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  1. Article: Consequences of the reintroduction of regionally extinct mammals for vegetation composition and structure at two established reintroduction sites in semi‐arid Australia

    Kemp, Jeanette E / Jensen, Rigel / Hall, Michelle L / Roshier, David A / Kanowski, John

    Austral ecology. 2021 June, v. 46, no. 4

    2021  

    Abstract: Australia has lost a substantial proportion of its small to medium‐sized mammals since European colonisation. Given the passage of time since local extinctions – decades to more than a century for much of the continent – the consequences of these changes ...

    Abstract Australia has lost a substantial proportion of its small to medium‐sized mammals since European colonisation. Given the passage of time since local extinctions – decades to more than a century for much of the continent – the consequences of these changes for vegetation are poorly known. In this study, we take advantage of two well‐established mammal reintroduction projects in southern inland Australia to examine the ecological consequences for vegetation of re‐established mammal populations. The study is based on replicated surveys inside and outside fenced reintroduction sites, with treatments characterised by varying presence, absence and composition of reintroduced mammals, feral predators and feral herbivores. We found a suite of differences in vegetation between reintroduction sites and matched controls, with generally lower richness inside reintroduction sites (with one exception). Other compositional differences varied by location, with some functional groups – herbaceous chenopods, shrubby chenopods, introduced geophytes and low shrubs – and a few individual chenopod species – being less frequent inside the reintroduction site at one location. At the same site, mistletoes and orchids were less abundant inside than outside the reintroduction site. Structural differences included a higher percentage of bare ground inside, and a higher ground layer for one inside treatment versus outside. Although the absence of baseline data and replicated temporal data limits inference as to causal factors, many of the results are consistent with data from other reintroduction sites. Some results, especially those for geophytes, mistletoes and some chenopods, may indicate long‐term consequences for those taxa. Whilst predator‐fencing substantially contributes to prevention of extinction of highly threatened mammals, some environmental trade‐offs are inevitable. Nonetheless, given the aims of reintroductions include re‐constructing natural ecosystem processes, the resulting changes to vegetation require ongoing investigation and further monitoring.
    Keywords botanical composition ; ecosystems ; extinction ; geophytes ; mammals ; vegetation ; Australia
    Language English
    Dates of publication 2021-06
    Size p. 653-669.
    Publishing place John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
    Document type Article
    Note NAL-AP-2-clean ; JOURNAL ARTICLE
    ZDB-ID 2756933-0
    ISSN 2052-1758 ; 1442-9985
    ISSN (online) 2052-1758
    ISSN 1442-9985
    DOI 10.1111/aec.13022
    Database NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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  2. Article: What have we learnt about rainforest restoration in the past two decades

    Kanowski, John

    Ecological management & restoration. 2010 Apr., v. 11, no. 1

    2010  

    Language English
    Dates of publication 2010-04
    Size p. 2-3.
    Publisher Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Publishing place Oxford, UK
    Document type Article
    ZDB-ID 2020194-1
    ISSN 1442-8903 ; 1442-7001
    ISSN (online) 1442-8903
    ISSN 1442-7001
    DOI 10.1111/j.1442-8903.2010.00506.x
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  3. Article ; Online: Slow recovery of tropical old-field rainforest regrowth and the value and limitations of active restoration.

    Shoo, Luke P / Freebody, Kylie / Kanowski, John / Catterall, Carla P

    Conservation biology : the journal of the Society for Conservation Biology

    2016  Volume 30, Issue 1, Page(s) 121–132

    Abstract: There is current debate about the potential for secondary regrowth to rescue tropical forests from an otherwise inevitable cascade of biodiversity loss due to land clearing and scant evidence to test how well active restoration may accelerate recovery. ... ...

