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Article ; Online: Different approaches make comparing studies of burn severity challenging: a review of methods used to link remotely sensed data with the Composite Burn Index

Miller, Colton W. / Harvey, Brian J. / Kane, Van R. / Moskal, L. Monika / Alvarado, Ernesto

International Journal of Wildland Fire. 2023, v. 32, no. 4 p.449-475

2023

Abstract: The Composite Burn Index (CBI) is commonly linked to remotely sensed data to understand spatial and temporal patterns of burn severity. However, a comprehensive understanding of the tradeoffs between different methods used to model CBI with remotely ... ...

Abstract	The Composite Burn Index (CBI) is commonly linked to remotely sensed data to understand spatial and temporal patterns of burn severity. However, a comprehensive understanding of the tradeoffs between different methods used to model CBI with remotely sensed data is lacking. To help understand the current state of the science, provide a blueprint towards conducting broad-scale meta-analyses, and identify key decision points and potential rationale, we conducted a review of studies that linked remotely sensed data to continuous estimates of burn severity measured with the CBI and related methods. We provide a roadmap of the different methodologies applied and examine potential rationales used to justify them. Our findings largely reflect methods applied in North America – particularly in the western USA – due to the high number of studies in that region. We find the use of different methods across studies introduces variations that make it difficult to compare outcomes. Additionally, the existing suite of comparative studies focuses on one or few of many possible sources of uncertainty. Thus, compounding error and propagation throughout the many decisions made during analysis is not well understood. Finally, we suggest a broad set of methodological information and key rationales for decision-making that could facilitate future reviews.
Keywords	burn severity ; decision making ; meta-analysis ; remote sensing ; uncertainty ; wildfires ; Western United States ; CBI ; Composite Burn Index ; dNBR ; dNDVI ; fire severity ; GeoCBI ; landsat imagery ; NBR ; NDVI ; RdNBR ; spectral index
Language	English
Size	p. 449-475.
Publishing place	CSIRO Publishing
Document type	Article ; Online
ZDB-ID	1331562-6
ISSN	1448-5516 ; 1049-8001
ISSN (online)	1448-5516
ISSN	1049-8001
DOI	10.1071/WF22050
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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Article: Time to Go to Europa.

Kane, Van R

Scientific American

2015 Volume 312, Issue 5, Page(s) 12

Language	English
Publishing date	2015-08-28
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	246-x
ISSN	1946-7087 ; 0036-8733
ISSN (online)	1946-7087
ISSN	0036-8733
DOI	10.1038/scientificamerican0515-12
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Article: Accelerating the development of structural complexity: lidar analysis supports restoration as a tool in coastal Pacific Northwest forests

Chamberlain, Caden P. / Kane, Van R. / Case, Michael J.

Forest ecology and management. 2021 Nov. 15, v. 500

2021

Abstract: A century of land-use changes and intensive plantation-style forestry in the Pacific Northwest have resulted in a substantial deficit of structurally complex late-successional forests, which serve key ecological and social functions. Restoration ... ...

