  8. Article ; Online: Interpolated retrieval effects on list isolation: Individual differences in working memory capacity.

    Wahlheim, Christopher N / Alexander, Timothy R / Kane, Michael J

    Memory & cognition

    2019  Volume 47, Issue 4, Page(s) 619–642

    Abstract: We examined the effects of interpolated retrieval from long-term memory (LTM) and short-term memory (STM) on list isolation in dual-list free recall and whether individual differences in working memory capacity (WMC) moderated those effects. Ninety-seven ...

    Abstract We examined the effects of interpolated retrieval from long-term memory (LTM) and short-term memory (STM) on list isolation in dual-list free recall and whether individual differences in working memory capacity (WMC) moderated those effects. Ninety-seven subjects completed study-test trials that included two study lists separated by either an exemplar generation task (LTM retrieval) or a two-back task (STM retrieval). Subjects then completed an externalized free recall task that allowed for the examination of response accessibility and monitoring. Individual differences in WMC were assessed using three complex span tasks: operation span, reading span, and rotation span. Correct recall and intratrial intrusion summary scores showed no effect of interpolated retrieval on either response accessibility or monitoring. However, serial-position curves for correct recall of List 1 showed larger primacy in the two-back than in the exemplar generation task for high-WMC subjects. We interpreted these results from a context change perspective, as showing that interpolated LTM retrieval accelerated context change for subjects who processed the context more effectively. We consider the implications of these findings for models of memory.
    MeSH term(s) Adolescent ; Adult ; Attention/physiology ; Female ; Humans ; Individuality ; Male ; Memory, Long-Term/physiology ; Memory, Short-Term/physiology ; Mental Recall/physiology ; Young Adult
    Language English
    Publishing date 2019-03-07
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
    ZDB-ID 185691-1
    ISSN 1532-5946 ; 0090-502X
    ISSN (online) 1532-5946
    ISSN 0090-502X
    DOI 10.3758/s13421-019-00893-w
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    Zs.A 4560: Show issues Location:
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  9. Article ; Online: Romantic partners' working memory capacity facilitates relationship problem resolution through recollection of problem-relevant information.

    Baker, Levi R / Kane, Michael J / Russell, V Michelle

    Journal of experimental psychology. General

    2019  Volume 149, Issue 3, Page(s) 580–584

    Abstract: Intimates often discuss the causes of, and solutions to, their relationship problems with their partners, and this information can shape partners' behavior and thus facilitate problem resolution. Partners' ability to encode and later recall such ... ...

    Abstract Intimates often discuss the causes of, and solutions to, their relationship problems with their partners, and this information can shape partners' behavior and thus facilitate problem resolution. Partners' ability to encode and later recall such discussions should lead to greater declines in the severity of those problems. This brief report presents the results from a broader longitudinal study in which newlywed couples completed tasks assessing their working memory capacity (WMC), engaged in problem-solving discussions, recalled those discussions after a short delay, and then reported the severity of the problems discussed over the course of a year. Greater WMC among partners was associated with greater declines in the severity of a relationship problem, mediated by partners' recall of the discussion of that problem, suggesting that WMC facilitated the long-term memory encoding of the problem discussion. This study is among the first to suggest that individual differences in basic cognitive abilities may affect conversation processing and recall, and thereby close relationships. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).
    MeSH term(s) Adult ; Communication ; Female ; Humans ; Interpersonal Relations ; Longitudinal Studies ; Male ; Memory, Short-Term/physiology ; Mental Recall/physiology ; Problem Solving/physiology ; Sexual Partners/psychology ; Young Adult
    Language English
    Publishing date 2019-07-18
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 189732-9
    ISSN 1939-2222 ; 0096-3445
    ISSN (online) 1939-2222
    ISSN 0096-3445
    DOI 10.1037/xge0000659
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    Zs.A 2255: Show issues Location:
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  10. Article: Working Memory Capacity, Mind Wandering, and Creative Cognition: An Individual-Differences Investigation into the Benefits of Controlled Versus Spontaneous Thought.

    Smeekens, Bridget A / Kane, Michael J

    Psychology of aesthetics, creativity, and the arts

    2016  Volume 10, Issue 4, Page(s) 389–415

    Abstract: Should executive control, as indicated by working memory capacity (WMC) and mind-wandering propensity, help or hinder creativity? Sustained and focused attention should help guide a selective search of solution-relevant information in memory and help ... ...

    Abstract Should executive control, as indicated by working memory capacity (WMC) and mind-wandering propensity, help or hinder creativity? Sustained and focused attention should help guide a selective search of solution-relevant information in memory and help inhibit uncreative, yet accessible, ideas. However, unfocused attention and daydreaming should allow mental access to more loosely relevant concepts, remotely linked to commonplace solutions. Three individual-differences studies inserted incubation periods into one or two divergent thinking tasks and tested whether WMC (assessed by complex span tasks) and incubation-period mind wandering (assessed as probed reports of task-unrelated thought [TUT]) predicted post-incubation performance. Retrospective self-reports of Openness (Experiment 2) and mind-wandering and daydreaming propensity (Experiment 3) complemented our thought-probe assessments of TUT. WMC did not correlate with creativity in divergent thinking, whereas only the questionnaire measure of daydreaming, but not probed thought reports, weakly predicted creativity; the fact that in-the-moment TUTs did not correlate divergent creativity is especially problematic for claims that mind-wandering processes contribute to creative cognition. Moreover, the fact that WMC tends to strongly predict analytical problem solving and reasoning, but may not correlate with divergent thinking, provides a useful boundary condition for defining WMC's nomological net. On balance, our data provide no support for either benefits or costs of executive control for at least one component of creativity.
    Language English
    Publishing date 2016-02-15
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 2260425-X
    ISSN 1931-390X ; 1931-3896
    ISSN (online) 1931-390X
    ISSN 1931-3896
    DOI 10.1037/aca0000046
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