    Abstract There is current debate about the potential for secondary regrowth to rescue tropical forests from an otherwise inevitable cascade of biodiversity loss due to land clearing and scant evidence to test how well active restoration may accelerate recovery. We used site chronosequences to compare developmental trajectories of vegetation between self-organized (i.e., spontaneous) forest regrowth and biodiversity plantings (established for ecological restoration, with many locally native tree species at high density) in the Australian wet tropics uplands. Across 28 regrowth sites aged 1-59 years, some structural attributes reached reference rainforest levels within 40 years, whereas wood volume and most tested components of native plant species richness (classified by species' origins, family, and ecological functions) reached less than 50% of reference rainforest values. Development of native tree and shrub richness was particularly slow among species that were wind dispersed or animal dispersed with large (>10 mm) seeds. Many species with animal-dispersed seeds were from near-basal evolutionary lineages that contribute to recognized World Heritage values of the study region. Faster recovery was recorded in 25 biodiversity plantings of 1-25 years in which wood volume developed more rapidly; native woody plant species richness reached values similar to reference rainforest and was better represented across all dispersal modes; and species from near-basal plant families were better (although incompletely) represented. Plantings and regrowth showed slow recovery in species richness of vines and epiphytes and in overall resemblance to forest in species composition. Our results can inform decision making about when and where to invest in active restoration and provide strong evidence that protecting old-growth forest is crucially important for sustaining tropical biodiversity.
    MeSH term(s) Biodiversity ; Conservation of Natural Resources/methods ; Grassland ; Queensland ; Rainforest ; Trees/growth & development ; Tropical Climate
    Language English
    Publishing date 2016-02
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
    ZDB-ID 58735-7
    ISSN 1523-1739 ; 0888-8892
    ISSN (online) 1523-1739
    ISSN 0888-8892
    DOI 10.1111/cobi.12606
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  4. Article: Carbon stocks in above-ground biomass of monoculture plantations, mixed species plantations and environmental restoration plantings in north-east Australia

    Kanowski, John / Catterall, Carla P

    Ecological management & restoration. 2010 Aug., v. 11, no. 2

    2010  

    Abstract: The emergence of carbon markets has provided a potential source of funding for reforestation projects. However, there is concern amongst ecologists that these markets will promote the establishment of monoculture plantations rather than more diverse ... ...

    Abstract The emergence of carbon markets has provided a potential source of funding for reforestation projects. However, there is concern amongst ecologists that these markets will promote the establishment of monoculture plantations rather than more diverse restoration plantings, on the assumption that fast-growing monocultures are likely to store more carbon than restoration plantings. We examined the validity of this assumption for three predominantly rainforest plantation types established in the moist tropical uplands of north-east Australia: monoculture plantations of native rainforest conifers (n = 5, mean age 13 years); mixed species plantations of rainforest cabinet timber species, rainforest conifers and eucalypts (n = 5, mean age 13 years); and, environmental restoration plantings comprised mostly of a diverse range of rainforest trees (n = 10, mean age 14 years). We found that restoration plantings stored significantly more carbon in above-ground biomass than monoculture plantations of native conifers (on average, 106 t vs 62 t carbon per ha); and tended to store more carbon than mixed species timber plantations which were intermediate in value (86 t carbon per ha). Carbon stocks were higher in restoration plantings than in monoculture and mixed species plantations for three reasons. First, and most importantly, restoration plantings were more densely stocked than monoculture and mixed species plantations. Second, there were more large diameter trees in restoration plantings than monoculture plantations. Third, the trees used in restoration plantings had a higher average wood density than the conifers used in monoculture plantations. While, on average, wood density was higher in mixed species plantations than restoration plantings, the much higher stocking rate of restoration plantings meant they stored more carbon than mixed species plantations. We conclude that restoration plantings in the moist tropics of north-east Australia can accumulate relatively high amounts of carbon within two decades of establishment. Comparison with reference rainforest sites suggests that restoration plantings could maintain their high stocking rates (and therefore high biomass) as they develop in future decades. However, because restoration plantings are currently much more expensive to establish than monoculture plantations, restoration plantings are unlikely to be favoured by carbon markets. Novel reforestation techniques and designs are required if restoration plantings are to both provide habitat for rainforest biota and store carbon in biomass at a cost comparable to monoculture plantations.
    Keywords climate change ; ecological restoration ; reforestation ; tropical forests
    Language English
    Dates of publication 2010-08
    Size p. 119-126.
    Publisher Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Publishing place Oxford, UK
    Document type Article
    ZDB-ID 2020194-1
    ISSN 1442-8903 ; 1442-7001
    ISSN (online) 1442-8903
    ISSN 1442-7001
    DOI 10.1111/j.1442-8903.2010.00529.x
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  5. Article: The limit to the distribution of a rainforest marsupial folivore is consistent with the thermal intolerance hypothesis