Abstract	A century of land-use changes and intensive plantation-style forestry in the Pacific Northwest have resulted in a substantial deficit of structurally complex late-successional forests, which serve key ecological and social functions. Restoration treatments can theoretically accelerate the development of structural complexity in simplified forest stands, but our understanding of the short-term effects of such treatments on forest structure and gap patterns is still emerging. In this study, we used a bi-temporal airborne lidar dataset to assess short-term (10 years post-treatment) effects of restoration treatments on the structural complexity of forest stands in the Ellsworth Creek Preserve in southwestern Washington. We also compared forest structure and gap patterns between treated stands and existing late-successional areas within the preserve. Restoration treatments in older stands (60- to 80-years old) resulted in a greater increase in the mean and variability of both vertical and horizontal structural complexity and a considerable increase in the density of canopy gaps, indicating accelerated development towards increased structural complexity. Treatments in the younger stands (20- to 30-years old) primarily accelerated the development of vertical canopy complexity. Older treated stands within the preserve will require natural growth in canopy height, increased regeneration density, and filling in and diversification of canopy gaps to reach the structural complexity of late-successional forests in the preserve, but accelerating these developments may require additional restoration-focused treatments. Forest managers in the region should consider restoration treatments as a viable option for improving short-term structural complexity in simplified forest stands. We also encourage long-term management and monitoring plans that continue to address the deficit of late-successional forests in the region.
Keywords	administrative management ; canopy height ; data collection ; forestry ; forests ; lidar ; streams
Language	English
Dates of publication	2021-1115
Publishing place	Elsevier B.V.
Document type	Article
ZDB-ID	751138-3
ISSN	0378-1127
ISSN	0378-1127
DOI	10.1016/j.foreco.2021.119641
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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Article ; Online: Estimating Fuel Moisture in Grasslands Using UAV-Mounted Infrared and Visible Light Sensors.

Barber, Nastassia / Alvarado, Ernesto / Kane, Van R / Mell, William E / Moskal, L Monika

Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)

2021 Volume 21, Issue 19

Abstract: Predicting wildfire behavior is a complex task that has historically relied on empirical models. Physics-based fire models could improve predictions and have broad applicability, but these models require more detailed inputs, including spatially explicit ...

Abstract	Predicting wildfire behavior is a complex task that has historically relied on empirical models. Physics-based fire models could improve predictions and have broad applicability, but these models require more detailed inputs, including spatially explicit estimates of fuel characteristics. One of the most critical of these characteristics is fuel moisture. Obtaining moisture measurements with traditional destructive sampling techniques can be prohibitively time-consuming and extremely limited in spatial resolution. This study seeks to assess how effectively moisture in grasses can be estimated using reflectance in six wavelengths in the visible and infrared ranges. One hundred twenty 1 m-square field samples were collected in a western Washington grassland as well as overhead imagery in six wavelengths for the same area. Predictive models of vegetation moisture using existing vegetation indices and components from principal component analysis of the wavelengths were generated and compared. The best model, a linear model based on principal components and biomass, showed modest predictive power (r² = 0.45). This model performed better for the plots with both dominant grass species pooled than it did for each species individually. The presence of this correlation, especially given the limited moisture range of this study, suggests that further research using samples across the entire fire season could potentially produce effective models for estimating moisture in this type of ecosystem using unmanned aerial vehicles, even when more than one major species of grass is present. This approach would be a fast and flexible approach compared to traditional moisture measurements.
MeSH term(s)	Ecosystem ; Fires ; Grassland ; Light ; Wildfires
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-09-23
Publishing country	Switzerland
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2052857-7
ISSN	1424-8220 ; 1424-8220
ISSN (online)	1424-8220
ISSN	1424-8220
DOI	10.3390/s21196350
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Article: Mapping Forest Canopy Fuels in the Western United States with LiDAR–Landsat Covariance

Moran, Christopher J / Kane, Van R / Seielstad, Carl A

Remote Sensing. 2020 Mar. 20, v. 12, no. 6

2020

Abstract: Comprehensive spatial coverage of forest canopy fuels is relied upon by fire management in the US to predict fire behavior, assess risk, and plan forest treatments. Here, a collection of light detection and ranging (LiDAR) datasets from the western US ... ...