    Krockenberger, Andrew K / Edwards, Will / Kanowski, John

    Oecologia. 2012 Apr., v. 168, no. 4

    2012  

    Abstract: Models of impacts of climate change on species are generally based on correlations between current distributions and climatic variables, rather than a detailed understanding of the mechanisms that actually limit distribution. Many of the vertebrates ... ...

    Abstract Models of impacts of climate change on species are generally based on correlations between current distributions and climatic variables, rather than a detailed understanding of the mechanisms that actually limit distribution. Many of the vertebrates endemic to rainforests of northeastern Australia are restricted to upland forests and considered to be threatened by climate change. However, for most of these species, the factors controlling their distributions are unknown. We examined the role of thermal intolerance as a possible mechanism limiting the distribution of Pseudochirops archeri (green ringtail possum), a specialist arboreal folivore restricted to rainforests above an altitude of 300 m in Australia’s Wet Tropics. We measured short-term metabolic responses to a range of ambient temperatures, and found that P. archeri stores heat when ambient temperatures exceed 30°C, reducing water requirements for evaporative cooling. Due to the rate at which body temperature increases with ambient temperatures >30°C, this strategy is not effective over periods longer than 5 h. We hypothesise that the distribution of P. archeri is limited by interactions between (i) the duration and severity of extreme ambient temperatures (over 30°C), (ii) the scarcity of free water in the rainforest canopy in the dry season, and (iii) constraints on water intake from foliage imposed by plant secondary metabolites and fibre. We predict that dehydration becomes limiting for P. archeri where extreme ambient temperatures (>30°C) persist for more than 5 h per day over 4–6 days or more. Consistent with our hypothesis, the abundance of P. archeri in the field is correlated with the occurrence of extreme temperatures, declining markedly at sites where the average maximum temperature of the warmest week of the year is above 30°C. Assuming the mechanism of limitation is based on extreme temperatures, we expect impacts of climate change on P. archeri to occur in discrete, rapid events rather than as a slow contraction in range.
    Keywords Marsupialia ; altitude ; ambient temperature ; body temperature ; canopy ; climate change ; climate models ; cooling ; dry season ; heat ; leaves ; montane forests ; opossums ; rain forests ; secondary metabolites ; tropics ; water requirement ; Australia
    Language English
    Dates of publication 2012-04
    Size p. 889-899.
    Publishing place Springer-Verlag
    Document type Article
    ZDB-ID 123369-5
    ISSN 1432-1939 ; 0029-8549
    ISSN (online) 1432-1939
    ISSN 0029-8549
    DOI 10.1007/s00442-011-2146-2
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  6. Article ; Online: The limit to the distribution of a rainforest marsupial folivore is consistent with the thermal intolerance hypothesis.

    Krockenberger, Andrew K / Edwards, Will / Kanowski, John

    Oecologia

    2011  Volume 168, Issue 4, Page(s) 889–899

    Abstract: Models of impacts of climate change on species are generally based on correlations between current distributions and climatic variables, rather than a detailed understanding of the mechanisms that actually limit distribution. Many of the vertebrates ... ...