Abstract	Comprehensive spatial coverage of forest canopy fuels is relied upon by fire management in the US to predict fire behavior, assess risk, and plan forest treatments. Here, a collection of light detection and ranging (LiDAR) datasets from the western US are fused with Landsat-derived spectral indices to map the canopy fuel attributes needed for wildfire predictions: canopy cover (CC), canopy height (CH), canopy base height (CBH), and canopy bulk density (CBD). A single, gradient boosting machine (GBM) model using data from all landscapes is able to characterize these relationships with only small reductions in model performance (mean 0.04 reduction in R²) compared to local GBM models trained on individual landscapes. Model evaluations on independent LiDAR datasets show the single global model outperforming local models (mean 0.24 increase in R²), indicating improved model generality. The global GBM model significantly improves performance over existing LANDFIRE canopy fuels data products (R² ranging from 0.15 to 0.61 vs. −3.94 to −0.374). The ability to automatically update canopy fuels following wildfire disturbance is also evaluated, and results show intuitive reductions in canopy fuels for high and moderate fire severity classes and little to no change for unburned to low fire severity classes. Improved canopy fuel mapping and the ability to apply the same predictive model on an annual basis enhances forest, fuel, and fire management.
Keywords	bulk density ; canopy height ; covariance ; data collection ; fire behavior ; fire severity ; forest canopy ; forests ; fuels (fire ecology) ; landscapes ; lidar ; model validation ; models ; prediction ; remote sensing ; risk assessment ; wildfires ; Western United States
Language	English
Dates of publication	2020-0320
Publishing place	Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
Document type	Article
ZDB-ID	2513863-7
ISSN	2072-4292
ISSN	2072-4292
DOI	10.3390/rs12061000
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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Article: Detecting tree mortality with Landsat-derived spectral indices: Improving ecological accuracy by examining uncertainty

Furniss, Tucker J / Kane, Van R / Larson, Andrew J / Lutz, James A

Remote sensing of environment. 2020 Feb., v. 237

2020

Abstract: Satellite-derived fire severity metrics are a foundational tool used to estimate fire effects at the landscape scale. Changes in surface characteristics permit reasonably accurate delineation between burned and unburned areas, but variability in severity ...

Abstract	Satellite-derived fire severity metrics are a foundational tool used to estimate fire effects at the landscape scale. Changes in surface characteristics permit reasonably accurate delineation between burned and unburned areas, but variability in severity within burned areas is much more challenging to detect. Previous studies have relied primarily on categorical data to calibrate severity indices in terms of classification accuracy, but this approach does not readily translate into an expected amount of error in terms of actual tree mortality. We addressed this issue by examining a dataset of 40,370 geolocated trees that burned in the 2013 California Rim Fire using 36 Landsat-derived burn severity indices.The differenced Normalized Burn Ratio (dNBR) performed reliably well, but the differenced SWIR:NIR ratio most accurately predicted percent basal area mortality and the differenced normalized vegetation index (dNDVI) most accurately predicted percent mortality of stems ≥10 cm diameter at breast height. Relativized versions of dNBR did not consistently improve accuracy; the relativized burn ratio (RBR) was generally equivalent to dNBR while RdNBR had consistently lower accuracy.There was a high degree of variability in observed tree mortality, especially at intermediate spectral index values. This translated into a considerable amount of uncertainty at the landscape scale, with an expected range in estimated percent basal area mortality greater than 37% for half of the area burned (>50,000 ha). In other words, a 37% range in predicted mortality rate was insufficient to capture the observed mortality rate for half of the area burned. Uncertainty was even greater for percent stem mortality, with half of the area burned exceeding a 46% range in predicted mortality rate. The high degree of uncertainty in tree mortality that we observed challenges the confidence with which Landsat-derived spectral indices have been used to measure fire effects, and this has broad implications for research and management related to post-fire landscape complexity, distribution of seed sources, or persistence of fire refugia. We suggest ways to account for uncertainty that will facilitate a more nuanced and ecologically-accurate interpretation of fire effects.This study makes three key contributions to the field of remote sensing of fire effects: 1) we conducted the most comprehensive comparison to date of all previously published severity indices using the largest contiguous set of georeferenced tree mortality field data and revealed that the accuracy of both absolute and relative spectral indices depends on the tree mortality metric of interest;2) we conducted this study in a single, large fire that enabled us to isolate variability due to intrinsic, within-landscape factors without the additional variance due to extrinsic factors associated with different biogeographies or climatic conditions; and 3) we identified the range in tree mortality that may be indistinguishable based on spectral indices derived from Landsat satellites, and we demonstrated how this variability translates into a considerable amount of uncertainty in fire effects at the landscape scale.
Keywords	Landsat ; burn severity ; climatic factors ; fire severity ; georeferencing ; landscapes ; mortality ; refuge habitats ; remote sensing ; stems ; tree and stand measurements ; tree mortality ; trees ; uncertainty ; variance ; vegetation index ; California
Language	English
Dates of publication	2020-02
Publishing place	Elsevier Inc.
Document type	Article
ZDB-ID	431483-9
ISSN	0034-4257
ISSN	0034-4257
DOI	10.1016/j.rse.2019.111497
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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Article: Wildfire and drought moderate the spatial elements of tree mortality