    Abstract Models of impacts of climate change on species are generally based on correlations between current distributions and climatic variables, rather than a detailed understanding of the mechanisms that actually limit distribution. Many of the vertebrates endemic to rainforests of northeastern Australia are restricted to upland forests and considered to be threatened by climate change. However, for most of these species, the factors controlling their distributions are unknown. We examined the role of thermal intolerance as a possible mechanism limiting the distribution of Pseudochirops archeri (green ringtail possum), a specialist arboreal folivore restricted to rainforests above an altitude of 300 m in Australia's Wet Tropics. We measured short-term metabolic responses to a range of ambient temperatures, and found that P. archeri stores heat when ambient temperatures exceed 30°C, reducing water requirements for evaporative cooling. Due to the rate at which body temperature increases with ambient temperatures >30°C, this strategy is not effective over periods longer than 5 h. We hypothesise that the distribution of P. archeri is limited by interactions between (i) the duration and severity of extreme ambient temperatures (over 30°C), (ii) the scarcity of free water in the rainforest canopy in the dry season, and (iii) constraints on water intake from foliage imposed by plant secondary metabolites and fibre. We predict that dehydration becomes limiting for P. archeri where extreme ambient temperatures (>30°C) persist for more than 5 h per day over 4-6 days or more. Consistent with our hypothesis, the abundance of P. archeri in the field is correlated with the occurrence of extreme temperatures, declining markedly at sites where the average maximum temperature of the warmest week of the year is above 30°C. Assuming the mechanism of limitation is based on extreme temperatures, we expect impacts of climate change on P. archeri to occur in discrete, rapid events rather than as a slow contraction in range.
    MeSH term(s) Acclimatization/physiology ; Animals ; Climate Change ; Dehydration/veterinary ; Demography ; Models, Biological ; Opossums/physiology ; Queensland ; Temperature ; Trees
    Language English
    Publishing date 2011-10-11
    Publishing country Germany
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
    ZDB-ID 123369-5
    ISSN 1432-1939 ; 0029-8549
    ISSN (online) 1432-1939
    ISSN 0029-8549
    DOI 10.1007/s00442-011-2146-2
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  7. Article: Genetic monitoring of the greater stick-nest rat meta-population for strategic supplementation planning

    White, Lauren C / Thomson, Vicki A / West, Rebecca / Ruykys, Laura / Ottewell, Kym / Kanowski, John / Moseby, Katherine E / Byrne, Margaret / Donnellan, Stephen C / Copley, Peter / Austin, Jeremy J

    Conservation genetics. 2020 Oct., v. 21, no. 5

    2020  

    Abstract: Translocation is an increasingly common component of species conservation efforts. However, translocated populations often suffer from loss of genetic diversity and increased inbreeding, and thus may require active management to establish gene flow ... ...

    Abstract Translocation is an increasingly common component of species conservation efforts. However, translocated populations often suffer from loss of genetic diversity and increased inbreeding, and thus may require active management to establish gene flow across isolated populations. Assisted gene flow can be laborious and costly, so recipient and source populations should be carefully chosen to maximise genetic diversity outcomes. The greater stick-nest rat (GSNR, Leporillus conditor), a threatened Australian rodent, has been the focus of a translocation program since 1985, resulting in five extant translocated populations (St Peter Island, Reevesby Island, Arid Recovery, Salutation Island and Mt Gibson), all derived from a remnant wild population on the East and West Franklin Islands. We evaluated the genetic diversity in all extant GSNR populations using a large single nucleotide polymorphism dataset with the explicit purpose of informing future translocation planning. Our results show varying levels of genetic divergence, inbreeding and loss of genetic diversity in all translocated populations relative to the remnant source on the Franklin Islands. All translocated populations would benefit from supplementation to increase genetic diversity, but two—Salutation Island and Mt Gibson—are of highest priority. We recommend a targeted admixture approach, in which animals for supplementation are sourced from populations that have low relatedness to the recipient population. Subject to assessment of contemporary genetic diversity, St Peter Island and Arid Recovery are the most appropriate source populations for genetic supplementation. Our study demonstrates an effective use of genetic surveys for data-driven management of threatened species.
    Keywords Leporillus conditor ; data collection ; gene flow ; genetic variation ; inbreeding ; islands ; monitoring ; planning ; rodents ; single nucleotide polymorphism ; surveys ; threatened species
    Language English
    Dates of publication 2020-10
    Size p. 941-956.
    Publishing place Springer Netherlands
    Document type Article
    ZDB-ID 2059560-8
    ISSN 1572-9737 ; 1566-0621
    ISSN (online) 1572-9737
    ISSN 1566-0621
    DOI 10.1007/s10592-020-01299-x
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  8. Article ; Online: Long-distance and frequent movements of the flying-fox Pteropus poliocephalus: implications for management.

    Roberts, Billie J / Catterall, Carla P / Eby, Peggy / Kanowski, John

    PloS one

    2012  Volume 7, Issue 8, Page(s) e42532

    Abstract: Flying-foxes (Pteropodidae) are large bats capable of long-distance flight. Many species are threatened; some are considered pests. Effective conservation and management of flying-foxes are constrained by lack of knowledge of their ecology, especially of ...

    Abstract Flying-foxes (Pteropodidae) are large bats capable of long-distance flight. Many species are threatened; some are considered pests. Effective conservation and management of flying-foxes are constrained by lack of knowledge of their ecology, especially of movement patterns over large spatial scales. Using satellite telemetry, we quantified long-distance movements of the grey-headed flying-fox Pteropus poliocephalus among roost sites in eastern Australia. Fourteen adult males were tracked for 2-40 weeks (mean 25 weeks). Collectively, these individuals utilised 77 roost sites in an area spanning 1,075 km by 128 km. Movement patterns varied greatly between individuals, with some travelling long distances. Five individuals travelled cumulative distances >1,000 km over the study period. Five individuals showed net displacements >300 km during one month, including one movement of 500 km within 48 hours. Seasonal movements were consistent with facultative latitudinal migration in part of the population. Flying-foxes shifted roost sites frequently: 64% of roost visits lasted <5 consecutive days, although some individuals remained at one roost for several months. Modal 2-day distances between consecutive roosts were 21-50 km (mean 45 km, range 3-166 km). Of 13 individuals tracked for >12 weeks, 10 moved >100 km in one or more weeks. Median cumulative displacement distances over 1, 10 and 30 weeks were 0 km, 260 km and 821 km, respectively. On average, over increasing time-periods, one additional roost site was visited for each additional 100 km travelled. These findings explain why culling and relocation attempts have had limited success in resolving human-bat conflicts in Australia. Flying-foxes are highly mobile between camps and regularly travel long distances. Consequently, local control actions are likely to have only temporary effects on local flying-fox populations. Developing alternative methods to manage these conflicts remains an important challenge that should be informed by a better understanding of the species' movement patterns.
    MeSH term(s) Animal Migration/physiology ; Animals ; Australia ; Chiroptera/physiology ; Humans ; Male ; Movement/physiology ; Nesting Behavior/physiology ; Pest Control ; Satellite Communications ; Seasons ; Time Factors
    Language English
    Publishing date 2012-08-03
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
    ISSN 1932-6203
    ISSN (online) 1932-6203
    DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0042532
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  9. Article: Reduced dispersal of native plant species as a consequence of the reduced abundance of frugivore species in fragmented rainforest

    Moran, Cath / Catterall, Carla P / Kanowski, John

    Biological conservation. 2009 Mar., v. 142, no. 3

    2009  

    Abstract: Frugivorous animals disperse the seeds of the majority of rainforest plant species and hence play a key role in the trajectory of rainforest regeneration. This study investigated whether changes in the species composition of the frugivore community in ... ...