Furniss, Tucker J / Larson, Andrew J / Kane, Van R / Lutz, James A

Ecosphere. 2020 Aug., v. 11, no. 8

2020

Abstract: Background tree mortality is a complex process that requires large sample sizes and long timescales to disentangle the suite of ecological factors that collectively contribute to tree stress, decline, and eventual mortality. Tree mortality associated ... ...

Abstract	Background tree mortality is a complex process that requires large sample sizes and long timescales to disentangle the suite of ecological factors that collectively contribute to tree stress, decline, and eventual mortality. Tree mortality associated with acute disturbance events, in contrast, is conspicuous and frequently studied, but there remains a lack of research regarding the role of background mortality processes in mediating the severity and delayed effects of disturbance. We conducted an empirical study by measuring the rates, causes, and spatial pattern of mortality annually among 32,989 individual trees within a large forest demography plot in the Sierra Nevada. We characterized the relationships between background mortality, compound disturbances (fire and drought), and forest spatial structure, and we integrated our findings with a synthesis of the existing literature from around the world to develop a conceptual framework describing the spatio‐temporal signatures of background and disturbance‐related tree mortality. The interactive effects of fire, drought, and background mortality processes altered the rate, spatial structuring, and ecological consequences of mortality. Before fire, spatially non‐random mortality was only evident among small (1 < cm DBH ≤ 10)‐ and medium (10 < cm DBH ≤ 60)‐diameter classes; mortality rates were low (1.7% per yr), and mortality was density‐dependent among small‐diameter trees. Direct fire damage caused the greatest number of moralities (70% of stems ≥1 cm DBH), but the more enduring effects of this disturbance on the demography and spatial pattern of large‐diameter trees occurred during the post‐fire mortality regime. The combined effects of disturbance and biotic mortality agents provoked density‐dependent mortality among large‐diameter (≥60 cm DBH) trees, eliciting a distinct post‐disturbance mortality regime that did not resemble the pattern of either pre‐fire mortality or direct fire effects. The disproportionate ecological significance of the largest trees renders this mortality regime acutely consequential to the long‐term structure and function of forests.
Keywords	demography ; drought ; empirical research ; environmental factors ; environmental impact ; fire damage ; forests ; mortality ; mountains ; sample size ; stems ; tree mortality ; trees ; wildfires
Language	English
Dates of publication	2020-08
Publishing place	John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
Document type	Article
Note	JOURNAL ARTICLE
ZDB-ID	2572257-8
ISSN	2150-8925
ISSN	2150-8925
DOI	10.1002/ecs2.3214
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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Article: Post-fire landscape evaluations in Eastern Washington, USA: Assessing the work of contemporary wildfires

Churchill, Derek J. / Jeronimo, Sean M.A. / Hessburg, Paul F. / Cansler, C. Alina / Povak, Nicholas A. / Kane, Van R. / Lutz, James A. / Larson, Andrew J.

Forest ecology and management. 2022 Jan. 15, v. 504

2022

Abstract: In the western US, wildfires are modifying the structure, composition, and patterns of forested landscapes at rates that far exceed mechanical thinning and prescribed fire treatments. There are conflicting narratives as to whether these wildfires are ... ...