    Abstract Frugivorous animals disperse the seeds of the majority of rainforest plant species and hence play a key role in the trajectory of rainforest regeneration. This study investigated whether changes in the species composition of the frugivore community in fragmented rainforest in subtropical Australia is likely to impact the dispersal of native plant species. The potential of frugivorous bird and bat species to disperse the seeds of plant species in fragmented rainforest was assessed using published dietary information together with field surveys of frugivore abundance within intact forest, forest fragments and patches of regrowth. Frugivore species with reduced abundance in fragmented rainforest were the only known dispersers of 27 of the 221 native plant species in the data set (12% of species). These frugivore species were also major dispersers of plant species producing fruits wider than 10mm and species from the families Rubiaceae, Lauraceae, Myrtaceae, Meliaceae, Lamiaceae and Vitaceae. Except for Rubiaceae, these plant taxa are also potentially dispersed by two of the frugivore species that were widespread in fragmented rainforest, Lopholaimus antarcticus and Ptilonorhynchus violaceus, although dispersal rates are likely to be lower in fragmented than in extensive rainforest. Consistent with other regions, large-seeded plants are susceptible to reduced dispersal in fragmented rainforest in subtropical Australia. However, we predict a smaller deficit in seed dispersal in fragmented forests than has been reported from other regions, due to factors such as functional overlap among frugivore species, the ability of many Australian rainforest vertebrates to persist in fragmented rainforest, and a lack of hunting in these forests. Nevertheless, rainforest fragmentation has reduced the abundance of a suite of frugivorous rainforest fauna, which in turn is likely to reduce the dispersal of a certain plant taxa and may alter patterns of plant regeneration in subtropical Australian rainforest fragments.
    Keywords rain forests ; habitat fragmentation ; population size ; seed dispersal ; seed predation ; wild birds ; fruits (plant anatomy) ; wildlife food habits ; Rubiaceae ; Lauraceae ; Myrtaceae ; Meliaceae ; Lamiaceae ; Vitaceae ; Chiroptera ; Queensland
    Language English
    Dates of publication 2009-03
    Size p. 541-552.
    Publishing place Kidlington, Oxford: Elsevier Science Ltd.
    Document type Article
    ISSN 0006-3207
    DOI 10.1016/j.biocon.2008.11.006
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  10. Article: Impacts of Cyclone Larry on arboreal folivorous marsupials endemic to upland rainforests of the Atherton Tableland, Australia

    KANOWSKI, JOHN / WINTER, JOHN W / CATTERALL, CARLA P

    Austral ecology. 2008 June, v. 33, no. 4

    2008  

    Abstract: Intense cyclones might be expected to adversely affect populations of arboreal mammals, either directly or as a consequence of the destruction of food resources and other key habitat elements. However, such impacts have rarely been quantified. The ... ...

    Abstract Intense cyclones might be expected to adversely affect populations of arboreal mammals, either directly or as a consequence of the destruction of food resources and other key habitat elements. However, such impacts have rarely been quantified. The present study examined the response of five species of arboreal folivorous marsupials to Severe Cyclone Larry at nine sites in upland rainforests of the Atherton Tableland, north-east Australia. Sites were originally surveyed for folivores in 1995-1997, and then resurveyed in 2006, 6-8 months after Cyclone Larry had traversed the region. All sites showed evidence of structural damage to vegetation, but overall damage levels (assessed in terms of canopy cover, damage to trees, basal area of dead trees and volume of woody debris) decreased from east to west across the study region. The detectability of rainforest possums increased after the cyclone. For the most commonly observed species, the proportion of individuals observed >5 m from survey transects was correlated with the amount of structural damage to vegetation. To avoid confounding changes in detectability with changes in abundance, only observations close (<5 m) to transects were used to estimate folivore abundance before and after the cyclone. On this basis, there were no significant differences between pre- and post-cyclone abundance estimates for any folivore species. Further, changes in folivore abundance after the cyclone were not correlated with damage to vegetation across sites. Cyclone Larry does not appear to have caused a catastrophic loss of key habitat resources for marsupial folivores at the sites surveyed. The high degree of folivory practiced by marsupial folivores may help make them resilient to cyclone impacts. These conclusions are more robust for three commonly observed folivore species (Hemibelideus lemuroides, Pseudochirulus herbertensis and Trichosurus vulpecula johnstonii) than for two less frequently encountered species (Pseudochirops archeri and Dendrolagus lumholtzi).
    Keywords Trichosurus vulpecula ; basal area ; canopy ; dead wood ; foods ; habitats ; herbivores ; opossums ; rain forests ; surveys ; trees ; Australia
    Language English
    Dates of publication 2008-06
    Size p. 541-548.
    Publisher Blackwell Publishing Asia
    Publishing place Melbourne, Australia
    Document type Article
    ZDB-ID 2756933-0
    ISSN 2052-1758 ; 1442-9985
    ISSN (online) 2052-1758
    ISSN 1442-9985
    DOI 10.1111/j.1442-9993.2008.01909.x
    Database NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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