Abstract	In the western US, wildfires are modifying the structure, composition, and patterns of forested landscapes at rates that far exceed mechanical thinning and prescribed fire treatments. There are conflicting narratives as to whether these wildfires are restoring landscape resilience to future climate and wildfires. To evaluate the landscape-level work of wildfires, we assessed four subwatersheds in eastern Washington, USA that experienced large wildfires in 2014, 2015, or 2017 after more than a century of fire exclusion and extensive timber harvest. We compared pre- and post-fire landscape conditions to an ecoregion-specific historical (HRV) and future range of variation (FRV) based on empirically established reference conditions derived from a large dataset of historical aerial photo imagery. These four wildfires proved to be a blunt restoration tool, moving some attributes towards more climate-adapted conditions and setting others back. Fires reduced canopy cover and decreased overall tree size and canopy complexity, which moved them into, or slightly outside, the FRV ranges. Moderate- and low-severity fire generally shifted closed-canopy forest structure to open-canopy classes. Patches of high-severity fire shifted patterns of forest, woodland, grassland, and shrubland towards or beyond the HRV ranges and within the FRV ranges by increasing the total area and size of non-forest patches. However, large patches of high-severity fire in dry and moist mixed-conifer forests homogenized landscape patterns beyond FRV ranges towards simplified conditions dominated by non-forest vegetation types. Fires realigned and reconnected landscape patterns with the topo-edaphic template in some cases, but pre-existing fragmentation and spatial mismatches were compounded in many others. Patches of large-tree, closed-canopy forest were reduced by high-severity fire, and the potential to restore more climate-adapted large-tree, open-canopy forest was lost. Re-establishing landscape patterns with desired patch sizes of forest, in particular patches with large trees, will take many decades to centuries and may not occur in drier locations or where seed trees are no longer present. While large wildfires burning during extreme fire weather conditions can move some attributes towards HRV and FRV ranges, intentionally planned mechanical and prescribed-fire treatments that are integrated with strategic wildfire response will better prepare and adapt landscapes for future wildfires and climate.
Keywords	administrative management ; aerial photography ; canopy ; climate ; data collection ; fire weather ; forest ecology ; forests ; grasslands ; landscapes ; prescribed burning ; shrublands ; subwatersheds ; wildfires ; woodlands
Language	English
Dates of publication	2022-0115
Publishing place	Elsevier B.V.
Document type	Article
ZDB-ID	751138-3
ISSN	0378-1127
ISSN	0378-1127
DOI	10.1016/j.foreco.2021.119796
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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Article: Tamm Review: Ecological principles to guide post-fire forest landscape management in the Inland Pacific and Northern Rocky Mountain regions

Larson, Andrew J. / Jeronimo, Sean M.A. / Hessburg, Paul F. / Lutz, James A. / Povak, Nicholas A. / Cansler, C. Alina / Kane, Van R. / Churchill, Derek J.

Elsevier B.V. Forest ecology and management. 2022 Jan. 15, v. 504

2022

Abstract: Post-fire landscapes are the frontline of forest ecosystem change. As such, they represent opportunities to foster conditions that are better adapted to future climate and wildfires with post-fire management. In western US landscapes, post-fire ... ...

Abstract	Post-fire landscapes are the frontline of forest ecosystem change. As such, they represent opportunities to foster conditions that are better adapted to future climate and wildfires with post-fire management. In western US landscapes, post-fire management has been mostly defined by short-term emergency mitigation measures, salvage harvest to recover economic value, and replanting to achieve full stocking.These approaches are largely incongruent with ecologically based forest management due to their limited scope and objectives. Here, we develop a framework for ecologically based post-fire management. Post-fire management principles are to (i) protect large-diameter trees and fire refugia; (ii) anticipate future fuel accumulation from post-fire tree mortality; (iii) reinitiate and maintain stabilizing fire-vegetation feedbacks; (iv) differentiate between climate- and dispersal-mediated transitions to non-forest; and (v) align species composition and structure with future fire regimes and climate. Stand-scale management strategies to implement these principles include (i) maintain or enhance forest resilience; (ii) restore forest conditions and resist transition to non-forest; and (iii) accept or facilitate transition to non-forest. Determining where and over what extent to deploy these stand-scale strategies in large, burned landscapes is informed by a post-fire landscape evaluation, and expressed with a landscape prescription. A post-fire landscape evaluation is a data-driven characterization of current vegetation conditions, including the immediate changes caused by wildfire, and includes a departure analysis—an evaluation of current conditions against reference conditions. The landscape prescription provides guidance about the distribution of different successional patches and their sizes across the topographic template and identifies priority areas for different post-fire treatments. We develop a geospatial framework to integrate ecological principles with a post-fire landscape evaluation that can be readily applied to management planning after wildfire. We illustrate application of these principles through the development of landscape prescriptions for two watersheds, each burned in a recent large fire, in northeast Washington, USA. Use of ecologically based post-fire management principles and landscape evaluations can help shift often contentious debates over salvage harvesting towards a more productive dialogue around how to best adapt landscapes to future conditions.
Keywords	climate ; economic valuation ; forest ecosystems ; forest management ; forests ; landscape management ; landscapes ; refuge habitats ; species diversity ; tree mortality ; wildfires
Language	English
Dates of publication	2022-0115
Publishing place	Elsevier B.V.
Document type	Article
ZDB-ID	751138-3
ISSN	0378-1127
ISSN	0378-1127
DOI	10.1016/j.foreco.2021.119680
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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Article ; Online: Sierra Nevada reference conditions: A dataset of contemporary reference sites and corresponding remote sensing-derived forest structure metrics for yellow pine and mixed-conifer forests.

Chamberlain, Caden P / Cova, Gina R / Kane, Van R / Cansler, C Alina / Kane, Jonathan T / Bartl-Geller, Bryce N / van Wagtendonk, Liz / Jeronimo, Sean M A / Stine, Peter / North, Malcolm P

Data in brief

2023 Volume 51, Page(s) 109807

Abstract: Contemporary reference sites in California's Sierra Nevada represent areas where a frequent, low-intensity fire regime - an integral ecological process in temperate dry forests - has been reintroduced after several decades of fire suppression. Produced ... ...

Abstract	Contemporary reference sites in California's Sierra Nevada represent areas where a frequent, low-intensity fire regime - an integral ecological process in temperate dry forests - has been reintroduced after several decades of fire suppression. Produced by an intact fire regime, forest structural patterns in these sites are likely more resilient to future disturbances and climate, and thus can provide reference conditions to guide management and ecological research. In this paper, we present a set of 119 delineated contemporary reference sites in the Sierra Nevada yellow pine and mixed-conifer zone along with a suite of key remote sensing-derived forest structure metrics representing conditions within these sites. We also provide a set of summary figures for individual reference sites and sites grouped by dominant climate class. We identified restored frequent-fire landscapes using a combination of fire history, burn severity, management history, and forest type datasets and we delineated individual polygons using catchment basins, fire perimeters, and imagery. Reference sites ranged in size from 101-966 ha with a mean size of 240 ha. Where available (for 59 sites), we used airborne lidar datasets to characterize a suite of key forest structure metrics within reference sites. Across all 119 sites, we provide a set of forest structure metrics produced by the California Forest Observatory. Reference sites were categorized based on their dominant climate class to assist users in identifying the most climatically relevant reference conditions for their project or study area. We encourage the use of the reference sites and associated forest structure datasets for guiding ecologically focused forest management and research in the Sierra Nevada.
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-11-14
Publishing country	Netherlands
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2786545-9
ISSN	2352-3409 ; 2352-3409
ISSN (online)	2352-3409
ISSN	2352-3409
DOI	10.1016/j.dib.2023.109807
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